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Article

Acid Hydrolysis of Pectin and Mucilage from Cactus (Opuntia ficus) for Identification and Quantification of Monosaccharides

by
Vanessa Garfias Silva
1,
María Soledad Cordova Aguilar
2,
Gabriel Ascanio
2,
Juan Pablo Aguayo
2,
Karen Y. Pérez-Salas
3 and
Ana del Carmen Susunaga Notario
4,*
1
Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
2
Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
3
Programa de Maestría y Doctorado en Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
4
Cátedra CONACyT-Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2022, 27(18), 5830; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27185830
Submission received: 5 August 2022 / Revised: 30 August 2022 / Accepted: 4 September 2022 / Published: 8 September 2022
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances on the Extraction, Functionalities and Applications of Polysaccharides)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Pectin and mucilage are polysaccharides from the cactus Opuntia ficus-indica, which are also known as hydrocolloids, with useful properties in industries such as food, pharmaceuticals, and construction, among others. In the present work, cactus hydrocolloids were hydrolyzed characterized using two techniques: first, thin-layer chromatography, to identify the monosaccharides present in the sample, followed by the phenol–sulfuric acid method to determine the monosaccharide content. The hydrolyzing method allowed us to reduce the processing time to 180 min and, considering the identification and quantification procedures, the proposed methodology is much simpler and more cost-effective compared to other methods, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry. The analysis of the results revealed that the maximum concentration of monosaccharides was obtained after hydrolyzing for 90 min. Under such conditions, with pectin being the main component contained in the cactus hydrocolloids analyzed here, galacturonic acid was found in the largest quantities.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

