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Article

Spin Cross-Over (SCO) Complex Based on Unsymmetrical Functionalized Triazacyclononane Ligand: Structural Characterization and Magnetic Properties

by
Merzouk Halit
1,2,
Mélissa Roger
1,
Véronique Patinec
1,
Said Yefsah
2,
Carlos J. Gómez-García
3 and
Smail Triki
1,*
1
University of Western Brittany, CNRS, CEMCA, 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu, C.S. 93837-29238 Brest Cedex 3, France
2
Faculté des Sciences, Université Mouloud Mammeri de Tizi-Ouzou (UMTO), 15000 Tizi Ouzou, Algeria
3
Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Magnetochemistry 2019, 5(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry5010019
Submission received: 21 December 2018 / Revised: 23 February 2019 / Accepted: 25 February 2019 / Published: 7 March 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spin-Crossover Beyond the Immediate Tribute)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The unsymmetrical ligand 1-(2-aminophenyl)-4,7-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (L6) has been prepared and characterized by NMR spectroscopy. The L6 ligand is based on the triazamacrocycle (tacn) ring that is functionalized by two flexible 2-pyridylmethyl and one rigid 2-aminophenyl groups. Reaction of this ligand with Fe(ClO4)2·xH2O led to the complex [Fe(L6)](ClO4)2 (1), which was characterized as the first Fe(II) complex based on the unsymmetrical N-functionalized tacn ligand. The crystal structure revealed a discrete monomeric [FeL6]2+ entity in which the unsymmetrical N-functionalized triazacyclononane molecule (L6) acts as hexadentate ligand. As observed in the few parent examples that are based on the symmetrical N-functionalized tacn ligands, the triazacyclononane ring is facially coordinated and the N-donor atoms of the three functional groups (two pyridine and one aniline groups) are disposed in the same side of the tacn ring, leading to a distorted FeN6 environment. The magnetic studies of 1 revealed the presence of an incomplete spin crossover (SCO) transition above 425 K, whose progress would be prevented by a very exothermic thermal decomposition at ca. 472 K, as shown by thermogravimetric and DSC measurements.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Among the molecular switchable materials, the spin crossover (SCO) complexes are undoubtedly the most studied ones during the last decade, because of their several potential applications, including memory display devices [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]. Such complexes exhibit a reversible switch from the High Spin (HS) to the Low Spin (LS) state, as a response to an external perturbation as temperature, pressure, magnetic field, or light irradiation, when the complex involves metal ions having d4–d7 electronic configuration [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]. To date, among the large number of SCO materials, the Fe(II) systems (d6 configuration), for which the transition occurs between the paramagnetic high-spin (HS, S = 2, 5T2g) and the diamagnetic low-spin (LS, S = 0, 1A1g) states, are, by far, the most studied examples [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]. From the design point of view, a recent strategy consists in preparing SCO systems with the use of polydentate ligands with a large potential denticity, such as cyclam and cyclen, which are known to form very stable complexes with transition metal ions [22]. However, even their remarkable reactivity toward transition metal ions, the limited number of the appropriate donor atoms that are involved in their corresponding macrocycle units, disallows some polydentate coordination modes, such as pentadentate or hexadentate coordination [22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32].
To increase their denticity and improve their coordination ability, several N-functionalization strategies of the tetraazamacrocycle molecules, such as cyclen and cyclam, have been studied using a number of synthetic routes for the mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-N-alkylation [33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40]. This large synthetic work led to several series of stable metal complexes, in which the functionalized macrocycle molecule acts as penta-, hexa-, hepta-, or octa-dentate ligand [41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62]. Such metal complexes contribute to better understand the metal environment in some metalloenzymes and metalloproteins [63,64,65,66], better adapt chelators design to radiometals for radiopharmaceuticals [67,68], and also display catalytic properties [69] and, as reported in the last few years, original cooperative magnetic switching behaviors [41,42,43,50,51,52].
