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Review

Advancements and Future Directions in Yellow Rice Wine Production Research

by
Jingxian Zhang
1,2,
Tian Li
1,
Gen Zou
3,
Yongjun Wei
1,4,* and
Lingbo Qu
2,4,*
1
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
2
Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
3
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
4
Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Fermentation 2024, 10(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10010040
Submission received: 4 December 2023 / Revised: 26 December 2023 / Accepted: 28 December 2023 / Published: 4 January 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Strategies for the Management of Wine Fermentations)
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Abstract

:
Yellow rice wine is a traditional fermented beverage in China. The microorganisms in the brewing process play a crucial role in shaping the composition and quality of the wine through their regulation of microbial growth, fermentation metabolites, metabolic balance, and ethanol production. Yellow rice wine not only has culinary value but also possesses potential medicinal value. This is attributed to the presence of polyphenolic compounds, antioxidants, and other natural products that can provide antioxidant and other probiotic effects. The fermentation process of yellow rice wine offers potential nutritional supplementation and improved digestion. While traditional brewing techniques have long been employed, modern biotechnology helps enhance the quality and stability of the wine by selecting suitable microbial strains, optimizing fermentation conditions, and precisely controlling the fermentation process. The collection of diverse fermentation microbes and the construction of specifically designed microbiota for yellow rice wine production could expedite the production of high-quality yellow rice wine. The ultimate goal is to enhance the nutritional value, conditioning function, and overall consumption experience of yellow rice wine. Future research will delve into exploring the relationship between microorganisms and active ingredients in yellow rice wine, improving both the quality and functionality of the wine.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Yellow rice wine, known as Huangjiu (黄酒) in Chinese, is one of the four famous Chinese wines [1]. With a rich history and unique brewing techniques, yellow rice wine has long been seen as an indicator of traditional Chinese food culture [2]. The production of yellow rice wine primarily involves the main ingredients, including sorghum, glutinous rice, wheat, and white rice [3]. Through the addition of a fermentation starter (Jiuqu), solid-state and liquid-state fermentation takes place, resulting in the formation of the final yellow rice wine [4,5,6]. Yellow rice wine typically possesses an alcohol content of 10–20%, lower than that of Baijiu, and offers a gentle, slightly sweet flavor taste [7,8,9]. Its name is derived from the wine’s distinct yellow and transparent color. The characteristics of yellow rice wine are delicate, fragrant, and mellow, creating a unique and delightful taste. This is mainly due to the production of desirable flavor compounds during the fermentation process, including β-phenyl ethanol, ethyl lactate, and ethyl cinnamate [10]. The yellow rice wine varies in different regions, each with its own brewing methods and tastes, such as Shaoxing yellow rice wine, Fenjiu, and aged yellow rice wine [11].
Microorganisms, mainly composed of yeasts and lactic acid bacteria (LAB), play crucial roles in the production process of yellow rice wine [12,13]. Yeasts facilitate fermentation by converting starch in grains into sugar and ultimately into alcohol [14], while LAB produce beneficial short-chain fatty acids such as lactic acid and acetic acid, resulting in the unique flavor and acidity of yellow rice wine [15]. Additionally, the microorganisms present in yellow rice wine can also generate various bioactive substances, such as vitamins, rich amino acids [16], polyphenolic compounds [17], and trace elements [18,19], which are beneficial to health by promoting digestion, enhancing immunity, and improving blood circulation [20,21].
In recent years, the brewing technology of yellow rice wine has been developed, including the application of microbiome strategies, which have enhanced microorganisms to produce a greater number of beneficial compounds, thereby improving the taste and quality of yellow rice wine [22,23]. As these technologies continue to evolve and improve, the yellow rice wine production industry is expected to witness further innovation and breakthroughs, providing consumers with an enhanced product experience. Thus, understanding the roles and functions of microorganisms in yellow rice wine production is essential [24,25,26,27,28]. A comprehensive overview of the technological innovation in yellow rice wine brewing, the significance of microorganisms in the fermentation process, and the diverse functions of yellow rice wine will facilitate the exploration and improvement of yellow rice wine. Furthermore, it will enable a deeper understanding of the value of yellow rice wine in culture and offer new ideas and directions for the sustainable development of the yellow rice wine industry. The review will systematically summarize the brewing technology, microbial function, and effectiveness of yellow rice wine (Figure 1) and aim to strengthen the comprehension and promotion of yellow rice wine and stimulate innovation and development in brewing technology.

