Hydrogels Based on Chitosan and Nanoparticles and Their Suitability for Dyes Adsorption from Aqueous Media: Assessment of the Last-Decade Progresses
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Examination of the Encompassed Studies
2.2. Synthesis and Charaterization of Hydrogels Based on Chitosan and Nanoparticles
2.3. Dyes Adsorption on Hydrogels Composed of Chitosan and Nanoparticles
Adsorbent | Dye | Working Conditions * | Removal Efficiency | Adsorption Capacity | Isotherms Models | Kinetics Models | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chitosan/2-mercaptobenzimidazole | Methylene blue | 1. 100 mg/L 2. 0.5–5 g/L 3. 1–11 4. 25–55 °C 5. 0–90 min 6. 50–300 rpm | 92% | 1.28 mmol/g | Langmuir Freundlich Sips | Pseudo-first-order Pseudo-second-order Intraparticle diffusion | [73] |
Chitosan/clinoptilolite | Methyl orange | 1. 35.34–282.35 mg/L 2. 1–12 g/L 3. 2.2–10 4. 30 °C 5. 0–40 min 6. No stirring | 77.23% | 16.88 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich Redlich–Peterson Toth Sips | Not available | [74] |
Chitosan/N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride/cysteine | Methylene blue (MB) Methyl orange (MO) | 1. 0–100 mg/L 2. 2600 mg/L 3. 7 4. 23 °C 5. 0–1440 min 6. No stirring | MB 30% MO 91% | MB 115 mg/g MO 305 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [75] |
Chitosan/cellulose | Malachite green | 1. 50–200 mg/L 2. 6.66 g/L 3. Natural 4. Ambient 5. 0–45 min 6. No stirring | 98.65% | 115.1 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order Intraparticle diffusion | [76] |
Chitosan-salicylaldehyde Schiff base/algae/montmorillonite | Remazol brilliant blue R (RBR) Brilliant green (BG) | 1. 20–300 mg/L RBR, 20–200 mg/L BG 2. 0.2–0.8 g/L 3. 4–9 4. Ambient 5. 5–55 min 6. Under stirring | RBR 54.3% BG 79.4% | RBR 148.1 mg/g BG 440.3 mg/g | Freundlich Langmuir | Pseudo-second-order | [77] |
Iron (III) hydroxide/chitosan | Alizarin red S | 1. 50 mg/L 2. 0.01–0.9 g/L 3. 5 4. 30–80 °C 5. 0–360 min 6. 200 rpm | Not available | 294 mg/g | Langmuir | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [78] |
EDTA/chitosan/magnetic graphene oxide nano-sheets | Rhodamine B | 1. 50–250 mg/L 2. 0.07–0.18 mg/L 3. 4–9 4. 20–50 °C 5. 5 min 6. Under shaking | 92% | 1085.3 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich Temkin | Pseudo-second-order Elovich Intraparticle diffusion Pseudo-first-order | [79] |
Carboxymethyl β-cyclodextrin/nanochitosan/glutaraldehyde | Acid red 37 | 1. 80–214 mg/L 2. 0.16 –1 g/L 3. 2–9.3 4. 20–40 °C 5. 0.33–10 min 6. 250 rpm | 99.6% | 332.60 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich Temkin Flory–Huggins Dubinin–Radushkevich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order Elovich Intraparticle diffusion | [80] |
Magnetic polyethyleneimine nanoparticles/sulfonated chitosan/glutaraldehyde. | Methylene blue | 1. 100 μmol/L 2. 2.5 g/L 3. Natural 4. Ambient 5. 0–360 min 6. Under stirring | ≈50% | Not available | Not available | Not available | [81] |
Gelatin/chitosan/β-cyclodextrin/sodium humate | Methylene blue (MB) Acid fuchsin (AF) | 1. 100–3000 mg/L 2. 1 g/L 3. 2–10 4. 15–50 °C 5. 0–300 min 6. 200 rpm | Not available | MB 1666.7 mg/g AC 714.3 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich Temkin | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order Intraparticle diffusion | [82] |
Graphene oxide/chitosan/magnetic nanoparticles | Sudan I, II, III, IV (SI, SII, SIII, SIV) | 1. 100–400 mg/L 2. 0.1–1 g/L 3. 2–10 4. 15–45 °C 5. 30–120 min 6. 150 rpm | >90% | SI 360.6 mg/g SII 353.7 mg/g SIII 351.0 mg/g SIV 347.6 mg/g | Langmuir Hill Freundlich Temkin Redlich–Peterson | Pseudo-second-order Elovich Pseudo-first-order Intraparticle diffusion | [83] |
Magnetite nanoparticles/amino-silane/graphene oxide/chitosan/diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid | Methyl violet | 1. 8–30 mg/L 2. 0.05–3.7 g/L 3. 2–12 4. 13.1–71.9 °C 5. 30–120 min 6. 150 rpm | 94.87% | 243.8 mg/g | Sips Modified Langmuir–Freundlich Langmuir Extended Langmuir Redlich–Peterson Temkin Toth | Pseudo-first-order Pseudo-second-order Elovich Mixed 1, 2-order Pseudo n-order Fractal-like pseudo-first-order Fractal-like pseudo-second-order | [84] |
Montmorillonite/ chitosan | Calmagite (C) Methylene blue (MB) | 1. 50 mg/L 2. 0.3 g/L 3. 4–10 4. Ambient 5. 0–1800 min 6. No stirring | C ≈ 80% MB 75% | Not available | Not available | Pseudo-second-order | [85] |