In this context, some of us have described two new systems of iron(II) monomeric complexes that are based on hexadentate functionalized tetraazamacrocycle ligands containing two 2-pyridylmethyl pendant arms, namely 1,7-bis(2′-pyridylmethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (L1 in Scheme 1) and 1,8-bis(2′-pyridylmethyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (L2 in Scheme 1) [41,42]: the first one, [Fe(L1)](BF4)2, containing the functionalized cyclen ligand (L1), remains in the high spin state (S = 2) in the whole temperature range, while the second one, [Fe(L2)](BF4)2·H2O, based on a slightly larger macrocycle (cyclam) presents a SCO transition with a transition temperature of ca. 150 K [41]. More recently, using the [FeIIL2]2+ cationic unit with different counter-anions ((C(CN)3)−, [Ni(CN)4]2−), we have shown that the SCO characteristics, such as the cooperativity and transition temperatures, can be fine-tuned by the nature of the counter-anion and by the co-crystallized water molecules [42]. One year later, B. Drahoš et al. [43], have enriched these SCO systems based on hexadentate macrocycle ligands with another series based on cross-bridged cyclam containing two 2-pyridylmethyl pendant arms (L3 in Scheme 1), for which they clearly discussed the crucial effect of the counter-anions and of the co-crystallized solvent molecules on the switching properties [43].
In order to further investigate the effect of the size of the macrocycle ring of such hexadentate ligands on the coordination properties and ligand field, several Fe(II) systems that are based on triazamacrocycle units involving pyridylmethyl, aniline, methylimidazol, methylpyrazol or methylthiophene groups have been reported [50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59]. However, to the best of our knowledge, only two systems have been described as SCO systems in the solid state [50,51]. Hendrickson et al. [50] reported the first series of Fe(II) complexes that are based on triazamacrocycles with three pyridylmethyl groups (L4 and L5 in Scheme 1): in the case of the nine-membered ring system (L5), the Fe(II) complex is LS, while the Fe(II) complex with larger 12-membered ring system (L4) exhibits a slight thermal dependence of the magnetic moment, suggesting a decrease of the ligand field energy with the increase of the macrocycle size. More recently, H. J. Shepherd et al. [51] have described an original detailed study on Fe(II) complex based on the nine-membered ring involving three aniline groups (L8 in Scheme 1), for which both magnetic and variable temperature single-crystal characterisations reveal a gradual SCO behaviour with a transition temperature of 281 K.
In view of the above observations, even if only based on two reports, such functionalized triazamacrocycle ligands appear as interesting ligands to design SCO materials with transition temperatures around or above room temperature, and more examples are needed not only to establish correlations between the magnetic coupling and the structural parameters, but also to obtain more structural data on structural features of both HS and LS states, which are essential in shedding light on the effect of the nature of the functional groups and/or the unsymmetrical character of the functionalized ligand on the SCO characteristics. In this context, we have designed a series of unsymmetrical N-functionalized triazacyclononane involving two different groups, such as the examples depicted in Scheme 1 (L6 and L7). In the present work, we report the synthesis of 1-(2-aminophenyl)-4,7-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (L6 in Scheme 1), as well as that of the corresponding Fe(II) complex [FeL6](ClO4)2 (1). We also report their spectroscopic and structural characterizations and the magnetic properties of the iron (II) complex 1.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Synthesis