2. The Traditional Brewing Process of Yellow Rice Wine

Yellow rice wine is typically named based on its production area, as different regions produce variations of the wine with distinct characteristics, including Nanyang, Shaoxing [29], Huzhou [30], and Guangdong [31]. With evolving consumer preferences, the Huangjiu industry is continuously adapting, innovating, and expanding. The Nanyang basin, known for its red millet with amber-colored grains and high nutritional value, provides proper raw materials for brewing special rice wine [32]. Nanyang yellow rice wine, famous for its long history and unique flavor, is among the most famous local yellow rice wines in China. The brewing process of Nanyang yellow rice wine typically involves the following steps [33] (Figure 2). Firstly, select high-quality millet as the main raw material, rinse and soak it in water, steam it for later use, and incorporate auxiliary ingredients such as wheat to enhance the taste and flavor of the yellow rice wine [34]. Next, a mixture of high-quality Jiuqu and wheat flour is prepared in a specific ratio, and water and sugar are added to form Jiuqu cakes or sticks [35]. These Jiuqu cakes or sticks undergo fermentation, exposure to air, and other processes, allowing the yeast and other microorganisms in red Jiuqu to ferment and mature. Subsequently, the steamed glutinous rice is cooled, combined with the Jiuqu, and placed in a rice wine fermentation tank or vat for the fermentation cycle. The main fermentation temperature is maintained at 27–30 °C, with a maximum temperature limit of 32 °C [36]. The primary fermentation period lasts for approximately 4–5 days. Following this, the post-fermentation temperature is controlled at 15–25 °C, and the post-fermentation stage continues for 15–20 days (Figure 2). Throughout the fermentation process, careful control of temperature, humidity, and time is crucial to facilitate microorganisms and their enzyme activities, promoting the transformation of the mixture into yellow rice wine.
After fermentation is complete, the solids in the yellow rice wine are separated using cloth bag filtration and pressing, resulting in a clear yellow wine liquid (Figure 2). This separated yellow wine solution is then stored in a maturing container for a specific aging period, typically ranging from several months to several years. Throughout the aging process, the yellow rice wine gradually mellows, and its aroma intensifies (Figure 2). The volatile components of yellow rice wine are highly complex, consisting of various aromatic compounds such as esters, alcohols, acids, and carbonyl compounds, which interact and harmonize with one another [24]. After aging, use a filter to further purify the aged yellow wine and filter out impurities and suspended solids. Purified yellow wine is usually bottled or barreled for sale and storage.