The cactus Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller, commonly known as the prickly pear or cladode, is a vegetable that is widely consumed in Mexico. It is part of the cacti family that covers around 30% of the continental surface of the semi-arid and arid world [1].There are several factors that allow the cladodes to grow almost everywhere throughout the year and remain perpetually green despite the harsh environmental conditions; among these factors are the metabolism of the species and its peculiar adaptations to water scarcity and solar radiation, the acid metabolism of the Crassulaceae, the reduction in foliar tissues, and the cuticular waxes that cover the cladodes and the surface of the fruits. Due to their nutritional properties, cladodes have a variety of uses, giving them an added economic value. In addition, cacti are plants with diverse uses, such as food, ornamentation, foraging, construction, cosmetics, and medicine, among others [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10].
The main constituent of O. ficus-indica cladodes is water (80–95%), followed by carbohydrates present as monosaccharides (3–7%), fiber (1–2%), and protein (0.5–1%). Cactus cladodes contain a mix of two polysaccharides: mucilage and pectin, which are also known as hydrocolloids. Such hydrocolloids can be used as materials for the development of edible biopolymers, since these can help improve the quality and increase the shelf life of different fruit and vegetable products [3,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16].
Pectin belongs to the group of heteropolysaccharides, and is present in all plants’ primary cells. it is derived from the breakdown of more complex protopectins, which can be found in the middle lamella of the cell wall (Figure 1). It functions as a moisturizing agent and cementing material for the cellulose networks. The backbone of pectin is mainly made up of D-galacturonic acid and, to a lesser extent, rhamnose. This linear chain has branches to other monosaccharides such as arabinose and galactose linked to the occupied sites of rhamnose in the main chain. On the other hand, xylose is directly linked to galacturonic acid. Figure 2 shows the structure of pectin in detail [15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22].
Mucilage is a vegetal product containing L-arabinose, D-galactose (pyranose and furanose forms), D-xylose, L-rhamnose, glucuronic acid and, as the principal neutral sugar unit, D-galacturonic acid (Figure 3) [4,8,9,24,25,26,27]. It is located in extracellular spaces (Figure 1), synthesized from the polymerization of several monosaccharides associated with uronic acids [7,14], and excreted into the apoplast, forming a donut-shaped pocket between the membrane and the cell wall [9], where it helps to regulate cellular water content during the initial phase of dehydration [14,15,18].
The chemical structure (see Figure 3) shows great similarities to the highly branched regions of cell-wall pectin, for this reason mucilage from O. ficus-indica, are indistinctly referred to as pectin [13,14]. However, pectin is richer in galacturonic acid than mucilage [6,13,17,18,20,21,25].
The main components of both pectin and mucilage are the monosaccharides, which are involved in biological processes and functional applications [8,10,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39]. These monosaccharides have several functions; for example, galactose is a physiological constituent of chemical compounds such as cerebrosides and gangliosides, which are essential in the nervous tissues of the brain. Mannose is used as a food supplement to improve the functioning of the urinary tract, and in cosmetics for its moisturizing and anti-inflammatory properties. Xylose is used for the production of furfural [40]. Rhamnose is used for the production of furanones, as a pharmaceutical precursor, and also for the production of savory flavors. Arabinose is a component containing various polysaccharides, gums, and hemicelluloses, while galacturonic acid is an acidifying agent in foods and a monomer of pectin molecules [41].
There are different methods that can be used to determine the composition of polysaccharides present in vegetables; among these methods, acid hydrolysis is one of the most commonly used for depolymerization of polysaccharides to break them down into monosaccharides [42,43]. This method requires a delicate balance between the acid concentration, type of acid, and temperature to avoid unwanted side products [44]. The resulting individual monosaccharides that make up the hydrocolloids of O. ficus-indica can be determined by several techniques, including chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, infrared spectroscopy (IR), light scattering detection, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. However, a disadvantage of these methods is that they require considerable financial investment and long processing times. One commonly used technique to identify the hydrolyzed polysaccharides is thin-layer chromatography (TLC); this technique has several advantages, such as the fact that it provides a reliable identification and sensitivity to less than 1 μg of monosaccharide, it is adaptable in the selection of the stationary and mobile phases, the sample preparation is simple, a considerable amount of the analyte can be evaluated, several samples can be analyzed simultaneously, chromatograms show a well-defined pattern for each compound, and solvent consumption is small. In addition, it allows the visualization of monosaccharides and qualitative chromatographic characteristics [43,44,45,46,47].
An accurate technique to determine the concentration of monosaccharides is the phenol–sulfuric acid method, which is a colorimetric method based on the reaction between a solution of hydrolyzed polysaccharides and a coloring reagent; this reagent is detectable in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum because it develops a yellow–orange color [48,49]. It is simple, quick, sensitive, reproducible, and specific for monosaccharides. The reagents are readily available and stable. All classes of monosaccharides, including oligo- and polysaccharides, can be determined using the phenol–sulfuric acid method [50,51].
In this research, we developed a fast and reliable methodology allowing us to identify and quantify the monosaccharides present in the hydrocolloids of the cactus O. ficus-indica. The identification of the monosaccharides was carried out by means of TLC, showing well-defined chromatograms that enabled an excellent comparison with the standards. The phenol–sulfuric acid method was used to quantify the release of monosaccharides through the hydrolysis process. With the proposed methodology, the hydrolysis time and the volume of the reagents were decreased considerably. The purpose of this work was to identify and quantify the hydrocolloid composition through simple and cost-effective techniques to provide us with a guide for techno-functional applications. The TLC and phenol–sulfuric acid methods are validated techniques allowing us to obtain results quickly and accurately [3,39,52,53,54,55,56].
We consider that the novelty of the methodology proposed here is that it is more efficient due to the reduced reaction times and less severe conditions. We achieved rapid and sensitive identification and quantification of the monosaccharides contained in the hydrolyzed samples.