1,4-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (A) was synthesized, starting from the triazamacrocycle ligand (tacn) following the known orthoamide route that is already used for producing unsymmetrical N-functionalized tacn [55,61,62]. Reaction of A with one equivalent of 1-fluoro-2-nitrobenzene in distilled acetonitrile gave rise to an aromatic substitution between the secondary amine function and the aromatic ring that produced 1-(nitrophenyl)-4,7-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (B) as a bright orange compound in 50% yield (see Figures S1 and S2). The reduction of the nitro function into an amine function was carried out with hydrazine hydrate in ethanol with activated carbon. Ligand L6 was then obtained as a brown oil with a yield of 80% (See Figures S3 and S4). Single crystals of [FeL6](ClO4)2 (1) were obtained by slow evaporation of an aqueous solution containing the triazamacrocyclic ligand (L6) and Fe(ClO4)2·xH2O in a 1:1 ratio (See Figure S5).

2.2. Description of the Structure

The crystal structure of [Fe(L6)](ClO4)2 (1) was determined at 150 K. The unit cell parameters, crystal and refinement data and pertinent bond distances and angles are summarized in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively. The asymmetric unit of 1 is built from one Fe(II) ion (Fe), one 1-(2-aminophenyl)-4,7-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (L6) molecule, and two perchlorate anions, all being located on general positions (Figure 1 and Figure S6). The Fe(II) metal complex of 1 consists of a discrete monomeric [Fe(L6)]2+ cation in which the organic L6 ligand (Scheme 1) acts as hexadentate (Figure 1) whose two cationic charges are counterbalanced by two non-coordinated perchlorate anions.
The Fe(II) ion is hexa-coordinated by six N atoms: three of the macrocycle (N1, N2, and N3), two of the pyridine rings (N5 and N6), and one of the phenylamine ring (N4). Examination of the Fe-N bond distances and N-Fe-N bonds angles (see below) allows us to describe the metal environment as a distorted FeN6 octahedron, where the six Fe-N bond distances are quite similar, despite the different nature of the coordinated N atoms. Thus, the three Fe-Namine bonds: Fe-N1 = 2.002(5) Å, Fe-N2 = 1.998(5) Å and Fe-N3 = 1.999(4) Å, the two Fe-Npyridine bonds: Fe-N5 = 1.999(4) Å and Fe-N6 = 1.973(5) Å) and the Fe-Nphenylamine bond: Fe-N4 = 2.005(5) Å are all very similar.
The main distortion of the octahedral coordination around the Fe(II) atom is due to the bond angles (Table 2) that considerably deviate from the ideal values (the cis angles range from 82.9° to 98.6°, whereas the trans angles are in the range 168.2° to 170.0°). This high distortion is further confirmed by the relatively high values of the distortion parameter (Σ = 63.0°) [70]. As observed in other similar tacn N-functionalized macrocycle ligands [50,51,57,71], the macrocycle is facially coordinated and the N-donor atoms of the three pendant groups (two pyridine and one aniline groups) are disposed in the same side of the macrocyclic ring, due to the small size of the triazamacrocycle ring that forces the Fe(II) ion to be located over the flexible macrocycle. The distance of the Fe(II) metal ion to the plane defined by the three nitrogen atoms (N1, N2, and N3) is 1.232 Å. Careful examination of the crystal packing in 1 reveals that the main intermolecular contacts are due the C-H···O hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atoms of the perchlorate anions and the carbon atoms of the pyridine and aniline groups of the organic ligands (see Figure 2). The shortest C···C contacts that were observed between adjacent tacn N-functionalized macrocycle ligands (C16···C23 = 3.655 Å and C4···C10 = 3.765 Å) are greater than twice the van der Waals radii (3.40 Å).

2.3. Magnetic Properties

Variable temperature susceptibility measurements for 1 were carried out in the temperature range of 2–525 K. The thermal dependence of the product of the molar magnetic susceptibility times the temperature (χmT) is depicted in Figure 3. The χmT product in the temperature range 20–300 K is constant and very low (ca. 0.09 cm3 K mol−1), indicating that the Fe(II) centres are in the low spin (LS) configuration with a very small fraction of ca. 3% in the high spin (HS) configuration. On heating above 300 K, the χmT value shows a smooth and very tiny increase, reaching a value of ca. 0.2 cm3 K mol−1 at 400 K. This initial increase suggests that the SCO initiate below 400 K, and consequently, the complete SCO transition would only be expected at higher temperatures (T1/2 > 425 K). However, in this high temperature region, the single crystal sample of 1 undergoes decomposition at ca. 472 K (199 °C), as clearly revealed by thermogravimetric (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements that are detailed below (see also Figures S7 and S8), into HS iron(II) species, in agreement with the abrupt transition revealed at 480 K by the magnetic data (Figure 3). As expected, this sudden decomposition is irreversible and we could not measure any possible hysteresis, since the cooling scan shows a continuous increase of χmT when the temperature is decreased, suggesting the formation of iron(II) oxide upon decomposition.

