Molecules

14 pages, 740 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Trichodermin Derivatives and Their Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities

by Javier E. Barúa, Mercedes de la Cruz, Nuria de Pedro, Bastien Cautain, Rosa Hermosa, Rosa E. Cardoza, Santiago Gutiérrez, Enrique Monte, Francisca Vicente and Isidro G. Collado

Molecules 2019, 24(20), 3811; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203811 - 22 Oct 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4112

Abstract

Trichothecene mycotoxins are recognized as highly bioactive compounds that can be used in the design of new useful bioactive molecules. In Trichoderma brevicompactum, the first specific step in trichothecene biosynthesis is carried out by a terpene cyclase, trichodiene synthase, that catalyzes the [...] Read more.

Trichothecene mycotoxins are recognized as highly bioactive compounds that can be used in the design of new useful bioactive molecules. In Trichoderma brevicompactum, the first specific step in trichothecene biosynthesis is carried out by a terpene cyclase, trichodiene synthase, that catalyzes the conversion of farnesyl diphosphate to trichodiene and is encoded by the tri5 gene. Overexpression of tri5 resulted in increased levels of trichodermin, a trichothecene-type toxin, which is a valuable tool in preparing new molecules with a trichothecene skeleton. In this work, we developed the hemisynthesis of trichodermin and trichodermol derivatives in order to evaluate their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities and to study the chemo-modulation of their bioactivity. Some derivatives with a short chain at the C-4 position displayed selective antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans and they showed MIC values similar to those displayed by trichodermin. It is important to highlight the cytotoxic selectivity observed for compounds 9, 13, and 15, which presented average IC₅₀ values of 2 μg/mL and were cytotoxic against tumorigenic cell line MCF-7 (breast carcinoma) and not against Fa2N4 (non-tumoral immortalized human hepatocytes). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioorganic Chemistry)

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11 pages, 870 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Use of Popular Basis Sets: Impact of the Intramolecular Basis Set Superposition Error

by Ángel Vidal Vidal, Luis Carlos de Vicente Poutás, Olalla Nieto Faza and Carlos Silva López

Molecules 2019, 24(20), 3810; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203810 - 22 Oct 2019

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4063

Abstract

The magnitude of intramolecular basis set superposition error (BSSE) is revealed via computing systematic trends in molecular properties. This type of error is largely neglected in the study of the chemical properties of small molecules and it has historically been analyzed just in [...] Read more.

The magnitude of intramolecular basis set superposition error (BSSE) is revealed via computing systematic trends in molecular properties. This type of error is largely neglected in the study of the chemical properties of small molecules and it has historically been analyzed just in the study of large molecules and processes dominated by non-covalent interactions (typically dimerization or molecular complexation and recognition events). In this work we try to provide proof of the broader prevalence of this error, which permeates all types of electronic structure calculations, particularly when employing insufficiently large basis sets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Computational Methods for Chemical Bonding and Reactivity)

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10 pages, 3276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ivalin Induces Mitochondria-Mediated Apoptosis Associated with the NF-κB Activation in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma SMMC-7721 Cells

by Zhuo Han, Fang-yuan Liu, Shi-qi Lin, Cai-yun Zhang, Jia-hui Ma, Chao Guo, Fu-juan Jia, Qian Zhang, Wei-dong Xie and Xia Li

Molecules 2019, 24(20), 3809; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203809 - 22 Oct 2019

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2736

Abstract

Ivalin, a natural compound isolated from Carpesium divaricatum, showed excellent microtubule depolymerization activities among human hepatocellular carcinoma in our previous work. Here, we investigated its functions on mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma SMMC-7721 cells. DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining, annexin V-fluorexcein isothiocyanate (FITC) apoptosis [...] Read more.

Ivalin, a natural compound isolated from Carpesium divaricatum, showed excellent microtubule depolymerization activities among human hepatocellular carcinoma in our previous work. Here, we investigated its functions on mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma SMMC-7721 cells. DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining, annexin V-fluorexcein isothiocyanate (FITC) apoptosis detection, and western blotting were applied to explore the apoptotic effect of Ivalin. Next, the induction effect of Ivalin on the mitochondrial pathway was also confirmed via a series of phenomena including the damage of mitochondria membrane potential, mitochondria cytochrome c escape, cleaved caspase-3 induction, and the reactive oxygen species generation. In this connection, we understood that Ivalin induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway and the overload of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, we found that the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and subsequent p53 induction were associated with the apoptotic effect of Ivalin. These data confirmed that Ivalin might be a promising pro-apoptotic compound that can be utilized as a potential drug for clinical treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antitumor and Anti-HIV Agents from Natural Products)

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20 pages, 3092 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Novel Nicotinic Ligands with Multimodal Action: Targeting Acetylcholine α4β2, Dopamine and Serotonin Transporters

by Juan Pablo González-Gutiérrez, Hernán Armando Pessoa-Mahana, Patricio Ernesto Iturriaga-Vásquez, Miguel Iván Reyes-Parada, Nicolas Esteban Guerra-Díaz, Martin Hodar-Salazar, Franco Viscarra, Pablo Paillali, Gabriel Núñez-Vivanco, Marcos Antonio Lorca-Carvajal, Jaime Mella-Raipán and María Carolina Zúñiga

Molecules 2019, 24(20), 3808; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203808 - 22 Oct 2019

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4365

Abstract

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), serotonin transporters (SERT) and dopamine transporters (DAT) represent targets for the development of novel nicotinic derivatives acting as multiligands associated with different health conditions, such as depressive, anxiety and addiction disorders. In the present work, a series of functionalized [...] Read more.

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), serotonin transporters (SERT) and dopamine transporters (DAT) represent targets for the development of novel nicotinic derivatives acting as multiligands associated with different health conditions, such as depressive, anxiety and addiction disorders. In the present work, a series of functionalized esters structurally related to acetylcholine and nicotine were synthesized and pharmacologically assayed with respect to these targets. The synthesized compounds were studied in radioligand binding assays at α4β2 nAChR, h-SERT and h-DAT. SERT experiments showed not radioligand [³H]-paroxetine displacement, but rather an increase in the radioligand binding percentage at the central binding site was observed. Compound 20 showed K_i values of 1.008 ± 0.230 μM for h-DAT and 0.031 ± 0.006 μM for α4β2 nAChR, and [³H]-paroxetine binding of 191.50% in h-SERT displacement studies, being the only compound displaying triple affinity. Compound 21 displayed K_i values of 0.113 ± 0.037 μM for α4β2 nAChR and 0.075 ± 0.009 μM for h-DAT acting as a dual ligand. Molecular docking studies on homology models of α4β2 nAChR, h-DAT and h-SERT suggested potential interactions among the compounds and agonist binding site at the α4/β2 subunit interfaces of α4β2 nAChR, central binding site of h-DAT and allosteric modulator effect in h-SERT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medicinal Chemistry)

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15 pages, 2009 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Synthesis and Cyclooxygenase Inhibition of Sulfonamide-Substituted (Dihydro)Pyrrolo[3,2,1-hi]indoles and Their Potential Prodrugs

by Markus Laube, Cemena Gassner, Torsten Kniess and Jens Pietzsch

Molecules 2019, 24(20), 3807; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203807 - 22 Oct 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3691

Abstract

Non-invasive imaging of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) by radiolabeled ligands is attractive for the diagnosis of cancer, and novel highly affine leads with optimized pharmacokinetic profile are of great interest for future developments. Recent findings have shown that methylsulfonyl-substituted (dihydro)pyrrolo[3,2,1-hi]indoles represent highly potent [...] Read more.