Amphoteric chitosan/gelatin | Acid red 337 | 1. 50–500 mg/L 2. 0.5 g/L 3. 1–10 4. 20–50 °C 5. 1–700 min 6. 100 rpm | 95.6% | ≈750 mg/g | Langmuir Dubinin–Radushkevich Freundlich | Pseudo-second-order Intraparticle diffusion Pseudo-first-order | [86] |
Gelatin/chitosan/β-cyclodextrin | Malachite green (MG) Crystal violet (CV) Congo red (CR) Methylene blue (MB) Acid fuchsin (AF) Methyl orange (MO) | 1. 100–2800 mg/L 2. 0.5 g/L 3. 2–10 4. 15–50 °C 5. 0–240 min 6. 200 rpm | MG 80% CV 83.3% CR 88.9% MB 85.1% AF 93.3% MO 87.5% | MG not available CV not available CR not available MB 667 mg/g AF 1111 mg/g MO not available | Langmuir Freundlich Temkin | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order Intraparticle diffusion Film diffusion | [87] |
Chitosan/montmorillonite | Methyl orange | 1. 20–320 mg/L 2. 0.32–1.92 mg/cm2 3. 4–11 4. 30–60 °C 5. 1–60 min 6. No stirring | 96.2% | 154.4 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich Temkin | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [88] |
Graphene oxide/chitosan | Congo red | 1. 300–600 mg/L 2. 0.25 g/L 3. 3–12 4. 27–60 °C 5. 3–60 min 6. 200 rpm | Not available | 1666 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich Temkin | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order Intraparticle diffusion | [89] |
CaNiFe2O4/ chitosan | Methylene blue | 1. 100–500 mg/L 2. 1–10 g/L 3. 2–12 4. 25–65 °C 5. 5–300 min 6. 400 rpm | Not available | 700 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich Dubinin–Radushkevich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order Intraparticle diffusion | [90] |
Chitosan/β-Cyclodextrin | Indigo carmine | 1. 50–200 mg/L 2. 0.1–1 g/L 3. 3–6 4. 15–50 °C 5. 5–300 min 6. No stirring | ≈100% | 1000 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order Intraparticle diffusion | [91] |
Tamarind seed-activated carbon/chitosan | Methylene blue (MB) Methyl orange (MO) | 1. 5–50 mg/L 2. 1–3 g/L 3. 2–12 4. Ambient 5. 0–120 min 6. No stirring | Not available | MB 140.62 mg/g MO 94.45 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich Temkin Dubinin–Radushkevich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order Intraparticle diffusion Elovich | [92] |
Chitosan/montmorillonite | Reactive red 136 | 1. 50–400 mg/L 2. 0.3–0.6 g/L 3. 3–6 4. 20–50 °C 5. 54–180 min 6. 150 rpm | 74.7% | 445.38 mg/g | Toth Sips Langmuir–Freundlich Langmuir Radke–Prausnitz Dubinin–Radushkevich | Fractal-like mixed 1,2 order Mixed 1,2 order Pseudo-second-order Fractal-like pseudo-2nd-order Fractal-like pseudo-1st-order Pseudo-first-order Elovich | [93] |
Nano chitosan/activated carbon | Rose Bengal | 1. 1–7 mg/L 2. 1 g/L 3. 6.5–9.5 4. 22–50 °C 5. 0–120 min 6. 150 rpm | 94.7% | Not available | Langmuir Freundlich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order Liquid film diffusion Intraparticle diffusion | [94] |
Rice bran/chitosan/aniline (RBCA) Rice bran/chitosan/pyrrole (RBCP) | Malachite green | 1. 5–200 mg/L 2. 0.05–0.3 g/L 3. 2–9 4. 30–60 °C 5. 5–120 min 6. 120 rpm | Not available | RBCA 145.03 mg/g RBCP 55 mg/g | Freundlich Langmuir Temkin | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order Intraparticle diffusion | [95] |
Chitosan/Fe3O4 (MCMs); chitosan/Fe3O4/ [poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)] (GMCMs) | Acid green 25 (AG25) Reactive blue 19 (RB19) | 1. 1600 mg/L AG25; 1400 mg/L RB19 2. 1 g/L 3. 4–7 4. 30 °C 5. 0–420 min 6. No stirring | Not available | MCMs AG25 411.9 mg/g RB19 137.8 mg/g GMCMs AG25 961.5 mg/g RB19 691.3 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [96] |
Chitosan/tripolyphosphate | Basic blue 7 | 1. 50–600 mg/L 2. 0.3–1.2 g/L 3. 2–8 4. 25–55 °C 5. 0.5–390 min 6. No stirring | 100% | 1174 mg/g | Langmuir Fowler–Guggenheim Freundlich Temkin | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [97] |
Chitosan/Fe3O4/graphene oxide | Eriochrome black T (EBT) Methylene blue (MB) | 1. 250–400 mg/L 2. 1 g/L 3. 2–8 4. 25–45 °C 5. 20–180 min 6. 150 rpm | EBT 86.67% MB 73.33% | EBT 289.85 mg/g MB 261.78 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [98] |
Chitosan/clinoptilolite | Methyl violet | 1. 25–125 mg/L 2. 0.5–10 g/L 3. 2–9 4. 25–45 °C 5. 5–120 min 6. 250 rpm | Not available | 111.11 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [64] |