2.4. Thermogravimetric (TG) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Measurements

TG measurements of compound 1 (Figure S7) show a constant weight in the temperature range 298–450 K (25–177 °C) and a very smooth weight loss of less than 4% in the T range 450–472 K (177–199 °C), followed by a sudden decomposition accompanied by an explosion of the sample (that pushes down the crucible containing the sample resulting in a sudden weight increase to more than twice the initial weight, inset in Figure S7). This behavior suggests the presence of a very abrupt decomposition at ca. 472 K (199 °C).
The DSC measurements were performed in two different samples of compound 1 (Figure S8). The first sample shows an exothermic peak starting at ca. 450 K (177 °C) that ends at ca. 485 K (212 °C) when the heat that is produced in the exothermic decomposition exceeds the detection limit of our equipment without reaching a maximum. In order to check the possible reversibility of this abrupt exothermic transition, we measured a second sample in the same conditions with a heating/cooling cycle ending just before the abrupt transition (see experimental section). This cycle shows that, at 468 K (195 °C), the transition has already started and at this point it is still reversible, as shown by the second heating in sample 2, which perfectly matches the first heating scan.
Thus, TG and DSC experiments confirm the presence of a very abrupt irreversible exothermic transition at ca. 475 K (202 °C), with an explosion of the sample. Nevertheless, this transition is reversible if the heating is stopped before its completion.

2.5. Comparison with Other Related Complexes

In the following discussion, the average coordination distances <Fe-N> and the distortion parameter (Σ) will be used to assign the spin state on the Fe(II) crystallographic centers, since these parameters are known to be highly sensitive to the Fe(II) spin configuration (the typical <Fe-N> values are ~2.0 Å for the LS configuration and ~2.2 Å for the HS one and the Σ parameter is larger in the HS than in the LS configuration. Table 3 lists the Fe-N bond lengths and distortion parameters for [FeL6](ClO4)2 (1) and for two other Fe(II) complexes involving related N-functionalized triazacyclononane ligands ([FeL5](ClO4)2 (2) [50] and [FeL8](ClO4)2 (3) [51]. The average value of the six Fe-N distances for the three complexes (1.996(5) Å for 1 at 150 K, 1.990(6) Å for 2 at room temperature and 2.020(2) Å for 3 at 120 K) are in good agreement with the values that are expected for the LS state of the Fe(II) ion in the FeN6 distorted octahedral geometry, and they agree with the low magnetic moment (or close to zero) shown by the magnetic data for each complex (see Table 3).
In the LS state of the three complexes, the Fe-N(tacn) (1.998-2.002 Å for 1, 2.001(6) Å for 2 and 1.996-2.001 Å for 3) and the Fe-N(py) distances (Fe-N5 1.999(4) Å, Fe-N6 1.973(5) Å for 1 and 1.979(6) Å for 2) associated to the tertiary amine and to the pyridine nitrogen atoms, respectively, are in the same range, while the corresponding distances that arise from the coordination of the aniline groups, Fe-N(aniline), associated to the primary amine, are significantly longer (Fe-N4 2.005(5) Å for 1; 2.053(2), 2.037(2) and 2.035(2) Å for 3). This difference may be attributed to the more rigid aniline group for which the steric constraints should prevent strong Fe-N bonds. The distortion parameters that are depicted in Table 3 indicate that the FeN6 environments are highly distorted for the three complexes, even in the LS state. These parameters also indicate a less distorted environment for complex 3, which may be at the origin of the lower transition temperature that was observed for this compound.

3. Experimental Section

3.1. Starting Materials

Solvents and reagents were obtained from commercial suppliers and they were used without further purification. 1,4,7-Triazacyclononane (tacn) was purchased from CheMatech (Dijon, France).

3.2. Synthesis of 1-(2-Nitrophenyl)-4,7-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (B)

1-fluoro-2-nitrobenzene (170 μL, 1.6 mmol) was slowly added to a solution of 1,4-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (A) (450 mg, 1.4 mmol) in distilled acetonitrile (20 mL) with potassium carbonate (1.0 g, 7 mmol) (Scheme 2). The reaction mixture was stirred and refluxed under nitrogen atmosphere during two days. The hot solution was filtrated and the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by alumina chromatography (hexane/CH2Cl2: 8/2 then CH2Cl2) to yield an orange oil (350 mg, 0.8 mmol, 50%). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz), 2.81 (4H, s, CH2tacn), 3.03 (4H, m, CH2tacn), 3.48 (4H, m, CH2tacn), 3.86 (4H, s, CH2), 6.79 (1H, t HPh), 7.02 (1H, d, HPh), 7.12 (2H, m, HPyr), 7.34 (1H, t, HPh), 7.43 (2H, d, HPyr), 7.54-7.62 (3H, m, HPh + HPyr), and 8.48 (2H, d, Hpyr). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 75.4 MHz) 53.9, 55.1, 55.6 (CH2tacn), 63.8 (CH2), 118.5 120.4 (CHPh), 122.1 123.4 (CHPyr), 126.0, 132.7 (CHPh), 136.4 144.2 (CHPyr), and 148.9 (CPh) (see Figures S1 and S2).

