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Abstract

Linum usitatissimzum L. Seeds as a Natural Coagulant for the Removal of Colloidal Matter from Urban Wastewater: Process Optimization Using the Box–Behnken Response Surface Methodology †

by
Anes Ghazi
*,
Khedidja Benouis
,
Soufiane Guella
,
Sid Ahmed El Khalil Ahed Messaoud
and
Fouzia Ouazani
Laboratory of Process Engineering, Materials and Environment, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Djillali Liabes, Sidi Bel Abbes 22000, Algeria
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Presented at the 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes—Green and Sustainable Process Engineering and Process Systems Engineering (ECP 2024), 29–31 May 2024; Available online: https://sciforum.net/event/ECP2024.
Proceedings 2024, 105(1), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024105110
Published: 28 May 2024
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes—Green and Sustainable Process Engineering and Process Systems Engineering)
Versions Notes

This study investigates the effectiveness of Linum usitatissimum L. seeds as an ecological and natural coagulant for the treatment of urban wastewater. By adopting the Box–Behnken method within the framework of the response surface methodology, the objective of this work is to evaluate the coagulant’s effectiveness and optimize the conditions of the coagulation process, particularly for the removal of colloidal and suspended matter. Three key variables are studied: the concentration of the aqueous extract of Linum usitatissimum L. seeds (expressed in mL per liter of wastewater), the coagulation speed (expressed in rpm) and the coagulation duration (expressed in min). The effectiveness of this treatment is evaluated through the turbidity removal rate, serving as an indicator of the presence of colloidal matter in suspensions.
The obtained results suggest that the optimal conditions for the maximum removal of harmful colloidal matter, as indicated by turbidity reduction, involve the use of 1 mL of coagulant extract per liter of effluent, a coagulation speed of 300 rpm and a coagulation duration of 4 min. An average turbidity removal rate that exceeded 60% has been recorded, demonstrating the effectiveness of Linum usitatissimum L. seeds as an eco-friendly and natural coagulant, which can be a good alternative to chemical coagulants.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, K.B.; Methodology, A.G. and K.B.; Conducting experiments, A.G. and S.A.E.K.A.M.; Software, A.G., K.B., S.G. and F.O.; Formal analysis, A.G., K.B. and S.G.; Writing—original draft preparation, A.G.; Writing—review and editing, K.B. and F.O.; Visualization, S.G.; Supervision, K.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Ghazi, A.; Benouis, K.; Guella, S.; Ahed Messaoud, S.A.E.K.; Ouazani, F. Linum usitatissimzum L. Seeds as a Natural Coagulant for the Removal of Colloidal Matter from Urban Wastewater: Process Optimization Using the Box–Behnken Response Surface Methodology. Proceedings 2024, 105, 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024105110

AMA Style

Ghazi A, Benouis K, Guella S, Ahed Messaoud SAEK, Ouazani F. Linum usitatissimzum L. Seeds as a Natural Coagulant for the Removal of Colloidal Matter from Urban Wastewater: Process Optimization Using the Box–Behnken Response Surface Methodology. Proceedings. 2024; 105(1):110. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024105110

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ghazi, Anes, Khedidja Benouis, Soufiane Guella, Sid Ahmed El Khalil Ahed Messaoud, and Fouzia Ouazani. 2024. "Linum usitatissimzum L. Seeds as a Natural Coagulant for the Removal of Colloidal Matter from Urban Wastewater: Process Optimization Using the Box–Behnken Response Surface Methodology" Proceedings 105, no. 1: 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024105110

APA Style

Ghazi, A., Benouis, K., Guella, S., Ahed Messaoud, S. A. E. K., & Ouazani, F. (2024). Linum usitatissimzum L. Seeds as a Natural Coagulant for the Removal of Colloidal Matter from Urban Wastewater: Process Optimization Using the Box–Behnken Response Surface Methodology. Proceedings, 105(1), 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024105110

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