2. Results and Discussion

The composition of the hydrocolloids obtained from the cactus is variable; it depends on several factors, such as the maturation time of the cladode, the place and time of harvest, and the extraction method used. Additionally, the monosaccharides integrated in the hydrocolloids are also variable; the biochemical processes of the cell wall and the hydrolysis process itself cause the interconversion of monosaccharides, which explains the presence of glucose, glucuronic acid, and fucose, among others [57].
The TLC conditions used here (the stationary and mobile phases and the developed chromatograms) allowed us to characterize the specific patterns of the monosaccharide standards (see Figure 4A,B). On the other hand, the acid hydrolysis conditions (i.e., type and concentration of the acid, temperature, and reaction conditions) were adequate to obtain distinctive chromatograms. The conditions used in both TLC and acid hydrolysis enabled the identification of the monosaccharides released in the depolymerization process (see Figure 4C,D). Table 1 shows the Rf of the standards used; the experiments were performed in triplicate, thus ensuring their correct use for comparison with the sample.
The importance of identifying the monosaccharides that make up the hydrocolloids lies in the fact that it enables elucidation of the properties of the polysaccharides present in the cactus (O. ficus-indica) and, thus, finding their functional application.
Figure 4C,D show the TLC of an acid-hydrolyzed sample of cactus (O. ficus-indica) hydrocolloid that was monitored every 30 min for a total period of 180 min. From 30 to 150 min, we observed the defined patterns of galacturonic acid (reported as the main monosaccharide), rhamnose (monosaccharides that form the main chain), and mannose.
At 90 min, the galactose pattern was gathered and rhamnose intensified, suggesting the formation of a rhamnose–galactose–xylose complex, which remained constant until 150 min. In contrast to carrying out the hydrolysis for 24 h using 3.9 M HCl, in this work, we reduced the time to 180 min using 2.5 N H2SO4. Both acids are known to prevent monosaccharide degradation.
Figure 5 shows the light absorption in the entire visible range 600–420 nm of the electromagnetic spectrum for all of the monosaccharide standard solutions prepared using the phenol–sulfuric acid method but working with reduced reagent volumes. This figure depicts the fraction of the light absorbed (y-axis) as a function of wavelength (x-axis). Despite presenting a maximum at the same wavelength in nanometers, each standard of the monosaccharides showed a different spectral pattern, with the maximum between 480 and 495 nanometers [58]. In addition, the calibration curve of each monosaccharide that was evaluated is presented Figure 6. The results were analyzed by linear regression in order to obtain the coefficient of determination, r2 [59]. The correlation coefficients obtained in this work were 0.99, corroborating the linearity of the system and, therefore, allowing us to identify and calculate the concentrations of each of the hydrolyzed samples.
In other studies, Garna et al., [60] obtained a maximum concentration in the hydrolysis at different times for each monosaccharide. However, under the hydrolysis conditions used here, the maximum concentration of all of the evaluated monosaccharides was obtained at 90 min, as shown in Figure 7. Taking into consideration the experimental conditions of this work, we may attribute the high concentration of galacturonic acid observed in Figure 7 to its presence as the principal component in the main chains of pectin and mucilage (see Figure 2 and Figure 3, respectively). The second highest monosaccharide concentration was galactose, followed by arabinose; these two monosaccharides are linked to rhamnose, and are substituents in the ramifications of both pectin and mucilage. The lowest concentrations corresponded to xylose, which is the terminal of the ramifications present in the hydrocolloids.
In this work, the identification and quantification of the main monosaccharides reported in pectin and mucilage were carried out; however, we also detected small amounts of mannose (see Figure 7C), which is not reported as a constitutive monosaccharide of either pectin or mucilage. Table 2 shows the mean and SEAM values for every concentration versus hydrolysis time. We suggest that this monosaccharide comes from cell wall structures (Figure 1) present in the hydrocolloids due to the extraction process. We base this assumption on the fact that the mannose concentration was relatively low compared to those of the other monosaccharides [15,61,62,63]. These techniques provide us with a much faster analysis method, with lower consumption of chemical reagents, and without the need for expensive equipment. It is for all of the above reasons that we consider the results of this research to be of importance, since they result in a new methodology that is easy to use and cost-effective [64,65].

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Materials

The dried and pulverized hydrocolloids of O. ficus-indica were provided by the ICAT-UNAM Process Engineering Laboratory. Concentrated sulfuric acid and phenol were obtained from J.T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Monosaccharide standards L-rhamnose, D-xylose, D-mannose, L-arabinose D-galactose, and D-galacturonic acid, along with thin-layer chromatography silica gel matrix 60 A with medium pore diameter, n-butanol, and acetic acid, were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The spectrophotometer was a Cary 5000 UV–VIS–NIR.

