Islamic Social Studies: Gender, Sexuality, and Marriage

Dear Colleagues,

For several centuries, fewer issues in Islamic thought have grabbed the attention of the West as the questions related to women, the feminine body, and family laws in Islam. The Western gaze managed to generalize and characterize the image of Muslim women as subjugated and subordinate. Challenging the Western colonial image of Islam and Muslim societies, the revolt against Western colonial dominance appeared in all fields of political, economic, religious, educational, and socio-cultural thought. The process of reform and struggle for liberation ultimately concerned the status of women and their roles in the family and society.

Islamic reformism then emerged to bridge the gap between conservative religious leaders and secular modernists by promoting the idea of Islam as a progressive and dynamic religion capable of reforming in alignment with the demands of the modern world. While progress has been made in some areas, challenges remain in dismantling entrenched patriarchal structures and ensuring the full realization of the ever-changing terrain of the contemporary social landscape.

In a world characterized by flux and transience, where traditional structures and certainties seem to dissolve rapidly, Zygmunt Bauman posits that the instability of social norms has become a stable feature of our existence. This paradox serves as a guiding framework for our exploration. This Special Issue aims to examine the intricate tapestry of “liquefaction” within the realms of sexuality, gender, and marriage in Islamic societies and communities. By delving into the intersections of these fundamental aspects of human experience, we seek to unravel the complexities that arise when traditional norms encounter the currents of modernity, globalization, and cultural transformation.

In this state of interregnum, a state of liminality in which old structures, ideologies, and paradigms are crumbling but new ones have not fully emerged to take their place, what would be the reform approaches to address the profound challenges and transformations unfolding in Islamic societies? Are we in need of a more radical and transformative approach that goes beyond mere tinkering with existing norms and practices to a fundamental re-conceptualization of Islamic thought and practice?

Such a conquest requires a holistic and nuanced understanding that transcends the narrow disciplinary boundaries of historical, sociological, anthropological, philosophical, and religious perspectives. By employing interdisciplinary approaches, we invite you to engage in a nuanced dialogue that deepens our collective understanding of conquest and unravels the intricate layers of historical, social, cultural, and ideological dynamics at play.

The following are some of the possible research streams for this Special Issue. However, additional themes are welcome and encouraged.

Key Themes and Areas of Inquiry:

1. The fluidity of gender identity in Islamic societies: Exploring how modern fluid norms and evolving cultural contexts influence perceptions of gender identity in Islamic societies.
2. Transformative masculinities: An inquiry into the reconfiguration of traditional masculine norms and roles within Islamic societies in response to liquid gender norms.
3. Queering Islamic marriages: Exploring the complexities of queer experiences within Islamic marital frameworks and the ways in which liquid norms shape understandings of marriage, partnership, and intimacy.
4. Intersectional feminisms: This theme could explore the ways in which Islamic feminists navigate fluid identities and intersecting forms of oppression and the strategies they employ for social justice and gender equality.
5. Religious suthority and sexual ethics: This theme can suggest analyses of the role of religious authorities in shaping sexual ethics and norms within Islamic communities in the context of liquid modernity.
6. Transnational intimacies: Investigating the impact of globalization, migration, and diaspora experiences on gender, sexuality, and marriage within Muslim communities worldwide.
7. Digital intimacies and virtual communities: This theme could explore how online platforms and virtual spaces facilitate new forms of intimacy, identity formation, and community building, as well as the challenges and opportunities they present for social norms and religious interpretations.
8. Ethical consumption and sexual citizenship: This theme could explore how consumption practices and media representations shape attitudes towards gender, sexuality, and marriage and the implications for social norms and religious discourses.

We request that, prior to submitting a manuscript, interested authors initially submit a proposed title and an abstract of 200–300 words summarizing their intended contribution. Please send it to the Guest Editor, Prof. Dr. Marziyeh Bakhshizadeh ([email protected]), and CC the Assistant Editor, Margaret Liu ([email protected]) of Religions. The Guest Editors will review abstracts to ensure they properly fit within the scope of the Special Issue. Full manuscripts will undergo double-blind peer review.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Tentative timetable：

Deadline for abstract submission: 27 June 2024

Deadline for full manuscript submission: 15 December 2024

Reference:

Ahmed, Leila. (1992). Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

Ahmed, Leila. (2011). A Quiet Revolution: The Veil’s Resurgence, from the Middle East to America. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Ali, Kecia. (2006). Sexual Ethics and Islam: Feminist Reflections on Qur’an, Hadith, and Jurisprudence. Oxford: Oneworld Publications.

Ahmed, A., & Donnan, H. (Eds.). (2003). Progressive Muslims: On Justice, Gender, and Pluralism. Oxford: Oneworld Publications.

Safi, Omid. (2009). Memories of Muhammad: Why the Prophet Matters. New York: HarperOne.

Abu-Lughod, Lila. (1986). Veiled Sentiments: Honor and Poetry in a Bedouin Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Wadud, Amina. (1999). Qur’an and Woman: Rereading the Sacred Text from a Woman’s Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Mir Hosseinin, Ziba. (2022). Journeys Towards Gender Equality in Islam. London: Oneworld Publications Ltd.