Non-invasive imaging of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) by radiolabeled ligands is attractive for the diagnosis of cancer, and novel highly affine leads with optimized pharmacokinetic profile are of great interest for future developments. Recent findings have shown that methylsulfonyl-substituted (dihydro)pyrrolo[3,2,1-hi]indoles represent highly potent and selective COX-2 inhibitors but possess unsuitable pharmacokinetic properties for radiotracer applications. Based on these results, we herein present the development and evaluation of a second series of sulfonamide-substituted (dihydro)pyrrolo[3,2,1-hi]indoles and their conversion into the respective more hydrophilic N-propionamide-substituted analogs. In comparison to the methylsulfonyl-substituted leads, COX inhibition potency and selectivity was retained in the sulfonamide-substituted compounds; however, the high lipophilicity might hinder their future use. The N-propionamide-substituted analogs showed a significantly decreased lipophilicity and, as expected, lower or no COX-inhibition potency. Hence, the N-(sulfonyl)propionamides can be regarded as potential prodrugs, which represents a potential approach for more sophisticated radiotracer developments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Indole Derivatives: Synthesis and Application)

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16 pages, 4817 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Toxicity Reduction of Euphorbia kansui Stir-Fried with Vinegar Based on Conversion of 3-O-(2′E,4′Z-Decadi-enoyl)-20-O-acetylingenol

by Qiao Zhang, Yi Zhang, Shi-Kang Zhou, Kan Wang, Min Zhang, Pei-Dong Chen, Wei-Feng Yao, Yu-Ping Tang, Jian-Hua Wu and Li Zhang

Molecules 2019, 24(20), 3806; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203806 - 22 Oct 2019

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2868

Abstract

The dried roots of Euphorbia kansui S.L.Liou ex S.B.Ho have long been used to treat edema in China. However, the severe toxicity caused by Euphorbia kansui (EK) has seriously restricted its clinical application. Although EK was processed with vinegar to reduce its toxicity, [...] Read more.

The dried roots of Euphorbia kansui S.L.Liou ex S.B.Ho have long been used to treat edema in China. However, the severe toxicity caused by Euphorbia kansui (EK) has seriously restricted its clinical application. Although EK was processed with vinegar to reduce its toxicity, the detailed mechanisms of attenuation in toxicity of EK stir-fried with vinegar (VEK) have not been well delineated. Diterpenoids are the main toxic ingredients of EK, and changes in these after processing may be the underlying mechanism of toxicity attenuation of VEK. 3-O-(2′E,4′Z-decadienoyl)-20-O-acetylingenol (3-O-EZ) is one of the diterpenoids derived from EK, and the content of 3-O-EZ was significantly reduced after processing. This study aims to explore the underlying mechanisms of toxicity reduction of VEK based on the change of 3-O-EZ after processing with vinegar. Based on the chemical structure of 3-O-EZ and the method of processing with vinegar, simulation experiments were carried out to confirm the presence of the product both in EK and VEK and to enrich the product. Then, the difference of peak area of 3-O-EZ and its hydrolysate in EK and VEK were detected by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Furthermore, the toxicity effect of 3-O-EZ and its hydrolysate, as well as the underlying mechanism, on zebrafish embryos were investigated. The findings showed that the diterpenoids (3-O-EZ) in EK can convert into less toxic ingenol in VEK after processing with vinegar; meanwhile, the content of ingenol in VEK was higher than that of EK. More interestingly, the ingenol exhibited less toxicity (acute toxicity, developmental toxicity and organic toxicity) than that of 3-O-EZ, and 3-O-EZ could increase malondialdehyde (MDA) content and reduce glutathione (GSH) content; cause embryo oxidative damage by inhibition of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity; and induce inflammation and apoptosis by elevation of IL-2 and IL-8 contents and activation of the caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity. Thus, this study contributes to our understanding of the mechanism of attenuation in toxicity of VEK, and provides the possibility of safe and rational use of EK in clinics. Full article

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26 pages, 4738 KiB

Open AccessReview

Promising Approach in the Treatment of Glaucoma Using Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine-Based Systems

by Fidiniaina Rina Juliana, Samuel Kesse, Kofi Oti Boakye-Yiadom, Hanitrarimalala Veroniaina, Huihui Wang and Meihao Sun

Molecules 2019, 24(20), 3805; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203805 - 22 Oct 2019

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 9198

Abstract

Glaucoma is considered a leading cause of blindness with the human eye being one of the body’s most delicate organs. Ocular diseases encompass diverse diseases affecting the anterior and posterior ocular sections, respectively. The human eye’s peculiar and exclusive anatomy and physiology continue [...] Read more.

Glaucoma is considered a leading cause of blindness with the human eye being one of the body’s most delicate organs. Ocular diseases encompass diverse diseases affecting the anterior and posterior ocular sections, respectively. The human eye’s peculiar and exclusive anatomy and physiology continue to pose a significant obstacle to researchers and pharmacologists in the provision of efficient drug delivery. Though several traditional invasive and noninvasive eye therapies exist, including implants, eye drops, and injections, there are still significant complications that arise which may either be their low bioavailability or the grave ocular adverse effects experienced thereafter. On the other hand, new nanoscience technology and nanotechnology serve as a novel approach in ocular disease treatment. In order to interact specifically with ocular tissues and overcome ocular challenges, numerous active molecules have been modified to react with nanocarriers. In the general population of glaucoma patients, disease growth and advancement cannot be contained by decreasing intraocular pressure (IOP), hence a spiking in future research for novel drug delivery systems and target therapeutics. This review focuses on nanotechnology and its therapeutic and diagnostic prospects in ophthalmology, specifically glaucoma. Nanotechnology and nanomedicine history, the human eye anatomy, research frontiers in nanomedicine and nanotechnology, its imaging modal quality, diagnostic and surgical approach, and its possible application in glaucoma will all be further explored below. Particular focus will be on the efficiency and safety of this new therapy and its advances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocarriers for Diagnostics, Imaging, and Drug Delivery: Critical Perspectives on Materials, Technologies, in Vivo Fate)

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24 pages, 1029 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Chemometrics Approaches in Forced Degradation Studies of Pharmaceutical Drugs

by Benedito Roberto de Alvarenga Junior and Renato Lajarim Carneiro

Molecules 2019, 24(20), 3804; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203804 - 22 Oct 2019

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6108

Abstract

Chemometrics is the chemistry field responsible for planning and extracting the maximum of information of experiments from chemical data using mathematical tools (linear algebra, statistics, and so on). Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can form impurities when exposed to excipients or environmental variables such [...] Read more.