3.2. Methods

3.2.1. Acid Hydrolysis of O. ficus-indica Hydrocolloids

The hydrocolloids were extracted from fresh cladodes (15 days) of O. ficus-indica collected in Milpa Alta, Mexico City, in 2018. The process is described by Reyes-Ocampo et al. [51]. The hydrolytic treatment procedure consisted of adding 0.5 g of the sample and 7.5 mL of 2.5 N H2SO4, and the reaction was maintained at 80 °C, taking aliquots of 100 µL every 30 min until completing a period of 180 min. The samples were cooled to 0 °C in an ice bath before analysis, to avoid degradation of the thin layer of silica.

3.2.2. Thin-Layer Chromatography

For TLC, 0.01 g of each monosaccharide standard was dissolved in 1 mL of 2.5 N H2SO4. To follow the reaction, 3.0 μL of each hydrolyzed sample was deposited with a capillary on the thin layer of silica. The eluent solution for the standards and samples used was n-butanol, acetic acid, and distilled water at a 5:2.5:2.5 (v/v) ratio. The chromate plates were prepared in triplicate and developed with a solution of 2% sulfuric acid and water/EtOH at a 1:1 v/v ratio. To reveal the chromate plates, they were heated for 5 min at a temperature of 80 °C.

3.2.3. Phenol–Sulfuric Acid Method

Once the hydrolysis was carried out, the quantification of the monosaccharide standards and samples was performed using the phenol–sulfuric acid method at reduced volumes [44,45,46,51]. The detailed procedure of the method employed in this study is as follows: A calibration curve was constructed as described by Dubois in 1956 [52] in triplicate, using the monosaccharides being assayed. Then, 500 µL of each sample was mixed with 300 µL of 5% phenol (v/v) in a test tube; 1.8 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid was added to the mixture, and then the test tube was cooled in an ice bath for 2 min and before being stored at room temperature for 15 min. The concentration of each sample was determined according to the standard curve. The absorption maxima were determined at 480 nm for pentoses (i.e., galacturonic acid, rhamnose, arabinose, and xylose) and 490 nm for hexoses (i.e., galactose and mannose). All regression analyses were performed using Prism (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA).