Bauman, Zygmunt. (2000). Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity.

Jahangir, Junaid. & Abdullatif, Hussein. (2016). Islamic Law and Mulsim Same-Sex Unions. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.

Kugle, Scott Siraj Al-Haqq. (2010). "Homosexuality in Islam: Critical Reflection on Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims." Oxford: Oneworld Publications.

Prof. Dr. Marziyeh Bakhshizadeh
Dr. Hora Zabarjadi Sar
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a double-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Religions is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

• Islamic feminism
• gender fluidity
• sexual ethics
• marital dynamics
• intersectionality
• queer Muslim identities
• religious authority
• transnational intimacies
• digital cultures
• ethical consumption

Title: The evolution of (Islamic) feminism in an academic context in Iran

Abstract: The interpretive legacy of the most challenging verses of the Quran 4:34 and 33:59 that are known as Qiwamah (قَوامَة), Zaraba (ضَََب), and Jilbab (جِلباب) have always influenced women’s situation in a patriarchal context. Since the revolution in Iran 1979, women have had actions to reconstruct their emancipation. Accepting two modes of feminism in the Middle East, both Secular and Islamic feminism (Margo Badran, 2005, p6), secular feminists had no authority to defend their objectives before the emergence of Widespread social media, and most of them had to leave their country after a while. Islamic feminists, however, tried to work within the Islamic framework. On the other side, some scholar’s considerations, either feminist or non-feminist, evolved around updating Islamic interpretations of the Quran as the pivotal religious text that is acceptable by traditional Muslims. This article considers two discourses: interpretations in line with men’s authority and independent ones. It argues that this process of discursive evolution of interpretation, although slow, can bridge the gap between traditional and modern interpretations of women and their emancipation. This article aims to examine the evolution of modern academic reinterpretations in Iran. All these scholarships are divided into two main categories. The first group of academics wrote and defended the reasons that justified traditional exegeses and could not practically help the emancipation of women. The second group, as independent actors, has been trying to propose a different interpretation and commentary of the Quranic verses and create new conceptions that generate a diverse discourse that guarantees women’s independence. These two kinds of scholarships have different dimensions and diverse outcomes that are examined in detail in this paper. Overall, it presents that the latter, as a new dynamic interpretation, considers religious concerns and can bridge the gap between Islamic and secular feminism, finally paving the way for women’s emancipation. In other words, it opens up a new opportunity for dialogue between Islamic activists and feminists.

Title: Gender identity at the intersection of religion and other domination structures

Abstract: This study seeks to answer the question how transmen and transwomen understand their gender identity and what causal conditions have caused such an understanding?For this purpose, 31 semi-structured interviews were conducted and coded using the grounded theory method. The participants included transgenders who refer to relevant centers in Tehran to receive various services. These people's understanding of their gender identity has been extracted as “Excluded Identity”, which refers to the exclusion of a person's inner gender identity by the society and the reciprocal exclusion of the attributed gender identity based on sex by the individual. Here, a person's gender identity is placed at the intersection of biological, religious, legal, political and gender structures. Since the political and legal structures that governs Iran is rooted in Islam, and Sharia also recognizes transgender men and women who undergo gender-affirming surgery, Law, not necessarily custom, supports this category of transgenders, although there are still controversial legal deficiencies regarding them. But the religious regulations are based on man/woman binary gender structure, and this structure itself is rooted in the male/female binary biological structure. Therefore, religious orders and rulings are focused on female women and male men, and this makes the expression of gender identity risky for other transgenders who accept their body as it is and are not willing to undergo hormonal and medical intervention. The findings of this study emphasize the necessity of using jurisprudential capacities to rethink the fundamental rights in order to create a more just society for all gender groups. Key Word: Transgender, Intersection, religion

Title: The Fluidity of Islamic Jurisprudence and the Assignment and Reassignment of Gender

Abstract: One of the topics that has created challenges in recent decades in various societies with religious and customary traditions is the need to detect gender identity through medical and clinical operations or reassign one's sexual physical condition to align with their inner desires. Considering the fluidity of Islamic jurisprudence, Muslim jurisprudents have attempted to analyze these topics and clarify the Islamic rulings regarding some of their important issues. This research aims to provide justified answers to several pertinent questions. It examines the Islamic ruling on gender transition and the arguments supporting it, investigates whether sexual identity depends on physical appearance or inner desires, and explores whether the reality of one’s gender changes with the transition of physical features from one gender to another. Additionally, it considers whether it is permissible for a doctor to examine private parts out of necessity to facilitate gender transition, given the difficulties faced by those with gender dysphoria. Finally, it discusses whether homosexuality is the appropriate solution for those with gender dysphoria or if they should be guided towards, or even forced to undergo, gender transition. This research ultimately concludes that, due to the spectrum of gender and its related issues, the ‘binary jurisprudence’—which delineates the rules for men and women—should be revised and rewritten in favor of a ‘spectrum jurisprudence,’ which does not merely and independently present the rules for men and women. Keywords: gender dysphoria, gender identity, gender assignment, gender reassignment, fluidity of jurisprudence.