Chemometrics is the chemistry field responsible for planning and extracting the maximum of information of experiments from chemical data using mathematical tools (linear algebra, statistics, and so on). Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can form impurities when exposed to excipients or environmental variables such as light, high temperatures, acidic or basic conditions, humidity, and oxidative environment. By considering that these impurities can affect the safety and efficacy of the drug product, it is necessary to know how these impurities are yielded and to establish the pathway of their formation. In this context, forced degradation studies of pharmaceutical drugs have been used for the characterization of physicochemical stability of APIs. These studies are also essential in the validation of analytical methodologies, in order to prove the selectivity of methods for the API and its impurities and to create strategies to avoid the formation of degradation products. This review aims to demonstrate how forced degradation studies have been actually performed and the applications of chemometric tools in related studies. Some papers are going to be discussed to exemplify the chemometric applications in forced degradation studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Chemical Analysis Procedures (Part II): Statistical and Chemometric Approaches)

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12 pages, 6331 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Utilization of Neem Leaf Extract on Biosynthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

by Nur Diyana Syazwani Zambri, Nurul Izza Taib, Famiza Abdul Latif and Zakiah Mohamed

Molecules 2019, 24(20), 3803; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203803 - 22 Oct 2019

Cited by 80 | Viewed by 8133

Abstract

The present work reports the successful synthesis of biosynthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄-NPs) with the use of non-toxic leaf extract of Neem (Azadirachta indica) as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The successful synthesis was confirmed by infrared spectra [...] Read more.

The present work reports the successful synthesis of biosynthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄-NPs) with the use of non-toxic leaf extract of Neem (Azadirachta indica) as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The successful synthesis was confirmed by infrared spectra analysis with strong peak observed between 400–600 cm⁻¹ that corresponds to magnetite nanoparticles characteristics. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that iron oxide nanoparticles were of high purity with crystalline cubic structure phases in nature. Besides, the average size of magnetite nanoparticles was observed to be 9–12 nm with mostly irregular shapes using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and was supported by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). Energy dispersive X-ray analysis shown that the elements iron (Fe) and oxygen (O) were present with atomic percentages of 33.29% and 66.71%, respectively. From the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis it was proven that the nanoparticles exhibited superparamagnetic properties with a magnetization value of 73 emu/g and the results showed superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature, suggesting potential applications for a magnetic targeting drug delivery system. Full article

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15 pages, 5920 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sequential Annulations to Interesting Novel Pyrrolo[3,2-c]carbazoles

by Alice Benzi, Lara Bianchi, Massimo Maccagno, Angela Pagano, Giovanni Petrillo and Cinzia Tavani

Molecules 2019, 24(20), 3802; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203802 - 22 Oct 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2708

Abstract

Herein we report a significant, valuable extension of a recently implemented pyrrole benzannulation methodology that, employing versatile nitrodienes from our lab as useful C₄ building blocks, led to indole derivatives characterized by unusual patterns of substitution. The 6-nitro-7-arylindoles resulting from suitably derivatized, [...] Read more.

Herein we report a significant, valuable extension of a recently implemented pyrrole benzannulation methodology that, employing versatile nitrodienes from our lab as useful C₄ building blocks, led to indole derivatives characterized by unusual patterns of substitution. The 6-nitro-7-arylindoles resulting from suitably derivatized, non-symmetric dienes are of foreseeable synthetic interest in search for new polyheterocyclic systems. As an example, pyrrolocarbazoles with a rarely reported ring fusion were synthesized with the classical Cadogan protocol. Furthermore, the proven easy reducibility of the nitro group to amine will surely open the way to further interesting elaborations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Indole Derivatives: Synthesis and Application)

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20 pages, 6907 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Biotinylated PAMAM G3 Dendrimers Conjugated with COX-2 Inhibitor (celecoxib) and PPARγ Agonist (Fmoc-L-Leucine) on Human Normal Fibroblasts, Immortalized Keratinocytes and Glioma Cells in Vitro

by Łukasz Uram, Maria Misiorek, Monika Pichla, Aleksandra Filipowicz-Rachwał, Joanna Markowicz, Stanisław Wołowiec and Elżbieta Wałajtys-Rode

Molecules 2019, 24(20), 3801; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203801 - 22 Oct 2019

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3962

Abstract

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant type of central nervous system tumor that is resistant to all currently used forms of therapy. Thus, more effective GBM treatment strategies are being investigated, including combined therapies with drugs that may cross the blood brain [...] Read more.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant type of central nervous system tumor that is resistant to all currently used forms of therapy. Thus, more effective GBM treatment strategies are being investigated, including combined therapies with drugs that may cross the blood brain barrier (BBB). Another important issue considers the decrease of deleterious side effects of therapy. It has been shown that nanocarrier conjugates with biotin can penetrate BBB. In this study, biotinylated PAMAM G3 dendrimers substituted with the recognized anticancer agents cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor celecoxib and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist Fmoc-L-Leucine (G3-BCL) were tested in vitro on human cell lines with different p53 status: glioblastoma (U-118 MG), normal fibroblasts (BJ) and immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT). G3-BCL penetrated efficiently into the lysosomal and mitochondrial compartments of U-118 MG cells and induced death of U-118 MG cells via apoptosis and inhibited proliferation and migration at low IC₅₀ = 1.25 µM concentration, considerably lower than either drug applied alone. Comparison of the effects of G3-BCL on expression of COX-2 and PPARγ protein and PGE₂ production of three different investigated cell line phenotypes revealed that the anti-glioma effect of the conjugate was realized by other mechanisms other than influencing PPAR-γ expression and regardless of p53 cell status, it was dependent on COX-2 protein level and high PGE₂ production. Similar G3-BCL cytotoxicity was seen in normal fibroblasts (IC₅₀ = 1.29 µM) and higher resistance in HaCaT cells (IC₅₀ = 4.49 µM). Thus, G3-BCL might be a good candidate for the targeted, local glioma therapy with limited site effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dendrimers in Biomedicine)

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22 pages, 8599 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Nature-Inspired Design Yields a New Class of Steroids Against Trypanosomatids

by Elena Aguilera, Cintya Perdomo, Alejandra Espindola, Ileana Corvo, Paula Faral-Tello, Carlos Robello, Elva Serna, Fátima Benítez, Rocío Riveros, Susana Torres, Ninfa I. Vera de Bilbao, Gloria Yaluff and Guzmán Alvarez

Molecules 2019, 24(20), 3800; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203800 - 22 Oct 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4581

Abstract

Chagas disease and Leishmaniasis are neglected endemic protozoan diseases recognized as public health problems by the World Health Organization. These diseases affect millions of people around the world however, efficient and low-cost treatments are not available. Different steroid molecules with antimicrobial and antiparasitic [...] Read more.