Chitosan/benzil | Reactive orange 16 | 1. 20–200 mg/L 2. 0.02–0.08 g 3. 4–10 4. 25–45 °C 5. 5–25 min 6. 250 rpm | 98.2% | 291.8 mg/g | Freundlich Langmuir | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [99] |
Chitosan/sodium alginate/graphene oxide Chitosan/sodium alginate/graphene oxide/β-cyclodextrin | Rose Bengal | 1. 2–12 mg/L 2. 0.05–0.25 g/L 3. 2–13 4. 30–70 °C 5. 0–660 min 6. Under agitation | >90% | Not available | Langmuir Elovich Freundlich Dubinin–Radushkevich Temkin | Pseudo-second-order Elovich Pseudo-first-order Intraparticle diffusion | [100] |
Zeolitic imidazole framework/chitosan | Congo red (CR) Malachite green (MG) | 1. 1–50 mg/L 2. 0.02 g/L 3. 4–11 4. 25–45 °C 5. 0–180 min 6. No stirring | Not available | MG 384.6 mg/g CR 500 mg/g | Langmuir Redlich–Peterson Freundlich Temkin | Pseudo-first-order Pseudo-second-order Elovich Intraparticle diffusion | [101] |
Graphene oxide/chitosan | Reactive black 5 | 1. 100–600 mg/L 2. 0.033–1.66 g/L 3. 2–11 4. 30–70 °C 5. 1–90 min 6. 50–250 rpm | 98.66% | 638.93 mg/g | Langmuir Temkin Freundlich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order Elovich Intraparticle diffusion | [102] |
Rice bran/chitosan | Reactive blue 4 | 1. 200 mg/L 2. 0.5–3.0 g/L 3. 2–10 4. 30–60 °C 5. 0–600 min 6. No stirring | 60% | 57 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich | Intraparticle diffusion Pseudo-first-order Pseudo-second-order | [103] |
Chitosan/graphene oxide | Reactive blue 19 | 1. 20–60 mg/L 2. 0.1–1.5 g/L 3. 4–9 4. 20–50 °C 5. 10–120 min 6. No stirring | 99% | Not available | Freundlich Langmuir | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [104] |
Fe3O4/chitosan | Acid blue | 1. 50–1000 mg/L 2. 1 g/L 3. 3–11 4. 30 °C 5. 0–720 min 6. 175 rpm | 80% | 142 mg/g | Langmuir | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [105] |
Polyethylene glycol-/graphene oxide/chitosan | Methyl orange | 1. 200–25000 mg/L 2. 1 g/L 3. 2–10 4. Ambient 5. 5–90 min 6. 200 rpm | Not available | 150 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [106] |
Chitosan/cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-aliquat-366 | Tartrazine | 1. 160–3000 mg/L 2. 2 g/L 3. 4–11 4. 25–45 °C 5. 0–45 min 6. No stirring | 90.36% | 45.95 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [107] |
Chitosan/graphene oxide/copper ferrite | Safranin O (SO) Indigo carmine (IC) | 1. 1 × 10−5–1 × 10−4 M 2. 0.1–0.4 g/L 3. 2–10 4. 20–35 °C 5. 10–100 min 6. 400 rpm | SO 96% IC 95.91% | SO 66.15 mg/g IC 112.6 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich Temkin Sips Redlich–Peterson | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order Intraparticle diffusion Elovich | [108] |
Chitosan/Schiff base pyrano [3,2-c]quinoline-3-carboxaldehyde | Remazol red | 1. 10–100 mg/L 2. 1 g/L 3. 3–11 4. 20–40 °C 5. 0–60 min 6. No stirring | 100% | 344.8 mg/g | Langmuir Temkin Dubinin–Radushkevich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order Intraparticle diffusion Elovich | [109] |
Magnetic calcium/chitosan | Orange II (OII) Methylene blue (MB) | 1. 30–400 mg/L 2. 0.2 g/L 3. 2–11 4. 4–40 °C 5. 0–1440 min 6. No stirring | 90% | OII 492 mg/g MB 350 mg/g | Langmuir Temkin Freundlich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order Intraparticle diffusion | [110] |
N-Guanidinium/chitosan/silica | Methyl orange | 1. 25–2500 mg/L 2. 0.05 g/L 3. 2–9 4. 25 °C 5. 10–160 min 6. No stirring | 95% | 917 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [111] |
Chitosan/fly ash/Fe3O4 | Reactive orange 16 | 1. 20–150 mg/L 2. 0.04–0.12 g/L 3. 4–10 4. 30–50 °C 5. 0–660 min 6. No stirring | 73.1% | 66.9 mg/g | Freundlich Langmuir Temkin | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [112] |
Graphene oxide/chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol | Congo red | 1. 10–25 mg/L 2. 1–6 g/L 3. 2–8 4. 25–45 °C 5. 10–150 min 6. 140 rpm | 88.17% | 2.4 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [113] |
Chitosan/magnetic metal-organic framework | Congo red | 1. 50–600 mg/L 2. 5–30 mg 3. 6–12 4. 25–45 °C 5. 0–250 min 6. 250 rpm | 99.8% | 310.4 mg/g | Liu Langmuir Freundlich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [114] |
Chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol/MgO/Fe3O4 | Remazol brilliant blue R | 1. 20–240 mg/L 2. 0.2–1 g/L 3. 4–10 4. 30–60 °C 5. 0–180 min 6. No stirring | 63.5% | 163.7 mg/g | Freundlich Langmuir Temkin | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [115] |
Chitosan/hydroxyapatite | Crystal violet | 1. 10–400 mg/L 2. 0.4–4 g/L 3. 3–12 4. 25–65 °C 5. 5–180 min 6. 100–700 rpm | 93.21% | Not available | Redlich–Peterson Langmuir Freundlich Temkin | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order Intraparticle diffusion Elovich | [116] |
Polypyrrole/chitosan/graphene oxide | Ponceau 4R | 1. 2.4–4.32 mg/L 2. 0.16–0.66 g/L 3. 2–12 4. 30–45 °C 5. 2–210 min 6. 200 rpm | 92.16% | 6.277 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich Temkin Dubinin–Radushkevich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order Intraparticle diffusion | [117] |
Magnetic halloysite/chitosan | Methylene blue | 1. 20–200 mg/L 2. 1 g/L 3. 5–11 4. 25 °C 5. 0–1440 min 6. 20 rpm | 83.9% | 50.37 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich Redlich–Peterson | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [118] |
Chitosan Schiff base (chloroethanoic acid, isopropyl alcohol) | Bismarck brown R (BBR) Eosin Y (EY) | 1. 50–100 mg/L 2. 1–3 g/L 3. 2–10 4. 30–40 °C 5. 10–120 min 6. No stirring | BBR 94.5% EY 99% | BBR 327 mg/g EY 386 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich Temkin Dubinin–Radushkevich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [119] |
Graphene oxide/chitosan/MnO2 | Amido black 10B (AB10) Methylene blue (MB) | 1. 10–200 mg/L 2. 0.6 g/L 3. 2–12 4. 25 °C 5. 0–800 min 6. No stirring | AB10 97% MB 80% | AB10 120 mg/g MB 320 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order Intraparticle diffusion | [120] |
Iron oxide/polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan combined/activated carbon | Methylene blue | 1. 0.015–0.025 mg/L 2. 0.6 g/L 3. 7 4. Ambient 5. 0–310 h 6. No stirring | Not available | 22.4 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order Elovich Intraparticle diffusion | [121] |
Iron oxide/polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan combined/activated graphite | Methylene blue | 1. 15–25 mg/L 2. 0.6 mg/L 3. 7 4. Ambient 5. 13 days 6. No stirring | 53.962% | 36.385 mg/g | Not available | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order Elovich | [122] |
Zinc oxide/chitosan | Eriochrome black T | 1. 20–100 mg/L 2. 0.1–1 g/L 3. 2–12 4. Ambient 5. 0–120 min 6. No stirring | 92% | 40.9 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich Temkin | Pseudo-first-order Intraparticle diffusion | [123] |
Kaolin/Chitosan/ TiO2 | Crystal violet | 1. 20–60 mg/L 2. 0.5–2 g/L 3. Natural 4. 25–45 °C 5. 0–180 min 6. 250 rpm | 93.30% | Not available | Freundlich Temkin Langmuir | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order Elovich Power function | [124] |
Chitosan/sodium alginate/graphene oxide (CH-ALG-GO); Chitosan/sodium alginate/bentonite (CH-ALG-BN) | Xylenol orange (XO) Methylene blue (MB) | 1. 2–10 mg/L 2. 25 g/L 3. 2–13 4. 30–70 °C 5. 0–540 min 6. No stirring | CH-ALG-GO XO 85% MB 91% CH-ALG-BN XO 93% MB 96% | CH-ALG-GO Not available CH-ALG-BN XO 0.195 mg/g MB 0.731 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich Elovich Temkin | Pseudo-second-order Elovich Intraparticle diffusion Pseudo-first-order | [125] |
Chitosan/talc/cloisite 30B clay | Crystal violet (CV) Reactive yellow 145 (RY) | 1. 10–40 mg/L CV; 30–60 mg/L RY 2. 0.1–1.25 g/L 3. 4–10 4. Ambient 5. 0–240 min 6. No stirring | Not available | CV 37.03 mg/g RY 76.9 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich Dubinin–Radushkevich Temkin | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order Intraparticle diffusion Elovich | [126] |
Chitosan/hydroxyapatite | Titan yellow (TY) Reactive blue 4 (RB4) | 1. 50–2000 mg/L TY; 50–2500 mg/L RB4 2. 3 g/L 3. 4–10 4. 25–55 °C 5. 0–160 min 6. 300 rpm | Not available | TY 170.7 mg/g RB4 118.4 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich Sips Extended Langmuir Extended Freundlich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order Intraparticle diffusion | [127] |
Chitosan/poly-(itaconic acid-co-diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride)/Fe3O4 | Congo red (CR) Methylene blue (MB) | 1. 100–500 mg/L 2. 0.005–0.025 g/L 3. 2–12 4. 25 °C 5. 0–100 min 6. No stirring | Not available | CR 862.06 mg/g MB 1111.11 mg/g | Freundlich Langmuir | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [128] |