3. Microbial Improvement of the Composition and Quality of Yellow Rice Wine

Microorganisms are responsible for determining the flavor and overall quality of the final product (Table 1) [27]. The fermentation process of Shaoxing yellow rice wine typically involves the presence of 9 dominant genera, including Bacillus, Streptococcus, Streptococcus, Vibrio, Thermoactinomycetes, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Enterobacterium, and Lactobacillus [37]. The analysis of yellow rice wine Jiuqu from different sources revealed that it primarily contains Weissella, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bacillus, Enterococcus, and Cronobacter [38]. These microorganisms can impact the flavors and qualities of yellow rice wine through the regulation of microbial growth, fermentation metabolites [39,40,41], metabolic balance, and ethanol production [42,43,44].
During the process of fermentation, microorganisms produce ethanol and other compounds, which play a role in regulating the alcohol content and taste as well as enhancing the flavor characteristics of yellow rice wine [45]. Yellow rice wine contains various volatile substances, primarily originating from the raw materials and metabolites of microorganisms. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), in combination with full rate application (RATA) techniques, could analyze the volatile flavor compounds in yellow rice wine during fermentation. The alcohol content in yellow rice wine significantly increases during the early stages of fermentation. Alcohols have higher threshold values compared to aldehydes but still play an essential role in improving the overall flavor of yellow rice wine [46]. Throughout the brewing process of yellow rice wine, the content of alcoholic substances rises rapidly during the primary fermentation stage, leading to an increase in both the quantity and variety of flavor components within the wine [47,48]. Aspergillus oryzae, the mold used in yellow rice wine production, produces a range of compounds through metabolism, including esters, fatty acids, and alcohols. These substances significantly influence the taste, aroma, and overall flavor profile of the beverage and contribute to the unique flavor and aroma of yellow rice wine [49]. The Meyerozyma genus strain YB-12, isolated from the fermentation materials of yellow rice wine, possesses a similar ability to produce ethanol as the brewing yeast NRRL Y-567. However, the production of isobutanol and isoamyl alcohol by YB-12 is only 53.96% and 50.23% of that by NRRL Y-567, respectively [50]. Isobutanol and isoamyl alcohol are primarily responsible for the spicy, bitter, and astringent taste of yellow rice wine, as well as some potential side effects such as headaches [51,52].
During post-fermentation, the alcohol content of yellow rice wine initially decreases and then increases [53]. The majority of alcohols are produced by the breakdown of sugars or amino acids by yeast, with ethanol being generated from glucose [3,54,55]. Higher alcohols, on the other hand, are produced primarily through the breakdown of amino acids and pyruvate metabolism. Yeast also produces aromatic compounds such as esters and phenolic compounds, which give yellow rice wine its unique aroma and flavor. Some microorganisms produce beneficial metabolic substances such as amino acids, polyphenols, and vitamins, thereby increasing their nutritional value [55,56,57]. Through chromatographic analysis, amino acids, alcohols, acids, phenols, and esters are the major flavor components. The microbial genera, including yeast, Aspergillus, Saccharopolysporium, Staphylococcus, Lactobacillus, and Lactococcus, are most closely associated with the production of these flavor components [26]. The content and proportion of alcohol compounds produced by microorganisms in yellow rice wine are determined by the interaction between the brewing process and the microbiota [58]. Proper control of fermentation conditions, brewing temperature, and selection of appropriate strains can regulate the production of ethanol and other alcohols, thereby affecting the taste and flavors of yellow rice wine. Hence, it is possible to use specific microorganisms to regulate its fermentation products and produce yellow rice wine with different flavors and effects that highlight local characteristics.
Microorganisms regulate the metabolic balance during the brewing process of yellow rice wine [59]. Specifically, LAB are involved in the fermentation process, where they produce lactic acid and other organic acids. This helps to maintain the appropriate acidity in the fermentation broth and regulates the taste and flavor of yellow rice wine. Yeast and LAB are the primary microorganisms responsible for controlling the pH of the liquor and the production of organic acids. LAB, in particular, are responsible for lowering the pH of the liquor by producing lactic acid, creating the acidic environment necessary for the fermentation of yellow rice wine. Additionally, yeast produces acetic acid and citric acid, which also contribute to the acidity and taste of the wine [60]. Metagenomic analysis of