3.3. Synthesis of 1-(2-Aminophenyl)-4,7-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (L6)

1-(2-nitrophenyl)-4,7-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (B) (350 mg, 0.8 mmol) in 15 mL of absolute ethanol was stirred with an excess of hydrazine monohydrate (5 mL) with activated carbon under reflux under nitrogen atmosphere during three days (Scheme 2). The solution was filtrated and then evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in CHCl3 (20 mL) and MgSO4 was added. The solution was filtrated and the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to yield a brown oil (260 mg, 80%). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz), 2.90 (4H, m, CH2tacn), 2.98 (4H, m, CH2tacn), 3.21 (4H, m, CH2tacn), 3.88 (4H, m, CH2), 6.66 (2H, m, HPh), 6.86 (1H, t, HPh), 7.02 (1H, d, HPh), 7.15 (2H, t, Hpyr), 7.44 (2H, d, HPyr), 7.65 (2H, td, HPyr), 8.49 (2H, m, HPyr); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 75.4 MHz), 55.2, 56.3, 56.9 (CH2tacn), 64.6 (CH2), 115.1 117.6 (CHPh), 121.9 123.2 (CHPyr), 123.1 124.0 (CHPh), 136.2 (CHPyr), 140.0 143.0 (CPh), 149.0 (CHPyr), and 159.9 (CPyr) (see Figures S3 and S4).

3.4. Synthesis of [Fe(L6)](ClO4)2 (1)

Complex [Fe(L6)](ClO4)2 (1) was prepared, as single crystals, using the slow-diffusion procedure in a fine glass tube. A solution of L6 (2 mL, 18 × 10−3 M) in CH2Cl2/Et2O:1/1 was placed in a capillary of 0.5 mm diameter. A solution of Fe(ClO4)2·xH2O (2 mL, 18 × 10−3 M) in methanol (2 mL) was slowly added. After three days, slow diffusion at room temperature gave red prismatic crystals of [Fe(L6)](ClO4)2 (1). Elemental analysis: % calculated for C24H30Cl2FeN6O8 (1): C, 43.8; N, 12.8; H, 4.6. Found: C, 44.1; N, 13.0; H, 4.6. IR data (ν/cm−1): 3307(w), 1613(w), 1481(m), 1451(m), 1340(w), 1292(w), 1162(w), 1065(s), 1001(br), 829(w), 803(m), 758(s), 722(w), 619(s), 573(w), 552(w), 501(m), and 436(w) (see supporting information, Figure S5).

3.5. Characterization of the Materials

Elemental analyses were performed by the “Service Central d’Analyses du CNRS”, Gif-sur-Yvette, France. Infrared spectra were recorded in the range 4000–200 cm−1 on a FT-IR BRUKER ATR VERTEX70 Spectrometer. Diffraction analyses were performed using an Oxford Diffraction Xcalibur κ-CCD diffractometer. Mass analyses were carried out by the “Service Central d’Analyses du CNRS”, Vernaison, France. NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AMX-3 300 (300 MHz).

3.6. Magnetic Measurements

Magnetic susceptibility measurements were carried out in the temperature range 2–525 K, with an applied magnetic field of 0.1 T on a polycrystalline sample of compound 1 with a Quantum Design MPMS-XL-5 SQUID susceptometer (San Diego, CA, USA). The susceptibility data were corrected for the sample holder that was previously measured using the same conditions and for the diamagnetic contributions of the salt, as deduced by using Pascal’s constant tables [48].

3.7. Thermogravimetric (TG) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Measurements

TG measurements were performed in Pt crucibles with a TA instruments TGA 550 thermobalance equipped with an autosampler. The measurements were done in the 30–700 °C temperature range at 10 °C/min under a N2 flux of 60 mL/min. DSC measurements were performed in Aluminium crucibles with a TA instruments Q20 Differential Scanning Calorimeter in two different samples of compound 1. Sample 1 was measured with a heating scan from 25 to 212 °C at 10 °C/min under a N2 flux of 50 mL/min. Sample 2 was measured in the same conditions with the following protocol: (i) a first heating scan from 25 to 195 °C, (ii) a cooling scan from 195 to 25 °C and (iii) a second heating scan from 25 to 205 °C.

