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Abstract

Toxic and Essential Metals in Stenella coeruleoalba: Assessment of Marine Environmental Pollution and Dolphin Health Status †

by
Clara Naccari
1,*,
Vincenzo Ferrantelli
2,
Roberto Bava
1 and
Ernesto Palma
1
1
Department of Health Sciences, Univerisity “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
2
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Presented at the 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics, 20–22 March 2024; Available online: https://sciforum.net/event/IECTO2024.
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102031
Published: 3 April 2024
Versions Notes

1. Introduction

Heavy metals are environmental contaminants and can easily accumulate and biomagnificate in various species (fishes and mammalians) at the top of the aquatic food chain. Among marine mammalians, the common dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) is used as a sentinel species of environmental pollution. The aim of this study was to determine the content of toxic metals in organs of Stenella coeruleoalba in comparison with essential elements, and to assess marine environmental pollution and dolphin health status.

2. Materials and Methods

Samples of liver, lung, muscle, and skin of Stenella coeruleoalba (n = 18 dolphins) were digested with HNO3 (70%) and H2O2 (30%) and submitted to analysis in ICP-MS for the determination of toxic (Hg, Cd, Pb, and As) and potentially toxic (Cr and Ni) metals and essential micro (Se, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn) and macro (Na, Ca, K, and Mg) elements.

3. Results

The results showed the presence of all analyzed metals, with the highest Hg levels in all dolphin samples. The correlation between toxic (Hg, Cd, Pb, and As) and potentially toxic (Cr and Ni) metals and essential micro-elements (Zn, Se, and Cu) was expressed as molar ratios. The ratios were 1 (value considered as a protection index) for 66Zn/201Hg, 82Se/201Hg, and 63Cu/201Hg and for 66Zn/52Cr, 82Se/52Cr, and 63Cu/52Cr in all organs, showing that toxic metals cannot be detoxified by these essential metals. However, the concentrations of all micro and macroelements were normal and predictive of dolphins’ health status.

4. Conclusions

The presence of toxic metals in organs of dolphins is correlated to marine environmental pollution and influenced by their food habits. The content of micro and macro-elements, introduced through diet, informs dolphins’ health status, although detoxifying essential metals are unable to carry out protective action against toxic metals, probably due to the deficiency, sequestration, or presence of other pollutants.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, C.N. and V.F.; formal analysis, C.N.; methodology, C.N. and V.F.; investigation, C.N.; data curation, C.N.; validation, C.N.; writing— original draft preparation, C.N. and E.P.; writing—review and editing, C.N., V.F., R.B. and E.P.; supervision, E.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

There is no need of ethical approval for this study because the striped dolphins stranded death along the Sicilian coast were collected by the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Palermo (Italy).

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable because this is a study not involving humans.

Data Availability Statement

This article reports preliminary data presented to 1Th IECTO 2024.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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MDPI and ACS Style

Naccari, C.; Ferrantelli, V.; Bava, R.; Palma, E. Toxic and Essential Metals in Stenella coeruleoalba: Assessment of Marine Environmental Pollution and Dolphin Health Status. Proceedings 2024, 102, 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102031

AMA Style

Naccari C, Ferrantelli V, Bava R, Palma E. Toxic and Essential Metals in Stenella coeruleoalba: Assessment of Marine Environmental Pollution and Dolphin Health Status. Proceedings. 2024; 102(1):31. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102031

Chicago/Turabian Style

Naccari, Clara, Vincenzo Ferrantelli, Roberto Bava, and Ernesto Palma. 2024. "Toxic and Essential Metals in Stenella coeruleoalba: Assessment of Marine Environmental Pollution and Dolphin Health Status" Proceedings 102, no. 1: 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102031

APA Style

Naccari, C., Ferrantelli, V., Bava, R., & Palma, E. (2024). Toxic and Essential Metals in Stenella coeruleoalba: Assessment of Marine Environmental Pollution and Dolphin Health Status. Proceedings, 102(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102031

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