mechanized yellow rice wine, artificially fermented yellow rice wine, and poorly fermented artificial yellow rice wine at different fermentation stages has revealed that LAB dominate in well-fermented yellow rice wine, while Lactobacillus brevis dominates in spoilage yellow rice wine. The well-fermented artificial yellow rice wine mash exhibits more activity in converting malic acid to pyruvate and synthesizing lactate, while poorly fermented artificial yellow rice wine porridge tends to accumulate acetate [61]. By changing the pH of the fermentation broth, microorganisms can ensure it remains within the optimal range necessary for the yellow rice wine fermentation process, thus regulating the brewing process. Therefore, the ability of microorganisms to produce acid in yellow rice wine brewing is crucial in determining its final quality and flavor.
In the process of brewing yellow rice wine, a variety of microorganisms are selected for mixed fermentation, especially yeast [62]. During the fermentation of yellow rice wine, enzymes such as amylase and lipase are produced by the microorganisms, particularly the yeast. These enzymes aid in the hydrolysis and conversion of starch and fat in rice wine, improving its overall quality. A mixed fungal starter containing two strains, Rhizopus oryzae YF1 and Aspergillus niger YF2, was applied in wheat Qu under optimal conditions. The fermentation process led to an increase in the activities of amylase, acid protease, and cellulase. Additionally, the final fermentation products showed a 19.6% increase in short peptides and a 131.8% increase in free amino acids [63]. The synergistic metabolism between microorganisms in yellow rice wine production can impact the biochemical reactions, efficiency of substrate utilization, and overall characteristics of the final product. By designing microbial interactions, it is possible to optimize the composition and quality of yellow rice wine. Microorganisms produce antioxidants and enzymes in the brewing process of yellow rice wine, such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, which help to maintain the redox balance and prevent premature oxidation of the wine [31]. Yeasts, particularly Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are commonly used due to their high antioxidant capacity and ability to produce these enzymes [64,65]. Pichia pastoris is also used in brewing and fermentation processes [66].
The use of microorganisms in brewing yellow rice wine has become increasingly precise and efficient. Future understanding of the metabolic pathways and regulatory network in the brewing process, optimizing fermentation conditions and control technologies, developing new microbial strains, and improving fermentation agents will undoubtedly contribute to enhancing the quality and stability of yellow rice wine.
Table 1. The fermentation methods and dominant microorganisms during different rice wine production.
Table 1. The fermentation methods and dominant microorganisms during different rice wine production.
Rice Wine TypesFermentative Type or StartersDominant MicroorganismsFermentation Products and Flavor CompoundsReferences
Hakka rice wineSemi-dry rice winePediococcus, Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Pantoea, Enterobacter, Lactobacillus, Monascus, Saccharomyces, RhizopusEsters, aldehydes, acids, ketones, alcohols, and so onQian et al. [67]
Traditional
sweet rice wine
Hong Qu glutinous rice wineHong Qu Red koji fermentationBacillus ginsengihumi, Pantoea sp., Elizabethkingia sp., Streptococcus sp. Brevundimonas sp., Rickettsia prowazekii, Thermus thermophilus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus aryabhattai; fungi of Monascus purpureus, Aspergillus niger, Xeromyces bisporus, Aspergillus penicillioides, Aspergillus flavus and Pichia farinose/Huang et al. [2]
Bai QuLactococcus lactis Lactobacillus brevis, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Weissella paramesenteroides, Lactobacillus fermentum, Gluconobacter thailandicus, Lactobacillus alimentarius, fungi of Rhizopus arrhizus, Saccharomycopsis fibuligera, Aspergillus niger, Issatchenkia orientalis, Saccharomycopsis malanga, Clavispora lusitaniae, Candida tropicalis
Chinese yellow rice wineWine frying/Esters, alcohols, heterocyclic compounds, amides, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, acids, alkanesBai et al. [68]
Chinese rice wineJiu Yao (Q1)Pediococcus, Rhizopus, Lactobacillus, Aspergillus, Enterococcus, Parasitella, Ascoidea, Staphylococcus, Mucor and Vibrio, which accounted for 83.30% (Q1) and 84.85% (Q2)Ethanol (13.33%),
total sugar (22.74 g/L),
sweet and umami amino acids		Tian et al. [69]
Jiu Yao (Q2)Ethanol (14.57%),
total sugar (30.20 g/L),
sweet and umami amino acids
Shaoxing HuangjiuJiu YaoPediococcus, Weissella, Pelomonas Saccharomycopsis, Rhizopus, Saccharomyces/Peng et al. [27]
Black glutinous rice wineQuLactococcus, Pediococcus, Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, Cronobacter, Pantoea, Weissella, Enterococcus, Rhizopus, Myceliophthora, Cystofilobasidium, and AspergillusEsters, alcohols, acids and 43 volatile flavor compoundsZhao et al. [70]