Chagas disease and Leishmaniasis are neglected endemic protozoan diseases recognized as public health problems by the World Health Organization. These diseases affect millions of people around the world however, efficient and low-cost treatments are not available. Different steroid molecules with antimicrobial and antiparasitic activity were isolated from diverse organisms (ticks, plants, fungi). These molecules have complex structures that make de novo synthesis extremely difficult. In this work, we designed new and simpler compounds with antiparasitic potential inspired in natural steroids and synthesized a series of nineteen steroidal arylideneketones and thiazolidenehydrazines. We explored their biological activity against Leishmania infantum, Leishmania amazonensis, and Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro and in vivo. We also assayed their genotoxicity and acute toxicity in vitro and in mice. The best compound, a steroidal thiosemicarbazone compound 8 (ID_1260) was active in vitro (IC₅₀ 200 nM) and in vivo (60% infection reduction at 50 mg/kg) in Leishmania and T. cruzi. It also has low toxicity in vitro and in vivo (LD₅₀ >2000 mg/kg) and no genotoxic effects, being a promising compound for anti-trypanosomatid drug development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drug Discovery for Neglected Diseases)

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12 pages, 647 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Organic Acids, Amino Acids and Phenolic Compounds on Antioxidant Characteristic of Zhenjiang Aromatic Vinegar

by Bo Zhang, Ting Xia, Wenhui Duan, Zhujun Zhang, Yu Li, Bin Fang, Menglei Xia and Min Wang

Molecules 2019, 24(20), 3799; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203799 - 22 Oct 2019

Cited by 64 | Viewed by 4384

Abstract

Zhenjiang aromatic vinegar (ZAV) is one of the famous Chinese vinegars, which contains various physicochemical and bioactive compositions. In the present study, physicochemical properties and total antioxidant activity were detected in ZAV samples. The correlation between of organic acids, amino acids, phenolic compounds, [...] Read more.

Zhenjiang aromatic vinegar (ZAV) is one of the famous Chinese vinegars, which contains various physicochemical and bioactive compositions. In the present study, physicochemical properties and total antioxidant activity were detected in ZAV samples. The correlation between of organic acids, amino acids, phenolic compounds, and the antioxidant activity of ZAV were explored. The results showed that contents of total acids, soluble solids, reducing sugar and total antioxidant activity in ZAV were increased with aging time, and those in ZAV-5 were the highest. Organic acids and amino acids exhibited weak antioxidant activity, while phenolic compounds had higher antioxidant ability. In addition, amino acids had synergistic effect on the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds, whereas organic acids inhibited the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds. Moreover, it was found that phenolic compounds including catechin, vanillic acid and syringic acid showed higher contribution rates to antioxidant activities of mixed phenolic compounds. In conclusion, these findings would provide references to control the antioxidant characteristic of vinegar through regulating the main compositions, and further improve the quality of vinegar production. Full article

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22 pages, 19147 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Chemosensory GPCR as a Potential Target to Control the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita Parasitism in Plants

by Emmanuel Bresso, Diana Fernandez, Deisy X. Amora, Philippe Noel, Anne-Sophie Petitot, Maria-Eugênia Lisei de Sa, Erika V. S. Albuquerque, Etienne G. J. Danchin, Bernard Maigret and Natália F. Martins

Molecules 2019, 24(20), 3798; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203798 - 22 Oct 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5095

Abstract

Root-knot nematodes (RKN), from the Meloidogyne genus, have a worldwide distribution and cause severe economic damage to many life-sustaining crops. Because of their lack of specificity and danger to the environment, most chemical nematicides have been banned from use. Thus, there is a [...] Read more.

Root-knot nematodes (RKN), from the Meloidogyne genus, have a worldwide distribution and cause severe economic damage to many life-sustaining crops. Because of their lack of specificity and danger to the environment, most chemical nematicides have been banned from use. Thus, there is a great need for new and safe compounds to control RKN. Such research involves identifying beforehand the nematode proteins essential to the invasion. Since G protein-coupled receptors GPCRs are the target of a large number of drugs, we have focused our research on the identification of putative nematode GPCRs such as those capable of controlling the movement of the parasite towards (or within) its host. A datamining procedure applied to the genome of Meloidogyne incognita allowed us to identify a GPCR, belonging to the neuropeptide GPCR family that can serve as a target to carry out a virtual screening campaign. We reconstructed a 3D model of this receptor by homology modeling and validated it through extensive molecular dynamics simulations. This model was used for large scale molecular dockings which produced a filtered limited set of putative antagonists for this GPCR. Preliminary experiments using these selected molecules allowed the identification of an active compound, namely C260-2124, from the ChemDiv provider, which can serve as a starting point for further investigations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Docking in Drug Design 2018)

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16 pages, 1930 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lectin-Based Method for Deciphering Human Milk IgG Sialylation

by Jolanta Lis-Kuberka, Barbara Królak-Olejnik, Marta Berghausen-Mazur and Magdalena Orczyk-Pawiłowicz

Molecules 2019, 24(20), 3797; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203797 - 22 Oct 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3364

Abstract

In light of the immunoprotective function of human milk and the incontestable impact of IgG glycosylation on its immune functions, characterization of the sialylation profile of human milk IgG is needed. Lectins as a molecular probe were applied in lectin-IgG-ELISA to analyze the [...] Read more.