3.8. Crystallographic Data Collection and Refinement

The crystallographic study of 1 was performed at 150 K using an Oxford Diffraction Xcalibur-CCD diffractometer equipped with a graphite monochromated MoKα radiation (λ = 0.71073 Å). The full sphere data collections were performed using 1.0° ω-scans with an exposure time of 60 s per frame. Data collection and data reduction were done with the CRYSALIS-CCD and CRYSALIS-RED programs on the full set of data [73]. The crystal structures were solved by direct methods and successive Fourier difference syntheses and were refined on F2 by weighted anisotropic full-matrix least-square methods [74]. All non-hydrogen atoms were anisotropically refined and the hydrogen atoms were calculated and included as isotropic fixed contributors to Fc. All other calculations were performed with standard procedures (OLEX2) [75]. Crystal data, structure refinement and collection parameters are listed in Table 1. Room-temperature X-ray powder diffraction spectrum (XRPD) was recorded on a PANalytical Empyrean X-ray powder diffractometer at 45 kV, 40 mA with a Cu-target tube. As clearly indicated by Figure S9, the measured pattern of microcrystalline powder of 1 is qualitatively similar to the pattern that was derived from the single-crystal crystallographic data.
CCDC-1880523 contains the supplementary crystallographic data for compound 1. These data can be obtained free of charge from The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre at www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif.

4. Conclusions

The new functionalized 1-(2-aminophenyl)-4,7-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (L6) was prepared from starting tacn, followed by the orthoamide route that is already used for producing unsymmetrical N-functionalized tacn [55,61,62] by an aromatic substitution using 1-fluoro-2-nitrobenzene and by a reduction of the nitro function into an amine function. Its corresponding Fe(II) complex, [Fe(L6)](ClO4)2 (1), has been prepared and structurally characterized as the first Fe(II) complex based on unsymmetrical N-functionalized tacn ligand. As the parent complexes involving symmetrical N-functionalized tacn ligands (L5 and L8, in Scheme 1) [50,51], the [Fe(L6)]2+ complex displays a discrete structure in which the macrocycle ring is facially coordinated and the N-donor atoms arise from the three functional groups (two pyridine and one aniline groups), are located on the same side of the tacn macrocyclic unit. The magnetic studies of 1 revealed the presence of an incomplete spin crossover (SCO) transition above 425 K, whose progress would be prevented by a very exothermic thermal decomposition at ca. 472 K, as shown by thermogravimetric and DSC measurements. Finally, the symmetrical and unsymmetrical characters of the substituted tacn ligands (L6) in 1 do not play an important role in the value of the transition temperatures, since complex 3, which involves symmetrical ligand (L8), exhibits SCO transition at a lower temperature (281 K) compared to complexes 1–2, involving unsymmetrical (L6) and symmetrical (L5) ligands, respectively. Thus, the lower transition temperature observed for complex 3 should be associated to the coordination of six σ-donor nitrogen atoms (3 sp3 N atoms from the tacn cycle and 3 sp3 N atoms form the aniline groups), which should favour the presence of lower crystal field energy than in complexes 1 and 2 involving two and three pyridine groups with π-acceptor character, respectively.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2312-7481/5/1/19/s1, Figure S1: 1H NMR spectrum of compound B (CDCl3, 300 MHz, 25 °C), Figure S2: 13C NMR spectrum of compound B (CDCl3, 75.4 MHz, 25 °C), Figure S3: 1H NMR spectrum of compound L6 (CDCl3, 300 MHz, 25 °C), Figure S4: 13C NMR spectrum of compound L6 (CDCl3, 75.4 MHz, 25 °C), Figure S5: IR data (ν/cm−1) spectrum of complex [Fe(L6)](ClO4)2 (1), Figure S6: Structure of cationic complex of 1 showing the atom labelling scheme and the coordination environment of the Fe(II) ion, Figure S7: Thermogravimetric measurements of compound 1 at a heating rate of 10 K/min in the temperature rage 300–980 K. Inset shows a zoom of the decomposition peak at ca. 472 K, Figure S8: DSC scans for two different samples of compound 1 for different heating and cooling scans at a scan rate of 10 K/min, Figure S9: Observed and calculated X-ray powder diffraction patterns for complex 1, Table S1: Selected bond distances (Å) for complex 1 (see Figure S6 for the atom labelling scheme), Table S2: Selected bond angles (°) for complex 1 (see Figure S6 for the atom labelling scheme).