4. The Compounds in Yellow Rice Wine and Their Health Effects

Yellow rice wine has not only been known for its culinary uses but also for its beneficial effects on physical health. In many traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions, yellow rice wine has been used as a crucial ingredient. For instance, Taohong Siwu Tang, as documented in classic records, combines raw Rehmannia glutinosa, Angelica sinensis, and Safflower, which are washed with yellow rice wine, to enhance its pharmacological effects in treating primary dysmenorrhea [71]. In recent years, the health effects of yellow rice wine have been revealed and described (Figure 3).
Yellow rice wine has demonstrated pharmacological effects in terms of its antioxidant properties [72,73,74], anti-aging benefits [75], and ability to support cardiovascular health [76,77]. Yellow rice wine is abundant in polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids and anthocyanins, which have antioxidant properties. They eliminate free radicals in the body, slow down cellular oxidative damage, and help delay the aging process. The yeast and LAB present during the fermentation process of yellow rice wine contain antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, which improve the body’s antioxidant capacity. Additionally, various natural compounds in yellow rice wine possess anti-aging effects, enhance the body’s ability to repair itself, and reduce the occurrence of cellular damage and aging processes. The active compounds in yellow rice wine promote healthy metabolism, boost the body’s endurance, delay skin aging, and improve skin health. Yellow rice wine can mitigate inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction caused by doxorubicin (DOX) by regulating the gut microbiota and its associated metabolites. Further, antibiotic treatment increased the cardiotoxicity of DOX-treated rats and partially eliminated the anti-cardiotoxic effect of yellow rice wine on the gut microbiota, indicating that the microbiota plays a crucial role in the cardioprotective effect of yellow rice wine [78]. Moreover, yellow rice wine’s ability to downregulate the TGF-β/smad3 signaling pathway in an Nrf2-dependent manner effectively reduces DOX-induced cardiac toxicity [17].
Though previous studies show that yellow rice wine has a cardiovascular protective effect [21], the exact composition and mechanism are still not fully understood. The polyphenols and peptide components in yellow wine can inhibit the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells induced by homocysteine [79]. Additionally, yellow rice wine helps maintain a balance between metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases [79]. The high presence of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in yellow rice wine has been found to improve learning and memory in rats. Yellow rice wine, in a D-galactose-induced aging mouse model, significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduced levels of malondialdehyde in the brain and liver of the mice. This study showed improved cognitive impairment and anti-aging effects in mice [80]. Yellow rice wine contains peptides and minerals with antioxidant effects, as well as the ability to reduce blood pressure and cholesterol levels [81].
Yellow rice wine could promote gut health and regulate the immune system. LAB and their metabolic products present in yellow rice wine can promote a healthy balance of gut microbiota, thus maintaining gut health [82,83]. Additionally, yellow rice wine fermented with glutinous rice can relieve constipation caused by loperamide by regulating serum neurotransmitters and gut microbiota [84]. The probiotics and their metabolites, such as probiotic peptides, present in yellow rice wine have been shown to regulate the immune system and enhance the body’s immune function. The organic acids in yellow rice wine, such as lactic acid and acetic acid, have beneficial effects on intestinal mucosal cells and the immune system.
Yellow rice wine can serve as a nutrient supplement and aids digestion [85]. This is because yeast and LAB generate bioactive constituents during the fermentation process; for example, the proteins can be converted into amino acids and peptides. Furthermore, yellow rice wine contains enzymes such as amylase and protease, which improve the digestion and absorption of food, offering relief from digestive discomfort. As a traditional fermented beverage, yellow rice wine shows promising medicinal properties, making it potentially valuable in healthcare and medicine. However, further understanding of the effectiveness and effects of yellow rice wine on health is necessary. Isolating and identifying the active ingredients present in yellow rice wine, exploring their related mechanisms, and conducting both preclinical and clinical trials would give insight into the health effects of yellow rice wine.
Recently, global consumers have shown an increasing interest in low-alcohol beverages, such as non-alcoholic beer. Low-alcoholic or non-alcoholic yellow wine is quietly emerging as a new trend in the market [86]. Compared to traditional yellow rice wine, low-alcoholic yellow rice wine reduces the alcohol concentration in the final product by controlling the sugar content and fermentation time in the brewing process or filtering the ethanol in the final product [87]. Low-alcoholic yellow rice wine not only retains a unique taste and high nutritional value, such as rich amino acids, vitamins, and minerals, but also reduces the burden on the liver and the risk of developing liver-associated diseases.