In light of the immunoprotective function of human milk and the incontestable impact of IgG glycosylation on its immune functions, characterization of the sialylation profile of human milk IgG is needed. Lectins as a molecular probe were applied in lectin-IgG-ELISA to analyze the sialylation and galactosylation pattern of skim milk IgG of mothers who delivered at term and prematurely. Well-defined biotinylated lectins were used: Maackia amurensis II (MAA II), Sambucus nigra (SNA), Ricinus communis I (RCA I), and Griffonia simplicifolia II (GSL II) specific to α2,3-Neu5Ac, α2,6-Neu5Ac, Gal(β1,4)GlcNAc, and agalactosylated glycans, respectively. The sialylation pattern of milk IgG differs qualitatively and quantitatively from maternal plasma IgG and is related to lactation stage and perinatal risk factors. Expression of MAA-, SNA-, and GSL-reactive glycotopes on term milk IgG showed a positive correlation with milk maturation from days 1 to 55. Preterm birth was associated with an increase of MAA-reactive and a decrease of RCA-reactive IgG glycotopes. Moreover, higher SNA- and GSL-reactive and lower RCA-reactive glycoform levels of milk IgG were associated with infection of lactating mothers. Application of a specific and simple method, lectin-IgG-ELISA, reveals the sialylation pattern of milk IgG over milk maturation. However, further investigations are needed in this area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lectins: From Biochemical and Structural Studies to Biotechnological and Biomedical Applications)

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30 pages, 1506 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Puccinellia maritima, Spartina maritime, and Spartina patens Halophytic Grasses: Characterization of Polyphenolic and Chlorophyll Profiles and Evaluation of Their Biological Activities

by Maria V. Faustino, Maria A. F. Faustino, Helena Silva, Ângela Cunha, Artur M. S. Silva and Diana C. G. A. Pinto

Molecules 2019, 24(20), 3796; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203796 - 22 Oct 2019

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4559

Abstract

Halophytic grasses have been recently targeted as possible sources of nutraceutical and medicinal compounds. Nonetheless, few studies have been conducted on the phytochemistry and biological activities of metabolites produced by these plants. Among these, Spartina maritima (Curtis) Fernald, Spartina patens (Aiton.) Muhl., and [...] Read more.

Halophytic grasses have been recently targeted as possible sources of nutraceutical and medicinal compounds. Nonetheless, few studies have been conducted on the phytochemistry and biological activities of metabolites produced by these plants. Among these, Spartina maritima (Curtis) Fernald, Spartina patens (Aiton.) Muhl., and Puccinellia maritima (Hudson) Parl. are three halophytic grasses whose chemical composition and bioactivities are unknown. The present work broadens the knowledge on the polyphenolic and chlorophyll composition of these species identifying for the first time hydroxycinnamic acids and their derivatives, flavones, flavonols, lignans, as well as chlorophylls and xantophylls. The extracts were particularly rich in caffeic and ferulic acids as well as in trihydroxymethoxyflavone, apigenin and tricin derivatives. Interestingly, several of the identified compounds are relevant from a medicinal and nutraceutical point of view putting in evidence the potential of these species. Thus, the antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase, antibacterial, and antifungal activities of the polyphenolic extracts were assessed as well as the photophysical properties of the chlorophyll-rich extracts. The results, herein presented for the first time, reinforce the nutritional and the medicinal potential of these halophytic grasses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine and Terrestrial Sources of Natural Products: Chemical Composition Profiling, Isolation and Characterization)

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18 pages, 2214 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioactivities of Centaurium erythraea (Gentianaceae) Decoctions: Antioxidant Activity, Enzyme Inhibition and Docking Studies

by Laura Guedes, Pedro B. P. S. Reis, Miguel Machuqueiro, Asma Ressaissi, Rita Pacheco and Maria Luísa Serralheiro

Molecules 2019, 24(20), 3795; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203795 - 22 Oct 2019

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4553

Abstract

Centaurium erythraea is recommended for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders and to reduce hypercholesterolemia in ethno-medicinal practice. To perform a top-down study that could give some insight into the molecular basis of these bioactivities, decoctions from C. erythraea leaves were prepared and the [...] Read more.

Centaurium erythraea is recommended for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders and to reduce hypercholesterolemia in ethno-medicinal practice. To perform a top-down study that could give some insight into the molecular basis of these bioactivities, decoctions from C. erythraea leaves were prepared and the compounds were identified by liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Secoiridoids glycosides, like gentiopicroside and sweroside, and several xanthones, such as di-hydroxy-dimethoxyxanthone, were identified. Following some of the bioactivities previously ascribed to C. erythraea, we have studied its antioxidant capacity and the ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR). Significant antioxidant activities were observed, following three assays: free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) reduction; lipoperoxidation; and NO radical scavenging capacity. The AChE and HMGR inhibitory activities for the decoction were also measured (56% at 500 μg/mL and 48% at 10 μg/mL, respectively). Molecular docking studies indicated that xanthones are better AChE inhibitors than gentiopicroside, while this compound exhibits a better shape complementarity with the HMGR active site than xanthones. To the extent of our knowledge, this is the first report on AChE and HMGR activities by C. erythraea decoctions, in a top-down analysis, complemented with in silico molecular docking, which aims to understand, at the molecular level, some of the biological effects ascribed to infusions from this plant. Full article

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18 pages, 1669 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simultaneous Determination and Quantification of Triterpene Saponins from Camellia sinensis Seeds Using UPLC-PDA-QTOF-MS/MS

by Xuejin Wu, Lingyan Jia, Jiafan Wu, Yawen Liu, Hyunuk Kang, Xiaobo Liu, Pan Li, Puming He, Youying Tu and Bo Li

Molecules 2019, 24(20), 3794; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203794 - 22 Oct 2019

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5107

Abstract

Saponins in the Camellia sinensis seeds have a broad spectrum of biological properties and application potentials. However, up to now, no chromatographic methods have been developed to provide full fingerprinting and quality assurance for these saponins. This research aimed to develop a novel [...] Read more.

Saponins in the Camellia sinensis seeds have a broad spectrum of biological properties and application potentials. However, up to now, no chromatographic methods have been developed to provide full fingerprinting and quality assurance for these saponins. This research aimed to develop a novel method to tentatively identify and quantify saponins in C. sinensis seeds by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photo-diode array detector and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-PDA-QTOF-MS/MS), and compare it with the classic vanillin-sulfuric acid assay. Fifty-one triterpene saponins, including six potentially new compounds, were simultaneously detected by UPLC-PDA-MS/MS, and their chemical structures were speculated according to the retention behavior and fragmentation pattern. The total saponin content in the crude extract and the purified saponin fraction of C. sinensis seeds were quantified to be 19.57 ± 0.05% (wt %) and 41.68 ± 0.09% (wt %) respectively by UPLC-PDA at 210 nm, while the corresponding values were determined to be 43.11 ± 3.17% (wt %) and 56.60 ± 5.79% (wt %) respectively by the vanillin-sulfuric acid assay. The developed UPLC-PDA -MS/MS method could determine specified saponins, and is more reliable for quantifying the C. sinensis seed saponins than the classic spectrophotometric method. It is of great significance for the future investigations and applications of these saponins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Analytical Chemistry)

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13 pages, 2909 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surface Display of Antigen Protein VP8* of Porcine Rotavirus on Bacillus Subtilis Spores Using CotB as a Fusion Partner

by Wanqiang Li, Jie Feng, Jiajun Li, Jianzhen Li, Zhenhua Wang, Abdul Khalique, Miao Yang, Xueqin Ni, Dong Zeng, Dongmei Zhang, Bo Jing, Qihui Luo and Kangcheng Pan

Molecules 2019, 24(20), 3793; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203793 - 22 Oct 2019

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4738

Abstract

Porcine rotavirus is a major cause of acute viral gastroenteritis in suckling piglets, and vaccination is considered to be an effective measure to control these infections. The development of a live mucosal vaccine using Bacillus subtilis spores as an antigen delivery vehicle is [...] Read more.

