Molecular Epidemiology of Human Papillomaviruses, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium among Female Sex Workers in Burkina Faso: Prevalence, Coinfections and Drug Resistance Genes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Setting of the Survey
2.2. Study Variables
2.3. Sampling
2.4. Molecular Characterization
2.4.1. DNA Extraction
2.4.2. Real-Time PCR Amplification for the Urogenital STI Pathogens
2.4.3. Identification of Resistance Genes by Classical PCR
2.4.4. Data Analyses
3. Results
HIV Status of Patients
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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TEM-F: 5′-ATAAAATTCTTGAAGACGAAA-3′ TEM-R: 5′-GACAGTTACCAATGCTTAATCA-3′ | bla TEM | 1000 Pb |
CTX-MF: 5′-GTTACAATGTGTGAGAAGCAG-3′ CTX-M-R: 5′-CCGTTTCCGCTATTACAAAC-3′ | bla CTX-M | 1000 Pb |
PER-F: 5′-ATGAATGTCATTATAAAAGC-3′ PER-R: 5′-AATTTGGGCTTAGGGCAGAA-3′ | bla PER | 925 Pb |
QNR A-F: 5′-ATTTCTCACGCCAGGATTTG-3′ QNR A-R: 5′-GATCGGCAAAGGTTAGGTCA-3′ | bla QNR A | 846 Pb |
QNR B-F: 5′-GATCGTGAAAGCCAGAAAGG-3′ QNR B-R: 5′-ACGATGCCTGGTAGTTGTCC-3′ | bla QNR B | 769 Pb |
QNR S-F: 5′-ACGACATTCGTCAACTGCAA-3′ QNR S-R: 5′-TAAATTGGCACCCTGTAGGC-3′ | bla QNR S | 566 Pb |
SHV-F: 5′-ATG-CGTTATATTCGCCTGTG-3′ SHV-R: 5′-TTAGCGTTGCCAGTGCTC-3′ | bla SHV | 875 Pb |
GES-F: 5′-ATGCGCTTCATTCACGCAC-3′ GES-R: 5′-CTATTTGTCCGTGCTCAGG-3′ | bla GES | 863 Pb |
Sociodemographic Characteristics | Positive | Negative | p Value | Positive | Negative | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 56 (%) | N =126 (%) | N = 100 (%) | N = 82 (%) | |||
Age Classes | ||||||
˂21 | 3 (1.65) | 16 (8.79) | 13 (7.14) | 6 (3.30) | ||
21–30 | 17 (9.34) | 101 (55.49) | 63 (34.62) | 55 (30.22) | ||
>30 | 1 (0.55) | 44 (24.18) | 0.07 | 24 (13.18) | 21 (11.54) | 0.45 |
Scholastic Level | ||||||
Not attending school | 7 (3.85) | 29 (15.93) | 16 (8.79) | 20 (10.99) | ||
Primary | 12 (6.60) | 29 (15.93) | 0.2 | 19 (10.44) | 22 (12.09) | 0.08 |
Secondary & University | 37 (20.33) | 68 (37.36) | 65 (35.71) | 40 (21.98) | ||
SEXUAL PARTNERS | ||||||
≤500 | 53 (29.12) | 116 (63.73) | 0.75 | 94 (51.65) | 75 (41.21) | 0.5 |
>500 | 3 (1.65) | 10 (5.59) | 6 (3.30) | 7 (3.84) | ||
MARITAL SITUATION | ||||||
Unmarried | 50 (27.47) | 118 (64.83) | 0.47 | 95 (52.20) | 73 (40.11) | 0.13 |
Married | 6 (3.30) | 8 (4.40) | 5 (2.75) | 9 (4.94) | ||
NATIONALITIES | ||||||
Burkinabè | 19 (10.44) | 60 (32.97) | 42 (23.08) | 37 (20.33) | ||
Nigerian | 31 (17.03) | 49 (26.92) | 0.11 | 46 (25.28) | 34 (18.68) | 0.82 |
Others | 6 (3.30) | 17 (9.34) | 12 (6.59) | 11 (6.04) | ||
Totals | 56 (30.76) | 126 (69.23) | ˂0.0001 | 100 (54.94) | 82 (45.05) | NS |
Pathogens Germs N = 182 | Positive (%) | Negative (%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Only one Infection | |||
MG | 21 (11.54) | 161 (88.46) | |
CT | 21 (11.54) | 161 (88.46) | 0.76 |
NG | 25 (13.74) | 157 (86.26) | |
TV | 0.00 | 182 (100) | |
Total (at least one infection) | 56 (30.77) | 126 (69.23) | |
Coinfections | |||