5. Innovation and Development of Yellow Rice Wine Brewing Technology

5.1. The Innovative Technologies for Yellow Wine

In recent years, there have been innovations and developments in the brewing technology of yellow rice wine. By combining traditional and modern techniques, modern scientific technologies and equipment, such as automation control and fermentation temperature control, are introduced while maintaining the traditional process, which improves production efficiency and product quality stability. Techniques such as frozen fruit fermentation, co-fermentation, carbonation impregnation, and co-carbonation impregnation can reduce acidity and increase the content of main polyphenols, enriching floral and fruity aromas and improving the sensory quality of black cherry wine [88]. Microorganism optimization and screening are crucial in improving the taste and quality of yellow rice wine by selecting strains with alcohol tolerance, antioxidant ability, and aroma generation ability [89,90]. Studies on the microbiota and metabolic profiles of the traditional brewing of red rice wine Jiuqu showed that volatile flavor components were significantly different in Jiuqu fermented with different fermentation agents, Wuyi Qu (WY) and Gutian Qu (GT). Red rice wine Jiuqu fermented with GT exhibited a higher biogenic amine content, while WY had a higher alcohol and total acid content than GT [91].
Microbial co-cultivation is a significant aspect of the brewing technology used for yellow rice wine. Through the combination and co-cultivation of different microorganisms, collaborative fermentation can effectively regulate substrate utilization, the production of metabolic products, and quality formation during the fermentation process. This process ultimately enhances the flavor characteristics of yellow rice wine. For example, the addition of 108 CFU/L Lactobacillus brevis on the tenth day of S. cerevisiae fermentation can reduce the production of ethyl carbamate by approximately 68.4%, thereby positively impacting the overall quality of yellow rice wine [92]. The presence of amylases, proteinases, cellulases, pectic enzymes, and other hydrolytic enzymes is essential in the production of yellow rice wine [93,94]. Therefore, recovering and applying efficient enzymes from wine production microbiota as well as other natural microbiota would offer suitable enzymes for the production of high-quality yellow rice wine.
The quality and flavor of yellow rice wine can be improved by optimizing fermentation conditions such as temperature, pH, and oxygen supply [95]. Proper conditions not only increase yield but also save resources and reduce costs [96]. Optimization of the brewing process of Shanlan yellow rice wine can reduce the content of bitter amino acids and increase the content of sweet and fresh amino acids [97]. Additionally, a mixed brewing strategy can create new varieties with unique flavors by combining yellow rice wine with beer, wine, or other types of alcohol. Furthermore, the rise of pure yellow rice wine provides a new perspective. Traditionally, grains other than rice were added to the brewing process, but recently, brewing yellow rice wine with only rice has become increasingly popular, emphasizing the rice flavor and quality.
Innovative brewing auxiliary technologies, such as special fermentation containers, stirring equipment, and fermentation aids, can improve fermentation efficiency and product stability. The continuous fermentation reactor utilizes advanced computer control systems to monitor and regulate various parameters, including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen content, and other fermentation factors, enabling efficient fermentation management of diverse beverages [98]. Modern saccharification tanks incorporate advanced stirring technology and temperature control systems to ensure a consistent and effective saccharification process for wine production [99]. Modern filtration systems incorporate membrane technology and automated controls to guarantee the consistency of every product batch. This efficient filtration not only boosts production but also extends the shelf life of beer and other wine beverages and minimizes product losses [100]. In addition, real-time monitoring of beverage composition and quality can be achieved through the use of quality control analysis instruments [101,102], including mass spectrometers and chromatographs. These technologies ensure product consistency and yields and facilitate the development of new flavor profiles in yellow rice wine production in the near future.