Porcine rotavirus is a major cause of acute viral gastroenteritis in suckling piglets, and vaccination is considered to be an effective measure to control these infections. The development of a live mucosal vaccine using Bacillus subtilis spores as an antigen delivery vehicle is a convenient and attractive vaccination strategy against porcine rotavirus. In this study, a shuttle vector was constructed for the spore surface display of the spike protein VP8* from porcine rotavirus (the genotype was G5P[7]). A successful display of the CotB-VP8* fusion protein on the spore surface was confirmed by Western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy analysis. The capacity for immune response generated after immunization with the recombinant strain was evaluated in a mouse model. The intestinal fecal IgA and serum IgG were detected by enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay (ELISA). Importantly, recombinant strain spores could elicit strong specific mucosal and humoral immune responses. These encouraging results suggest that recombinant B. subtilis BV could provide a strategy for a potential novel application approach to the development of a new and safe mucosal subunit vaccine against porcine rotavirus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Biology)

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16 pages, 3117 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Antibacterial and Quorum-Sensing Inhibition Activities of Cinnamomum camphora Leaf Essential Oil

by Wenting Wang, Dongxiang Li, Xiaoqin Huang, Huixiang Yang, Ziwen Qiu, Liting Zou, Qin Liang, Yu Shi, Yingxiang Wu, Shaohua Wu, Chao Yang and Yongyu Li

Molecules 2019, 24(20), 3792; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203792 - 21 Oct 2019

Cited by 51 | Viewed by 5771

Abstract

Many essential oils (EOs) regulate the quorum-sensing (QS) system of pathogens and inhibit the virulence expression. Interference with QS can potentially reduce bacterial multidrug resistance and aid the biological control of bacterial disease. In the present work, the antibacterial and anti-QS activities of [...] Read more.

Many essential oils (EOs) regulate the quorum-sensing (QS) system of pathogens and inhibit the virulence expression. Interference with QS can potentially reduce bacterial multidrug resistance and aid the biological control of bacterial disease. In the present work, the antibacterial and anti-QS activities of Cinnamomum camphora leaf EO were investigated. A total of 23 chemical components with relative levels ≥0.11%, including a large number of terpene compounds, were identified in C. camphora leaf EO by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The principal component was linalool, followed by eucalyptol, with relative levels of 51.57% and 22.07%, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and antibacterial activity of C. camphora EO were examined, and P. aeruginosa and E. coli ATCC25922 showed the highest and lowest sensitivity to C. camphora EO, respectively. Tests of QS inhibitory activity revealed that C. camphora EO significantly decreased the production of violacein and biofilm biomass in C. violaceum, with the maximum inhibition rates of 63% and 77.64%, respectively, and inhibited the biofilm formation and swarming movement, independent of affecting the growth of C. violaceum. Addition of C. camphora EO also resulted in downregulation of the expression of the acyl-homoserine lactones (AHL) synthesis gene (cviI) and transcription regulator (cviR), and inhibited the expression of QS-regulated virulence genes, including vioA, vioB, vioC, vioD, vioE, lasA, lasB, pilE3, and hmsHNFR. Collectively, the prominent antibacterial activity and anti-QS activities clearly support that C. camphora EO acts as a potential antibacterial agent and QS inhibitor in the prevention of bacterial contamination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Properties of Natural Products)

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17 pages, 2701 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Olive and Pomegranate By-Products on Human Microbiota: A Study Using the SHIME^® In Vitro Simulator

by Camilla Giuliani, Massimo Marzorati, Matteo Daghio, Andrea Franzetti, Marzia Innocenti, Tom Van de Wiele and Nadia Mulinacci

Molecules 2019, 24(20), 3791; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203791 - 21 Oct 2019

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3967

Abstract

Two by-products containing phenols and polysaccharides, a “pâté” (OP) from the extra virgin olive oil milling process and a decoction of pomegranate mesocarp (PM), were investigated for their effects on human microbiota using the SHIME^® system. The ability of these products to [...] Read more.

Two by-products containing phenols and polysaccharides, a “pâté” (OP) from the extra virgin olive oil milling process and a decoction of pomegranate mesocarp (PM), were investigated for their effects on human microbiota using the SHIME^® system. The ability of these products to modulate the microbial community was studied simulating a daily intake for nine days. Microbial functionality, investigated in terms of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and NH₄⁺, was stable during the treatment. A significant increase in Lactobacillaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae at nine days was induced by OP mainly in the proximal tract. Polyphenol metabolism indicated the formation of tyrosol from OP mainly in the distal tract, while urolithins C and A were produced from PM, identifying the human donor as a metabotype A. The results confirm the SHIME^® system as a suitable in vitro tool to preliminarily investigate interactions between complex botanicals and human microbiota before undertaking more challenging human studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Sustainability: Promising By-Products for Valorization)

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14 pages, 1953 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Levels of the Thiocyanate in the Saliva of Tobacco Smokers in Comparison to e-Cigarette Smokers and Nonsmokers Measured by HPLC on a Phosphatidylcholine Column

by Jolanta Flieger, Justyna Kawka and Małgorzata Tatarczak-Michalewska

Molecules 2019, 24(20), 3790; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203790 - 21 Oct 2019

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5116

Abstract

The aim of the study was to estimate the thiocyanate levels in saliva of cigarette smokers in comparison to e-cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. To improve our understanding of the influence of smoking on the oral level of thiocyanate, we conducted an assessment of [...] Read more.