MG/CT | 6 (3.30) | 176 (96.70) | |
MG/NG | 2 (1.10) | 180 (98.90) | 0.20 |
CT/NG | 4 (2.20) | 178 (97.80) | |
MG/NG/CT | 1 (0.55) | 181 (99.45) |
Coinfections | HPV+ N = 100 | HPV− N = 82 | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
NG+ | 15 (15.00%) | 10 (12.19%) | 0.74 |
NG− | 85 (85.00%) | 72 (87.80%) | |
CT+ | 8 (8.00%) | 13 (15.85%) | 0.16 |
CT− | 92 (92.00%) | 69 (84.14%) | |
MG+ | 12 (12.00%) | 9 (11.00%) | 0.83 |
MG− | 88 (88.00%) | 73 (89.00%) | |
NG+CT+ | 2 (2.00%) | 2 (2.43%) | 0.76 |
NG−CT− | 98 (98.00%) | 80 (97.56%) | |
NG+MG+ | 2 (2.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | - |
NG−MG− | 98 (98.00%) | 82 (100.00%) | |
CT+MG+ | 2 (2.00%) | 4 (4.87%) | 0.51 |
CT−MG− | 98 (98.00%) | 78 (95.12%) | |
Vaginal infections | 30 (30.00%) | 26 (31.71%) | 0.80 |
No Vaginal infections | 70 (70.00%) | 56 (68.29%) |
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Tovo, S.F.; Zohoncon, T.M.; Dabiré, A.M.; Ilboudo, R.; Tiemtoré, R.Y.; Obiri-Yeboah, D.; Yonli, A.T.; Dovo, E.E.; Ouédraogo, R.A.; Ouattara, A.K.; et al. Molecular Epidemiology of Human Papillomaviruses, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium among Female Sex Workers in Burkina Faso: Prevalence, Coinfections and Drug Resistance Genes. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2021, 6, 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6020090
Tovo SF, Zohoncon TM, Dabiré AM, Ilboudo R, Tiemtoré RY, Obiri-Yeboah D, Yonli AT, Dovo EE, Ouédraogo RA, Ouattara AK, et al. Molecular Epidemiology of Human Papillomaviruses, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium among Female Sex Workers in Burkina Faso: Prevalence, Coinfections and Drug Resistance Genes. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2021; 6(2):90. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6020090
Chicago/Turabian StyleTovo, Sessi Frida, Théodora Mahoukèdè Zohoncon, Amana Metuor Dabiré, Régine Ilboudo, Rahimatou Yasmine Tiemtoré, Dorcas Obiri-Yeboah, Albert Théophane Yonli, Essi Etonam Dovo, Rogomenoma Alice Ouédraogo, Abdoul Karim Ouattara, and et al. 2021. "Molecular Epidemiology of Human Papillomaviruses, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium among Female Sex Workers in Burkina Faso: Prevalence, Coinfections and Drug Resistance Genes" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 6, no. 2: 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6020090
APA StyleTovo, S. F., Zohoncon, T. M., Dabiré, A. M., Ilboudo, R., Tiemtoré, R. Y., Obiri-Yeboah, D., Yonli, A. T., Dovo, E. E., Ouédraogo, R. A., Ouattara, A. K., Sorgho, P. A., Ouermi, D., Djigma, F. W., Ouédraogo, C., Sangaré, L., & Simpore, J. (2021). Molecular Epidemiology of Human Papillomaviruses, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium among Female Sex Workers in Burkina Faso: Prevalence, Coinfections and Drug Resistance Genes. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 6(2), 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6020090