5.2. The Application of Microbiome in Modern Yellow Rice Wine Production

Microorganisms play a critical role in the brewing of yellow rice wine, influencing its quality and components [103,104,105]. To produce yellow rice wine with diverse functions and aromas, it is desirable to recover the current Jiuqu microbiota and reveal an efficient microbiota with diverse flavors in yellow rice wine. A microbiome strategy can be employed to analyze the microbiota in yellow rice wine Jiuqu, identifying beneficial bacteria and probiotics that contribute to the flavor and functionality of yellow rice wine. For instance, co-culturing and fermenting wine with Pichia kluyveri and S. cerevisiae significantly increased the content of glycerol and lipids by 8.5% and 142%, respectively [106]. Additionally, many probiotic strains are used in food production to promote legitimate consumer rights and increase nutritional value [107,108,109]. The probiotic brewing yeast strain BR14 can brew functional yellow rice wine, increasing the ethanol, total acid, acetic acid, and lactic acid content [110]. Therefore, the recovery of brewing microorganisms from different areas is crucial for future yellow rice wine production.
The advancement of synthetic biology has paved the way for the construction of functional microorganisms and microbiota [111,112,113]. By engineering yeast, it is now possible to synthesize a wide range of natural products, including ginsenosides and other natural compounds [114,115,116,117]. Through the iterative process of designing, building, testing, and learning in synthetic biology (known as the DBTL cycle), efficient yeast strains or other brewing strains that can be utilized in the production of yellow rice wine can be obtained. To create a simple and efficient microbiota for fermenting yellow rice wine, knowledge graphs and machine learning can be used to screen the core microbiota of traditional yellow rice wine Jiuqu (Figure 4). By designing and adjusting cultivation conditions, it is possible to isolate and screen dominant microorganisms for yellow rice wine production (Figure 4). Additionally, traditional Jiuqu can be enriched and strengthened to create a simple and efficient microbiota for use in yellow rice wine production (Figure 4). Moreover, with the design and construction of functional microbiota using engineered microorganisms and wild-type brewing strains, it becomes possible to introduce unique flavor compounds into yellow rice wine, thereby adding new character and flavors to the beverage [108,113]. In addition, to further enhance the quality of yellow rice wine, the flavor substances present in the fermented wine can be analyzed using GC-MS technology. Additionally, food technologies such as electronic tongue and electronic nose offer a more intuitive analysis of the flavor characteristics of yellow wine [118,119], providing valuable insights for improving the overall quality of yellow rice wine.