Chitosan/silica | Food green 3 | 1. 30–400 mg/L 2. 1–5 g/L 3. 3–9 4. Ambient 5. 5–60 min 6. 600 rpm | 99.31% | 476.19 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich | Pseudo-second-order | [129] |
α-ketoglutaric acid Schiff base/chitosan | Congo red | 1. 50–300 mg/L 2. 250–1250 mg/L 3. 3–11 4. 25–55 °C 5. 0–60 min 6. No stirring | 94.87% | 434.78 mg/g | Dubinin–Radushkevich Langmuir Freundlich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order Elovich | [130] |
Kaolin/chitosan | Congo red | 1. 25–200 mg/L 2. 2–12 g/L 3. 4–10 4. 25–55 °C 5. 1–180 min 6. 50–250 rpm | 97% | 104 mg/g | Freundlich Langmuir Dubinin–Radushkevich | Pseudo-first-order Pseudo-second-order Intraparticle diffusion | [131] |
Chitosan/magnesium oxide | Methyl orange | 1. 10–30 mg/L 2. 0.1–0.5 g/L 3. 6–10 4. 10–50 °C 5. 0–30 min 6. Under agitation | 96.42% | 237.5 mg/g | Langmuir Redlich–Peterson Temkin Freundlich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order Elovich Intraparticle diffusion | [132] |
Chitosan/zero-valent iron | Direct red 81 | 1. 10–50 mg/L 2. 0.05–2 g/L 3. 3–9 4. 15–55 °C 5. 2–12 min 6. No stirring | 97% | Not available | Freundlich Langmuir | Pseudo-first-order Pseudo-second-order | [133] |
Polyacrylamide-g/chitosan/γ-Fe2O3 | Malachite green | 1. 15–75 g/L 2. 0.5–1.5 g 3. 3–7 4. 25–45 °C 5. 80–210 min 6. No stirring | 73% | 86.28 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich Temkin Dubinin–Radushkevich | Pseudo-first-order Pseudo-second-order Elovich Intraparticle diffusion | [134] |
Chitosan/choline chloride/urea/FeO | Acid blue 80 | 1. 25–250 mg/L 2. 1–7 g/L 3. 3–10 4. 25–45 °C 5. 15–480 min 6. 350 rpm | 99.30% | 61.64 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich Temkin Dubinin–Radushkevich Elovich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order Intraparticle diffusion Elovich | [135] |
Chitosan/polypropenoic acid/ethylenediamine/magnetite | Astrazon blue (AB) Lerui acid brilliant blue (LA) | 1. 100–400 mg/L 2. 4 g/L 3. 3–11 4. 25–45 °C 5. 30–1440 min 6. 100 rpm | AB 80% LA 40% | AB 193.21 mg/g LA 51.90 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich Elovich Temkin Dubinin–Radushkevich Harkin–Jura | Pseudo-first-order Pseudo-second-order Intraparticle diffusion | [136] |
Diethylenetriamine/chitosan/Fe3O4/Cu | Methyl orange | 1. 10–100 mg/L 2. 0.5 g/L 3. Natural 4. 25 °C 5. 0–40 min 6. No stirring | 96.40% | 144.60 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [137] |
Chitosan/MgO/Fe3O4 | Reactive blue 19 | 1. 20–350 mg/L 2. 0.2–1 g/L 3. 4–10 4. 30–60 °C 5. 0–180 min 6. 100 rpm | 87.50% | 193.2 mg/g | Freundlich Langmuir Temkin | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [138] |
Quaternary ammonium magnetic chitosan | Congo red | 1. 50–250 mg/L 2. 0.05–0.35 g/L 3. 2–11 4. 40–60 °C 5. 10–1440 min 6. 130 rpm | 99.8% | 632.80 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order Intraparticle diffusion | [139] |
Chitosan/dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride/carboxymethyl cellulose | Malachite green (MG) Rhodamine B (RB) Methylene blue (MB) Bright yellow 7 GL (BY) Methyl orange (MO) Acid blue 113 (AB113) Acid black 172 (AB172) Reactive black 5 (RB5) | 1. 100 mg/L 2. 0.4 g/L 3. 3–11 4. Ambient 5. 0–120 min 6. No stirring | Not available | MG 12.30 mg/g MB 16.90 mg/g RB 21.10 mg/g BY 49.20 mg/g AB172 204.80 mg/g AB113 220.00 mg/g RB5 294.70 mg/g MO 126.50 mg/g | Langmuir Temkin Freundlich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order Intraparticle diffusion | [140] |
Chitosan/diatomite/calcium alginate | Congo red | 1. 20–150 mg/L 2. 4 g/L 3. 7 4. 20 °C 5. 0–24,000 min 6. No stirring | 89.90% | 38.84 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [141] |
Chitosan/poly(methacrylate) | Bromocresol green | 1. 5–100 mg/L 2. 2 g/L 3. 1–10 4. Ambient 5. 2–120 min 6. No stirring | 99% | 39.84 mg/g | Freundlich Langmuir | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [142] |
Chitosan/MgO | Reactive blue 19 | 1. 100–700 mg/L 2. 1.33–10.66 g/L 3. 3–9 4. 18–38 °C 5. 30–180 min 6. 150 rpm | 77.62% | 512.82 mg/g | Freundlich Langmuir | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [143] |
