Advances in the Understanding of Adjuvants for Vaccines against Emerging Pathogens in Public Healthy

Dear Colleagues,

Pathogens classified as emerging or reemerging are recognized by global surveillance organizations, such as the World Health Organization (WHO). The contribution of epidemiology is an important point to be discussed worldwide, as well as the reservoir of pathogens. Globally, there are some emerging and reemerging pathogens. Some of them cause endemic diseases in regions of the globe, where they are kept in zoonotic reservoirs and transmitted to man by direct or indirect contact. For most emerging pathogens, licensed vaccines are not available for human use, although research and development are underway. However, given the extensive and growing list of emerging pathogens and the time and investment required to put vaccines into clinical use, the task is arduous. Vaccination may contribute to the defense against these pathogens. However, so far, vaccines for pathogens that cause serious but occasional outbreaks of diseases in endemic pouches have suffered from a lack of commercial incentive to develop a clinical standard. For all of these pathogens, there is a requirement for approved vaccines that are effective in reducing or preventing regular disease outbreaks. The transfer of technology for manufacturing following good manufacturing practices (GMP) will require a demonstration of the known provenance of all essential materials required in the manufacture of the candidate vaccine. Efforts to develop safe and effective vaccines increasingly involve the use of adjuvant - substances formulated as part of a vaccine to increase immune responses and increase the effectiveness of the vaccine. Vaccine adjuvants accelerate, increase and prolong the immune responses triggered by antigens that are the components of the vaccine that elicit specific immune responses to the pathogen. Individuals with compromised immune systems, elderly and very young, benefit particularly from vaccines with adjuvants because their immune systems may require extra reinforcement to provide protection. Adjuvants allow the reduction of antigens, which in some cases can be scarce or expensive. Also, adjuvants can induce more durable immune responses, reducing or eliminating the need for multiple booster doses. Learning more about how adjuvants work to stimulate specific immune responses is critical to the development of improving vaccines. It is important to know how adjuvants work in combination with different antigens to increase immune responses. However, given the extensive and growing list of emerging pathogens, investment is needed to put vaccines into clinical use, and as we know it is not an easy task.

Prof. Dr. Marcelo Lancellotti
Dr. Elizabeth De Gaspari
Guest Editors

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• emerging pathogens
• vaccines
• adjuvants
• immune response
• innovative technologies
• public health