The aim of the study was to estimate the thiocyanate levels in saliva of cigarette smokers in comparison to e-cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. To improve our understanding of the influence of smoking on the oral level of thiocyanate, we conducted an assessment of human saliva, in 24 individuals (eight tobacco smokers, eight e-cigarette smokers, and eight nonsmokers). High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) using a unique phosphatidylcholine column was applied in this assay. Thiocyanate ion was detected directly by its absorbance at 210 nm. The method presents a new application of the IAM (Immobilized Artificial Membrane) column for quantification of inorganic anions. The whole process meets the criteria of green chemistry because it was carried out without the use of organic solvents. For compensating matrix effects, an eight-point standard addition protocol was used to quantify the thiocyanate level in saliva samples. The calibration graphs were linear in the range of 5–100 mg L⁻¹ with a correlation coefficient higher than 0.99. The thiocyanate concentrations in the saliva of tobacco smokers, e-cigarette smokers, and nonsmokers were found in the range of 121.25–187.54 mg L⁻¹, 121.24–244.11 mg L⁻¹, 33.03–79.49 mg L⁻¹, respectively. The present study indicates an obvious statistically significant elevation in salivary thiocyanate level in tobacco smokers in comparison to nonsmokers. The phosphatidylcholine-based stationary phase proved to be suitable for the detection and quantification of the thiocyanate ion. The salivary thiocyanate levels in e-cigarette smokers were not significantly different in comparison to tobacco smokers but higher if compared to nonsmokers. The criterion for statistical significance was p < 0.05. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Green Chemistry)

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10 pages, 3701 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Atomic Force Microscope Guided SERS Spectra Observation for Au@Ag-4MBA@PVP Plasmonic Nanoparticles

by Liu Yang, Libei Xu, Xiuju Wu, Hui Fang, Shenfei Zhong, Zhuyuan Wang, Jing Bu and Xiaocong Yuan

Molecules 2019, 24(20), 3789; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203789 - 21 Oct 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3131

Abstract

Recently polymer encapsulated surface-enhanced-Raman-scattering (SERS) probes with internal noble metal core–shell structure has found growing applications in biomedical applications. Here we studied the SERS spectra of Au@Ag–4MBA@PVP (4MBA: 4-mercaptobenzoic acid; PVP: polyvinylpyrrolidone) plasmonic nanoparticles produced from a chemical reduction method. By linking the [...] Read more.

Recently polymer encapsulated surface-enhanced-Raman-scattering (SERS) probes with internal noble metal core–shell structure has found growing applications in biomedical applications. Here we studied the SERS spectra of Au@Ag–4MBA@PVP (4MBA: 4-mercaptobenzoic acid; PVP: polyvinylpyrrolidone) plasmonic nanoparticles produced from a chemical reduction method. By linking the atomic force microscope (AFM) with the homebuilt confocal Raman spectrometer thus to use AFM images as guidance, we realized the measurement of the SERS spectra from separated nanoparticles. We investigated the cases for single nanoparticles and for dimer structures and report several observed results including SERS spectra linearly scaled with laser power, abrupt boosting and abnormal shape changing of SERS spectra for dimer structures. Based on the finite element method simulation, we explained the observed ratio of SERS signals between the dimer structure and the single nanoparticle, and attributed the observed abnormal spectra to the photothermal effect of these plasmonic nanoparticles. Our study provides valuable guidance for choosing appropriate laser power when applying similar SERS probes to image biological cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Properties of Nanomaterials)

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27 pages, 3806 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Erythroxylum in Focus: An Interdisciplinary Review of an Overlooked Genus

by David A. Restrepo, Ernesto Saenz, Orlando Adolfo Jara-Muñoz, Iván F. Calixto-Botía, Sioly Rodríguez-Suárez, Pablo Zuleta, Benjamin G. Chavez, Juan A. Sanchez and John C. D’Auria

Molecules 2019, 24(20), 3788; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203788 - 21 Oct 2019

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 19543

Abstract

The genus Erythroxylum contains species used by indigenous people of South America long before the domestication of plants. Two species, E. coca and E. novogranatense, have been utilized for thousands of years specifically for their tropane alkaloid content. While abuse of the narcotic [...] Read more.

The genus Erythroxylum contains species used by indigenous people of South America long before the domestication of plants. Two species, E. coca and E. novogranatense, have been utilized for thousands of years specifically for their tropane alkaloid content. While abuse of the narcotic cocaine has impacted society on many levels, these species and their wild relatives contain untapped resources for the benefit of mankind in the form of foods, pharmaceuticals, phytotherapeutic products, and other high-value plant-derived metabolites. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge of members within the genus and the recent advances in the realm of molecular biology and biochemistry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Plant Alkaloid Research)

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19 pages, 3086 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis, Antiproliferative, and Antioxidant Evaluation of 2-Pentylquinazolin-4(3H)-one(thione) Derivatives with DFT Study

by Amira A. El-Sayed, Mahmoud F. Ismail, Abd El-Galil E. Amr and Ahmed M. Naglah

Molecules 2019, 24(20), 3787; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203787 - 21 Oct 2019

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4187

Abstract

The current study was chiefly designed to examine the antiproliferative and antioxidant activities of some novel quinazolinone(thione) derivatives 6–14. The present work focused on two main points; firstly, comparing between quinazolinone and quinazolinthione derivatives. Whereas, antiproliferative (against two cell lines [...] Read more.

The current study was chiefly designed to examine the antiproliferative and antioxidant activities of some novel quinazolinone(thione) derivatives 6–14. The present work focused on two main points; firstly, comparing between quinazolinone and quinazolinthione derivatives. Whereas, antiproliferative (against two cell lines namely, HepG2 and MCF-7) and antioxidant (by two methods; ABTS and DPPH) activities of the investigated compounds, the best quinazolinthione derivatives were 6 and 14, which exhibited excellent potencies comparable to quinazolinone derivatives 5 and 9, respectively. Secondly, we compared the activity of four series of Schiff bases which included the quinazolinone moiety (11a–d). In addition, the antiproliferative and antioxidant activities of the compounds with various aryl aldehyde hydrazone derivatives (11a–d) analogs were studied. The compounds exhibited potency that increased with increasing electron donating group in p-position (OH > OMe > Cl) due to extended conjugated systems. Noteworthy, most of antiproliferative and antioxidant activities results for the tested compounds are consistent with the DFT calculations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anticancer Agents: Design, Synthesis and Evaluation)

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11 pages, 2562 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Glimepiride-Metformin Multidrug Crystal: Synthesis, Crystal Structure Analysis, and Physicochemical Properties

by Xufei Bian, Lan Jiang, Zongjie Gan, Xiaoshu Guan, Li Zhang, Linhong Cai and Xiangnan Hu

Molecules 2019, 24(20), 3786; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203786 - 21 Oct 2019

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5513

Abstract

A multidrug crystal based on drug combinations was synthesized by the solvent evaporation method. This multicomponent crystal consisted of antidiabetic drugs Glimepiride (Gli) and Metformin (Met), which was performed by single crystal X-ray structure analysis. The results showed an enhancement of the pharmaceutical [...] Read more.