Chitosan/silica/Fe3O4 | Methylene blue | 1. 100–550 mg/L 2. 1 g/L 3. 2–9 4. 25 °C 5. 20–160 min 6. Under shaking | 97% | 245 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [144] |
2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde linked Fe3O4/chitosan/polyacrylamide | Everzol black | 1. 10–100 mg/L 2. 0.5–2.5 g/L 3. 2–12 4. 10–35 °C 5. 10–20 min 6. No stirring | 94.87% | 63.69 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich Temkin | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [145] |
2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid/acrylic acid/chitosan/ magnetite | Methylene blue | 1. 100–1200 mg/L 2. 1 g/L 3. 2–11 4. 25–45 °C 5. 0–1440 min 6. 150 rpm | Not available | 925.9 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich Dubinin–Radushkevich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order Intraparticle diffusion | [146] |
Polyvinyl alcohol/ chitosan/silver nanoparticles | Congo red (CR) Crystal violet (CV) | 1. 2–18 mg/L 2. 1 g/L 3. 4–9 4. 25–50 °C 5. 0–2880 min 6. 80 rpm | CR 99.91% CV 94.7% | CR 17.98 mg/g CV 11.365 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich | Pseudo-first-order Pseudo-second-order | [147] |
Oxalic acid/chitosan/alumina ceramic | Reactive red 195 | 1. 70–500 mg/L 2. 0.43–4.25 g/L 3. 2–12 4. 25–45 °C 5. 0–1440 min 6. 125 rpm | >80% | 345.3 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich Temkin Redlich–Peterson Dubinin–Radushkevich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order Elovich Intraparticle diffusion Mixed surface reaction–diffusion-controlled kinetic | [148] |
Chitosan/iron oxide | Methylene blue | 1. 10 mg/L 2. 0.4–6 g/L 3. 1–9 4. 25 °C 5. 0–60 min 6. 300 rpm | 80% | 5.12 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich Temkin Dubinin–Radushkevich | Pseudo-second-order Elovich Power function Pseudo-first-order | [149] |
Chitosan/poly (acrylic acid-co-N-isopropylacrylamide)/graphite oxide | Methylene blue (MB) Fuchsin basic (FB) | 1. 100–4000 mg/L 2. 0.13–1.33 g/L 3. Natural 4. 25–45 °C 5. 0–1440 min 6. No stirring | MB 77.7% FB 57.9% | MB 2748.1 mg/g FB 2246.9 mg/g | Redlich–Peterson Langmuir Freundlich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [150] |
Chitosan/magnetic graphene oxide | Congo red | 1. 150–300 mg/L 2. 2.5–25 g/L 3. 2–11 4. 25–55 °C 5. 0–1440 min 6. 120 rpm | 99.27% | 395.8 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [151] |
Chitosan/citric acid modified pistachio shell/halloysite nanotubes/glutaraldehyde | Methylene blue | 1. 25–250 mg/L 2. 0.5–3.0 g/L 3. 2–8 4. 25–45 °C 5. 15–240 min 6. 150 rpm | >75% | 111.14 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich Temkin Dubinin–Radushkevich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [152] |
Chitosan/laponite | Methylene blue (MB) Congo red (CR) | 1. 100 mg/L 2. 1 g/L 3. 2–10 4. 20–60 °C 5. 0–180 min 6. Under stirring | Not available | MB 563.6 mg/g CR 390.3 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [153] |
Amino hydroxyapatite/sodium tripolyphosphate/chitosan | Reactive violet 5R | 1. 50–700 mg/L 2. 1.25–10 g/L 3. 3–9 4. 25 °C 5. 5–600 min 6. No stirring | 98% | 365 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich Temkin | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order Elovich | [154] |
Chitosan/tripolyphosphate/zinc oxide | Methyl orange | 1. 150–350 mg/L 2. 1–25 g/L 3. 2–12 4. 25–45 °C 5. 0–210 min 6. No stirring | 99.87% | 185.2 mg/g | Freundlich Langmuir | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [155] |
Sulfonated chitosan/montmorillonite | Methylene blue | 1. 40–400 mg/L 2. 0.2–3 g/L 3. 4–12 4. 30–60 °C 5. 0–180 min 6. 200 rpm | >95% | 141.2 mg/g | Temkin Freundlich Langmuir | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [156] |
Chitosan/magnetite | Congo red | 1. 250 mg/L 2. 150 mg 3. Natural 4. Ambient 5. 0–120 min 6. Under stirring | Not available | 22.6 mg/g | Not available | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [157] |
Ethyl acrylate/chitosan | Methylene blue | 1. 20–100 mg/L 2. 0.5–1.5 g/L 3. 7–11 4. 29.2 °C 5. 0–120 min 6. No stirring | 98.4% | 384.61 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich Temkin | Not available | [158] |
Chitosan/acrylic acid/acrylamide/bentonite | Malachite green (MG) Methyl violet (MV) | 1. 2.5–20 mg/L MG; 200–1000 mg/L MV 2. Not available 3. 3–10 4. Ambient 5. 0–1440 min 6. Under stirring | MG 93% MV 96.5% | MG 492 mg/g MV 482 mg/g | Langmuir–Freundlich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [159] |