Author Contributions

M.H. and M.R. synthesized the ligand, the metal complex and made the first experimental characterisations. V.P. supervised the organic syntheses and interpreted the NMR spectra. S.Y. analysed the crystal data of the metal complex at 150 K. C.J.G.-G. performed and interpreted the magnetic measurements, the TG and DSC measurements. S.T. supervised the experimental work and wrote the manuscript on which all the authors have contributed.

Funding

This research was funded by the French CNRS, the “Université de Brest”, the Région Bretagne (MR) and the “Agence Nationale de la Recherche” (ANR project BISTA-MAT: ANR-12-BS07-0030-01). Generalitat Valenciana (Prometeo project) and the Spanish MINECO (Project CTQ2017-87201-P AEI/FEDER, EU).

Acknowledgments

ST greatly thanks Prof. Philippe Guionneau from University of Bordeaux, ICMCB, UMR 5026, France, for having supplied the supplementary X-ray data concerning compound [FeL8](ClO4)2 (3).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Magnetochemistry 05 00019 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Examples of hexadentate, tetra- and tri-azamacrocycle ligands involving three pyridylmethyl and/or aniline pendant arms.
Scheme 1. Examples of hexadentate, tetra- and tri-azamacrocycle ligands involving three pyridylmethyl and/or aniline pendant arms.
Magnetochemistry 05 00019 sch001
Magnetochemistry 05 00019 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Ligand synthesis: i) CH3CN, K2CO3, reflux, 48 h under N2; and, ii) NH2NH2, H2O/Ethanol, activated carbon, three days under N2.
Scheme 2. Ligand synthesis: i) CH3CN, K2CO3, reflux, 48 h under N2; and, ii) NH2NH2, H2O/Ethanol, activated carbon, three days under N2.
Magnetochemistry 05 00019 sch002
Magnetochemistry 05 00019 g001 550
Figure 1. ORTEP [72] view of the cationic complex in [FeL6](ClO4)2 (1) showing thermal ellipsoids at 50% probability level, the atom labelling scheme and the coordination environment of the Fe(II) ion.
Figure 1. ORTEP [72] view of the cationic complex in [FeL6](ClO4)2 (1) showing thermal ellipsoids at 50% probability level, the atom labelling scheme and the coordination environment of the Fe(II) ion.
Magnetochemistry 05 00019 g001
Magnetochemistry 05 00019 g002 550
Figure 2. Shortest intermolecular contacts in the ab plane (C···O distances in the range 2.95–3.22 Å).
Figure 2. Shortest intermolecular contacts in the ab plane (C···O distances in the range 2.95–3.22 Å).
Magnetochemistry 05 00019 g002
Magnetochemistry 05 00019 g003 550
Figure 3. Thermal variation of the χmT product for complex 1. Inset shows the thermal variation of the derivative of χmT as a function of temperature.
Figure 3. Thermal variation of the χmT product for complex 1. Inset shows the thermal variation of the derivative of χmT as a function of temperature.
Magnetochemistry 05 00019 g003
Table
Table 1. Crystal data and structure refinement of compound [Fe(L6)](ClO4)2 (1).
Table 1. Crystal data and structure refinement of compound [Fe(L6)](ClO4)2 (1).
1
FormulaC24H30Cl2FeN6O8
F. Wt.657.29
Space groupP21/c
Crystal systemMonoclinic
a/Å9.3491(11)
b/Å13.8911(17)
c/Å20.308(2)
α/ °90
β/°91.734(11)
γ/°90
V/Å32636.2(5)
Z4
T/(K)150
ρcalc/g cm−31.656
μ/mm−10.837
F(000)1360
θ range (deg)3.346–25.236
Total reflections10476
Unique reflections4754
R(int)0.0899
Data with I > 2σ(I)2712
Nvar407
R1 a on I > 2σ(I)0.0698
wR2b (all)0.1613
GooF c on F21.015
Δρmax (eÅ−3)0.488
Δρmin (eÅ−3)−0.495
a R1 = Σ|Fo − Fc|/Fo); b wR2 = [Σ((ω(Fo2 − Fc2))2/(ωFo2)2)]1/2; c GooF = [(Σ(ω(Fo2 − Fc2))2/(Nobs − Nvar)]1/2.
Table
Table 2. Bond distances (Å) and angles (°) for compound [Fe(L6)](ClO4)2 (1).
Table 2. Bond distances (Å) and angles (°) for compound [Fe(L6)](ClO4)2 (1).
AtomsDistanceAtomsAngleAtomsAngleAtomsAngle
Fe-N12.002(5)N1-Fe-N286.4(2)N2-Fe-N385.6(2)N3-Fe-N5168.2(2)
Fe-N21.998(5)N1-Fe-N386.0(2)N2-Fe-N4170.00(19)N3-Fe-N684.1(2)
Fe-N31.999(4)N1-Fe-N484.2(2)N2-Fe-N582.90(17)N4-Fe-N594.66(17)
Fe-N42.005(5)N1-Fe-N596.14(17)N2-Fe-N698.58(19)N4-Fe-N691.28(19)
Fe-N51.999(4)N1-Fe-N6168.49(17)N3-Fe-N497.2(2)N5-Fe-N694.76(17)
Fe-N61.973(5)
Table
Table 3. Fe-N distances (Å) and magnetic properties of the reported Fe(II) tacn N-functionalized macrocycle based complexes (see Scheme 1 for L5, L6, and L8).
Table 3. Fe-N distances (Å) and magnetic properties of the reported Fe(II) tacn N-functionalized macrocycle based complexes (see Scheme 1 for L5, L6, and L8).
Fe(II) Complex[FeL6](ClO4)2 (1)[FeL5](ClO4)2 (2)[FeL8](ClO4)2 (3)
T (K)150298120
Fe-N(tacn)2.002(5)2.001(6)2.001(2)
1.998(5)2.001(6)1.999(2)
1.999(4)2.001(6)1.996(2)
Fe-N(py)1.999(4)1.979(6)-
1.973(5)1.979(6)-
-1.979(6)-
Fe-N(aniline)2.005(5)-2.053(2)
--2.037(2)
--2.035(2)
<d(Fe-N)>1.996(5)1.990(6)2.020(2)
aΣ (°)63(1)64(1)56(1)
Magnetic behaviorSCOLS (T < 406 K) *Gradual SCO
T1/2 > 425 KT1/2 = 281 K
ReferenceThis work5051
aΣ is the sum of the deviation from 90° of the 12 cis-angles of the FeN6 octahedron [70]. * The magnetic properties have been performed in the temperature range 303-406 K in which the complex (2) is essentially LS.