A multidrug crystal based on drug combinations was synthesized by the solvent evaporation method. This multicomponent crystal consisted of antidiabetic drugs Glimepiride (Gli) and Metformin (Met), which was performed by single crystal X-ray structure analysis. The results showed an enhancement of the pharmaceutical properties such as lower hygroscopicity and greater accelerated stability than the parent drug Met, and a higher solubility and dissolution rate than Gli. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medicinal Chemistry)

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13 pages, 3191 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sequential MCR via Staudinger/Aza-Wittig versus Cycloaddition Reaction to Access Diversely Functionalized 1-Amino-1H-Imidazole-2(3H)-Thiones

by Cecilia Ciccolini, Giacomo Mari, Gianfranco Favi, Fabio Mantellini, Lucia De Crescentini and Stefania Santeusanio

Molecules 2019, 24(20), 3785; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203785 - 21 Oct 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3743

Abstract

A multicomponent reaction (MCR) strategy, alternative to the known cycloaddition reaction, towards variously substituted 1-amino-1H-imidazole-2(3H)-thione derivatives has been successfully developed. The novel approach involves α-halohydrazones whose azidation process followed by tandem Staudinger/aza-Wittig reaction with CS₂ in a sequential [...] Read more.

A multicomponent reaction (MCR) strategy, alternative to the known cycloaddition reaction, towards variously substituted 1-amino-1H-imidazole-2(3H)-thione derivatives has been successfully developed. The novel approach involves α-halohydrazones whose azidation process followed by tandem Staudinger/aza-Wittig reaction with CS₂ in a sequential MCR regioselectively leads to the target compounds avoiding the formation of the regioisomer iminothiazoline heterocycle. The approach can be applied to a range of differently substituted α-halohydrazones bearing also electron-withdrawing groups confirming the wide scope and the substituent tolerance of the process for the synthesis of the target compounds. Interestingly, the concurrent presence of reactive functionalities in the scaffolds so obtained ensures post-modifications in view of N-bridgeheaded heterobicyclic structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Strategies for Heterocycle Synthesis)

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15 pages, 4329 KiB

Open AccessArticle

PD-1-Targeted Discovery of Peptide Inhibitors by Virtual Screening, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, and Surface Plasmon Resonance

by Yuanqiang Wang, Haiqiong Guo, Zhiwei Feng, Siyi Wang, Yuxuan Wang, Qingxiu He, Guangping Li, Weiwei Lin, Xiang-Qun Xie and Zhihua Lin

Molecules 2019, 24(20), 3784; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203784 - 21 Oct 2019

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 5492

Abstract

The blockade of the programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) pathway plays a critical role in cancer immunotherapy by reducing the immune escape. Five monoclonal antibodies that antagonized PD-1/PD-L1 interaction have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration [...] Read more.

The blockade of the programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) pathway plays a critical role in cancer immunotherapy by reducing the immune escape. Five monoclonal antibodies that antagonized PD-1/PD-L1 interaction have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and marketed as immunotherapy for cancer treatment. However, some weaknesses of antibodies, such as high cost, low stability, poor amenability for oral administration, and immunogenicity, should not be overlooked. To overcome these disadvantages, small-molecule inhibitors targeting PD-L1 were developed. In the present work, we applied in silico and in vitro approaches to develop short peptides targeting PD-1 as chemical probes for the inhibition of PD-1–PD-L1 interaction. We first predicted the potential binding pocket on PD-1/PD-L1 protein–protein interface (PPI). Sequentially, we carried out virtual screening against our in-house peptide library to identify potential ligands. WANG-003, WANG-004, and WANG-005, three of our in-house peptides, were predicted to bind to PD-1 with promising docking scores. Next, we conducted molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation for the further analysis of interactions between our peptides and PD-1. Finally, we evaluated the affinity between peptides and PD-1 by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) binding technology. The present study provides a new perspective for the development of PD-1 inhibitors that disrupt PD-1–PD-L1 interactions. These promising peptides have the potential to be utilized as a novel chemical probe for further studies, as well as providing a foundation for further designs of potent small-molecule inhibitors targeting PD-1. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computational and Theoretical Chemistry)

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14 pages, 2817 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Succinylation Improves the Thermal Stability of Egg White Proteins

by Dabo He, Ying Lv and Qigen Tong

Molecules 2019, 24(20), 3783; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203783 - 21 Oct 2019

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4623

Abstract

Succinylation can improve the thermal stability of various proteins. In this study, succinylated egg white protein (SEWP) samples with different succinylation degrees were prepared by adding various succinic anhydride additives to egg white protein (EWP). The thermal stability of SEWP and the conformational [...] Read more.

Succinylation can improve the thermal stability of various proteins. In this study, succinylated egg white protein (SEWP) samples with different succinylation degrees were prepared by adding various succinic anhydride additives to egg white protein (EWP). The thermal stability of SEWP and the conformational structure under various succinylation degrees were investigated. With the increase in succinylation degree, the turbidity of heated SEWP solution (90 °C for 30 min) markedly declined. The heated SEWP solution with high succinylation degree (37.63%, 66.57%, and 72.37%) was transparent. Moreover, the result of differential scanning calorimetry confirmed that the thermal stability of succinylated EWP increased. The results of intrinsic fluorescence spectra and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy illustrate that succinylation changed the conformational structure of EWP. Succinylation increased the electrostatic repulsion and decreased the surface hydrophobicity, and it changed the aggregation morphology of EWP. Cross-linked spherical aggregates of low succinylation degree transformed to thready aggregates of a high succinylation degree. Thus, succinylation improved the thermal stability of EWP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Chemistry—New Compounds)

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13 pages, 2254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of New Fused Heterocyclic 2-Quinolones and 3-Alkanonyl-4-Hydroxy-2-Quinolones

by Ashraf A. Aly, Alaa A. Hassan, Nasr K. Mohamed, Lamiaa E. Abd El-Haleem, Stefan Bräse, Mika Polamo, Martin Nieger and Alan B. Brown

Molecules 2019, 24(20), 3782; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203782 - 21 Oct 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3994

Abstract

Herein, we report the synthesis of 5,12-dihydropyrazino[2,3-c:5,6-c′]difuro[2,3-c:4,5-c′]-diquinoline-6,14(5H,12H)diones, 2-(4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)-1,4-diphenyl- butane-1,4-diones and 4-(benzo-[d]oxazol-2-yl)-3-hydroxy-1H-[4,5]oxazolo[3,2-a]pyridine-1-one. The new candidates were synthesized and identified by different spectroscopic techniques, and X-ray crystallography. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Organic Chemistry)

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