Poly(itaconic acid) and poly(acrylic acid) chitosan/magnetite | Methylene blue | 1. 0.1–5 mM 2. 0.167 g/L 3. 7 4. 20 °C 5. 0–1440 min 6. Under shaking | >99% | 470.2 mg/g | Sips Langmuir Freundlich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [160] |
Chitosan/glycidyl methacrylate/FeCl3/KPS | Reactive red 120 (RR) Indigo carmine (IC) | 1. 5–600 mg/L 2. 0.0125–0.25 g 3. 3–9 4. 5–50 °C 5. 5–300 min 6. No stirring | RR 100% IV 100% | RR 241 mg/g IC 185 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich Dubinin–Radushkevich | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order | [161] |
Chitosan/Fe3O4 | Reactive black 5 (RB5) Methyl orange (MO) | 1. 25–300 mg/L 2. 3.33 g/L 3. 4–10 4. 25 °C 5. 1–180 min 6. 18 rpm | Not available | RB5 53.02 mg/g MO 70.85 mg/g | Langmuir Freundlich Redlich–Peterson Temkin | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order Intraparticle diffusion | [162] |
Magnetite/amino-silica/chitosan/diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid/graphene oxide | Basic blue 41 | 1. 8–600 mg/L 2. 0.12–2.48 g/L 3. 4–10 4. 17.8–68.2 °C 5. 0–60 min 6. 150 rpm | 95% | 55.87 mg/g | Langmuir–Freundlich Toth Extended Langmuir Temkin Redlich–Peterson Freundlich Langmuir Modified Langmuir | Pseudo-second-order Pseudo-first-order Elovich Mixed 1,2-order Fractal-like pseudo-first-order Fractal-like pseudo-second-order | [163] |
2.4. Adsorption Isotherms
2.5. Kinetic Studies
2.6. Thermodynamic Studies
2.7. Hydrogels’ Reusability
3. Conclusions and Perspectives
- In order to increase the adsorption capacity, it is recommended to modify the hydrogels’ structure by adding new components, such as combinations of clay and metal oxides;
- The efficacy of chitosan nanoparticles-based hydrogels in treating real industrial wastewaters that contain a variety of contaminants besides dyes should be the subject of thorough research;
- It is advised to test the ability of hydrogels to remove an entire panoply of water contaminants at the same time;
- Optimization steps of the hydrogels’ preparation and of the adsorption process by using various methods, such as response surface methodology or artificial neural network, should be compulsorily conducted;
- Further complex investigations should be carried out on the hydrogels’ regeneration and reusability.
4. Methodology
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dye Class | Examples | |
---|---|---|
Azo dyes | ||
Congo red | Methyl orange | |
Anthraquinone dyes | ||
Alizarin | Rhodamine B | |
Indigo dyes | ||
Indigo carmine | Thioindigo | |
Xanthene dyes | ||
Eosin | Rose Bengal | |
Phthalocyanine dyes | ||
Direct blue 199 | Phthalocyanine green | |
Nitro dyes | ||
Martius yellow | Naphtol yellow | |
Nitroso dyes | ||
2-nitroso-1-naphtol | Fast green O | |
Arylmethane dyes | ||
Malachite green | Crystal violet |
Dye Class | Examples | |
---|---|---|
Acid dyes (anionic dyes) | ||
Sunset yellow | Allura red | |
Basic dyes (cationic dyes) | ||
Methylene blue | Eriochrome black T | |
Reactive dyes | ||
Reactive red 1 | Reactive blue 19 | |
Direct dyes | ||
Direct yellow 44 | Direct green 6 | |
Vat dyes | ||
Vat violet 1 | Vat orange 1 | |
Sulfur dyes | ||
Sulfur blue | Sulfur brilliant green | |
Disperse dyes | ||
Disperse red 60 | Disperse blue 72 |
Equilibrium Isotherm | Equation | Parameters’ Significance * |
---|---|---|
Two-terms isotherms | ||
Langmuir | QmL—maximum Langmuir uptake, mg/g KL—Langmuir constant, L/mg | |
Extended Langmuir | QmL—maximum Langmuir uptake for component, mg/g KL—Langmuir constant for component, L/mg | |
Modified Langmuir | QmL—maximum Langmuir uptake for component, mg/g KL—Langmuir constant for component, L/mg η—additional interaction factor | |
Freundlich | KF—Freundlich constant, (mg/g)(L/mg)1/n nF—Freundlich constant, dimensionless | |
Extended Freundlich | KF—Freundlich constant for component, L/mg n —Adsorption intensity for components in a solution xi, xj—Experimental constant values of plot Qe,i vs. Ce,i, dimensionless yi, yj—Experimental constant values of plot Qe,j vs. Ce,j, dimensionless zi, zj—Experimental constant values of plot Qe,i vs. Ce,i, dimensionless | |