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Halit, M.; Roger, M.; Patinec, V.; Yefsah, S.; Gómez-García, C.J.; Triki, S. Spin Cross-Over (SCO) Complex Based on Unsymmetrical Functionalized Triazacyclononane Ligand: Structural Characterization and Magnetic Properties. Magnetochemistry 2019, 5, 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry5010019

AMA Style

Halit M, Roger M, Patinec V, Yefsah S, Gómez-García CJ, Triki S. Spin Cross-Over (SCO) Complex Based on Unsymmetrical Functionalized Triazacyclononane Ligand: Structural Characterization and Magnetic Properties. Magnetochemistry. 2019; 5(1):19. https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry5010019

Chicago/Turabian Style

Halit, Merzouk, Mélissa Roger, Véronique Patinec, Said Yefsah, Carlos J. Gómez-García, and Smail Triki. 2019. "Spin Cross-Over (SCO) Complex Based on Unsymmetrical Functionalized Triazacyclononane Ligand: Structural Characterization and Magnetic Properties" Magnetochemistry 5, no. 1: 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry5010019

APA Style

Halit, M., Roger, M., Patinec, V., Yefsah, S., Gómez-García, C. J., & Triki, S. (2019). Spin Cross-Over (SCO) Complex Based on Unsymmetrical Functionalized Triazacyclononane Ligand: Structural Characterization and Magnetic Properties. Magnetochemistry, 5(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry5010019

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