6. Conclusions

Yellow rice wine is a traditional fermented beverage that relies on microorganisms during the brewing process. These microorganisms play a crucial role in regulating fermentation metabolites, balancing the acidity of the wine, and maintaining metabolism and redox balance, ultimately influencing the quality of the wine. The presence of polyphenolic compounds, antioxidants, and enzymes in yellow rice wine contributes to its antioxidant properties, vascular protection, and anti-aging effects. The microbial fermentation process of yellow rice wine shows potential in terms of providing nutritional supplementation and improving digestion. Brewing technology has continuously evolved to optimize the quality and conditioning effects of yellow rice wine through process improvements and microbial modifications. Further research is needed to better understand the relationship between microorganisms and the active ingredients in yellow rice wine in order to enhance its quality and flavors. By employing genetic engineering techniques to modify brewing microorganisms, enhancing microbial fermentation capabilities, and harnessing synthetic biology methods to establish functional microbiota, it is possible to further improve the production of yellow rice wine.

Author Contributions

Y.W. and L.Q. conceived the study; J.Z., T.L. and G.Z. drafted the manuscript; J.Z. prepared the figures and tables; Y.W., L.Q. and G.Z. revised and polished the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 32111530179), Zhongyuan Scholar Workstation, and Clinical Laboratories, Shenyou Bio.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data are contained within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Figure 1. The summary of yellow rice wine production process, including the raw materials, the microbial roles in the production of yellow rice wine, the health effects, and the application of brewing biotechnology.
Figure 1. The summary of yellow rice wine production process, including the raw materials, the microbial roles in the production of yellow rice wine, the health effects, and the application of brewing biotechnology.
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Figure 2. The traditional brewing process of yellow rice wine involves several stages. These stages include raw material preparation, Jiuqu preparation, primary fermentation, post-fermentation, residue separation, and sterilization.
Figure 2. The traditional brewing process of yellow rice wine involves several stages. These stages include raw material preparation, Jiuqu preparation, primary fermentation, post-fermentation, residue separation, and sterilization.
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Figure 3. Yellow rice wine has a variety of components, including phenols, peptides, minerals, oligosaccharides, and vitamins, which contribute to its pharmacological effects such as blood pressure and cholesterol reduction, antioxidant, metabolism optimization, and immune regulation.
Figure 3. Yellow rice wine has a variety of components, including phenols, peptides, minerals, oligosaccharides, and vitamins, which contribute to its pharmacological effects such as blood pressure and cholesterol reduction, antioxidant, metabolism optimization, and immune regulation.
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Figure 4. Modern yellow rice wine production can benefit from the use of microbiome and synthetic biology strategies. The core microbiota in Jiuqu, an important component in yellow rice wine production, can be revealed, and the dominant microorganisms can be isolated. These isolated strains can then be used to construct synthetic microbiota for yellow rice wine production. Additionally, traditional Jiuqu can be enriched, strengthened, and simplified to create a simple and efficient microbiota for yellow rice wine production.
Figure 4. Modern yellow rice wine production can benefit from the use of microbiome and synthetic biology strategies. The core microbiota in Jiuqu, an important component in yellow rice wine production, can be revealed, and the dominant microorganisms can be isolated. These isolated strains can then be used to construct synthetic microbiota for yellow rice wine production. Additionally, traditional Jiuqu can be enriched, strengthened, and simplified to create a simple and efficient microbiota for yellow rice wine production.
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Zhang, J.; Li, T.; Zou, G.; Wei, Y.; Qu, L. Advancements and Future Directions in Yellow Rice Wine Production Research. Fermentation 2024, 10, 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10010040

AMA Style

Zhang J, Li T, Zou G, Wei Y, Qu L. Advancements and Future Directions in Yellow Rice Wine Production Research. Fermentation. 2024; 10(1):40. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10010040

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhang, Jingxian, Tian Li, Gen Zou, Yongjun Wei, and Lingbo Qu. 2024. "Advancements and Future Directions in Yellow Rice Wine Production Research" Fermentation 10, no. 1: 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10010040

APA Style

Zhang, J., Li, T., Zou, G., Wei, Y., & Qu, L. (2024). Advancements and Future Directions in Yellow Rice Wine Production Research. Fermentation, 10(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10010040

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