Langmuir–Freundlich | QmLF—maximum Langmuir–Freundlich uptake, mg/g KLF—Langmuir–Freundlich constant, L/g n—heterogeneity index, dimensionless | |
Modified Langmuir–Freundlich | QmLF—maximum Langmuir–Freundlich uptake, mg/g ka—Affinity coefficient for adsorption, L/mg | |
Temkin | R—gas constant, R = 8.314 J/(mol K) T—temperature, K KT—Temkin constant, L/mg bT—Temkin constant, J/mg | |
Hill | QSH—Hill maximum uptake saturation, mg/L Kd—Hill constant nH—Hill cooperativity coefficient of the binding interaction | |
Flory— Huggins | QmFH—Flory–Huggins maximum adsorption capacity, mg/g KFH—Flory–Huggins equilibrium constant, L/mg n—exponent, dimensionless | |
Dubinin– Radushkevich | Qs—Theoretical monolayer saturation capacity, mg/g B—Constant of the sorption energy, mol2/kJ2 ε—Polanyi potential, dimensionless | |
Elovich | QmE—Elovich maximum adsorption capacity, mg/g KFG—Elovich equilibrium constant, L/mg | |
Liu | QmLi—Liu maximum uptake, mg/g Kg—Liu constant, L/g nL—heterogeneity index, dimensionless | |
Fowler– Guggenheim | QFG—Fowler–Guggenheim maximum adsorption capacity, mg/g KFG—Fowler–Guggenheim equilibrium constant, L/mg R—gas constant, R = 8.314 J/(mol K) T—temperature (K) ω—interaction energy between adsorbed molecules, Kj/mol | |
Harkin–Jura | A—Harkin–Jura constant, dimensionless B—Harkin–Jura constant, dimensionless | |
Three-terms isotherms | ||
Toth | QTo—Toth maximum uptake, mg/g KTo—Toth constant, L/mg nTo—Toth constant, dimensionless | |
Sips | QS—Sips maximum uptake, mg/g KS—Sips constant, L/mg nS—Sips constant, dimensionless | |
Redlich– Peterson | KR—Redlich–Peterson constant, L/g aR—Redlich–Peterson constant, 1/mg bg—Redlich–Peterson exponent, dimensionless | |
Radke–Prausnitz | QMRP—Radke–Prausnitz maximum adsorption capacity, mg/g KRP—Radke–Prausnitz equilibrium constant, dimensionless MRP—Radke–Prausnitz exponent, dimensionless |
Kinetic Model | Equation | Parameters Significance * |
---|---|---|
Pseudo-1st-order | k1—pseudo-first-order constant rate, min−1 | |
Pseudo-2nd-order | k2—pseudo-second-order constant rate, g/(mg·min) | |
Mixed 1,2-order | k1—pseudo-first-order constant rate, min−1 k2—pseudo-second-order constant rate, g/(mg·min) | |
Pseudo-nth-order | kn—pseudo-nth-order constant rate | |
Fractal-like pseudo-1st-order | k′1—fractal-like pseudo-first-order constant rate, min−(1-h) h—fractal exponent, 0 ≤ h ≤ 1, dimensionless | |
Fractal-like pseudo-2nd-order | k2—fractal-like pseudo-second-order constant rate, g mg−1 min−(1-h)) | |
Fractal-like mixed 1,2 order | K′1—fractal-like pseudo-first-order constant rate, min−(1-h) h—fractal exponent, 0 ≤ h ≤ 1, dimensionless | |
Intraparticle diffusion | kp—rate constant of the intraparticle diffusion kinetic model, mg/g min1/2 c—constant, dimensionless | |
Elovich | β—extent of surface coverage and activation energy for chemisorption, g/mg α—initial adsorption rate, mg/(g·min) | |
Mixed surface reaction—diffusion controlled kinetic | C0—initial concentration solute, mg/L a—model coefficient, mg/L b—model coefficient, 1/min weq—relative equilibrium uptake | |
Liquid film diffusion | KFD—liquid film diffusion constant |
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Grigoraș, C.-G.; Simion, A.-I.; Drob, C. Hydrogels Based on Chitosan and Nanoparticles and Their Suitability for Dyes Adsorption from Aqueous Media: Assessment of the Last-Decade Progresses. Gels 2024, 10, 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10030211
Grigoraș C-G, Simion A-I, Drob C. Hydrogels Based on Chitosan and Nanoparticles and Their Suitability for Dyes Adsorption from Aqueous Media: Assessment of the Last-Decade Progresses. Gels. 2024; 10(3):211. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10030211
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrigoraș, Cristina-Gabriela, Andrei-Ionuț Simion, and Cătălin Drob. 2024. "Hydrogels Based on Chitosan and Nanoparticles and Their Suitability for Dyes Adsorption from Aqueous Media: Assessment of the Last-Decade Progresses" Gels 10, no. 3: 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10030211
APA StyleGrigoraș, C. -G., Simion, A. -I., & Drob, C. (2024). Hydrogels Based on Chitosan and Nanoparticles and Their Suitability for Dyes Adsorption from Aqueous Media: Assessment of the Last-Decade Progresses. Gels, 10(3), 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10030211