4. Conclusions

The acid hydrolysis conditions (2.5 N concentration of H2SO4, 80 °C temperature, and 180 min time) allowed the depolymerization of the cactus hydrocolloids (O. ficus-indica), shortening the reported hydrolysis times [58,59,60,61,62]. Likewise, under these conditions, the maximum concentration of all of the evaluated monosaccharides was obtained at 90 min, as shown in the time vs. concentration graph.
In this study, the TLC chromatograms showed a specific fingerprint of the monosaccharide standards, enabling a good comparison with the chromatograms of the hydrolyzed samples and, thus, achieving a qualitative analysis of the cactus (O. ficus-indica) hydrocolloids, while effectively identifying whether the monosaccharides of interest were present in the analyzed samples. Furthermore, the reduced-volume phenol–sulfuric acid method was accurate for the identification procedure, given that each monosaccharide exhibited a characteristic spectrum in the performed sweep (wavelength: 600 to 420 nm), and with the additional benefit of allowing smaller volumes of reagents, generating less waste.
For the evaluated samples, galacturonic acid was present at higher concentrations, since this monosaccharide comes from both the mucilage and the pectin of the prickly pear hydrocolloid (O. ficus-indica). The proportion of monosaccharides can vary according to the physiological needs of the plant, and this method makes it possible to know the concentration of monosaccharides at any time during the plant’s growth.
In conclusion, under the experimental conditions described above, a methodology was established consisting of (a) rapid depolymerization (optimizing the reaction time 72 h to 180 min), (b) simple identification by TLC, and (c) quantification via the phenol–sulfuric acid method. The described methodology enables a fast, reliable, and cost-effective procedure to depolymerize, identify, and quantify the monosaccharides that compose the hydrocolloids extracted from the cactus O. ficus-indica.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.d.C.S.N.; methodology, V.G.S. and K.Y.P.-S.; formal analysis, A.d.C.S.N. and V.G.S.; investigation, A.d.C.S.N., V.G.S., and K.Y.P.-S.; resources, M.S.C.A.; writing—original draft preparation, A.d.C.S.N. and V.G.S.; writing—review and editing, G.A. and J.P.A.; supervision, A.d.C.S.N. and V.G.S.; project administration, M.S.C.A.; funding acquisition, M.S.C.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to CONACyT and the funding from the project SECTEI 097/2017 and to Abel Blancas Cabrera, from Unidad de Bioprocesos, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas–UNAM, and to Diego de Carlos Álvarez Villagómez for their technical support.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Molecules 27 05830 g001 550
Figure 1. Location of pectin and mucilage in the cell wall.
Figure 1. Location of pectin and mucilage in the cell wall.
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Molecules 27 05830 g002 550
Figure 2. Pectin’s structure. Adapted from Harholt, J., Suttangkakul, A. and Vibe Scheller, H (2010) [23].
Figure 2. Pectin’s structure. Adapted from Harholt, J., Suttangkakul, A. and Vibe Scheller, H (2010) [23].
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Molecules 27 05830 g003 550
Figure 3. Mucilage’s structure. Adapted from McGarvie, D. and Parolis, H. (1981) [5].
Figure 3. Mucilage’s structure. Adapted from McGarvie, D. and Parolis, H. (1981) [5].
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Molecules 27 05830 g004 550
Figure 4. (A,B) The chromatograms from monosaccharide standards at (A) 5 min heat exposure and (B) 10 min heat exposure. (C,D) Cactus (O. ficus-indica) hydrocolloid samples of the hydrolysate at (C) 5 min heat exposure and (D) 10 min heat exposure.
Figure 4. (A,B) The chromatograms from monosaccharide standards at (A) 5 min heat exposure and (B) 10 min heat exposure. (C,D) Cactus (O. ficus-indica) hydrocolloid samples of the hydrolysate at (C) 5 min heat exposure and (D) 10 min heat exposure.
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Molecules 27 05830 g005 550
Figure 5. Spectra (600–420 nm) for the phenol–sulfuric acid reaction of monosaccharide standards: (A) rhamnose, xilose and mannose; (B) arabinose, galactose and galacturonic acid.
Figure 5. Spectra (600–420 nm) for the phenol–sulfuric acid reaction of monosaccharide standards: (A) rhamnose, xilose and mannose; (B) arabinose, galactose and galacturonic acid.
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Molecules 27 05830 g006 550
Figure 6. Calibration curves of monosaccharide standards in O. ficus-indica hydrocolloids: (A) xylose, rhamnose, arabinose and galacturonic acid; (B)mannose and galactose.
Figure 6. Calibration curves of monosaccharide standards in O. ficus-indica hydrocolloids: (A) xylose, rhamnose, arabinose and galacturonic acid; (B)mannose and galactose.
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Molecules 27 05830 g007 550
Figure 7. Concentration vs. time reaction of the monosaccharides present in O. ficus-indica hydrocolloids after acid hydrolysis: (A) galacturonic acid; (B) galactose, arabinose, and rhamnose; (C) mannose and xylose.
Figure 7. Concentration vs. time reaction of the monosaccharides present in O. ficus-indica hydrocolloids after acid hydrolysis: (A) galacturonic acid; (B) galactose, arabinose, and rhamnose; (C) mannose and xylose.
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Table
Table 1. R f values for every monosaccharide standard (n = 3).
Table 1. R f values for every monosaccharide standard (n = 3).
Galacturonic AcidRhamnoseGalactoseArabinoseXyloseMannose
Mean SEAMMean SEAMMean SEAMMean SEAMMean SEAMMean SEAM
R f 0.40.0060.470.0150.390.0440.400.0090.430.0130.40.009
Table
Table 2. Mean and SEAM values for every monosaccharide.
Table 2. Mean and SEAM values for every monosaccharide.
Galacturonic AcidRhamnoseGalactoseArabinoseXyloseMannose
Time Mean SEAMMean SEAMMean SEAMMean SEAMMean SEAMMean SEAM
30650.7118.89155.584.47240.276.20173.705.0750.491.49111.412.89
60753.9531.65180.007.49273.789.16201.408.4958.662.50127.014.27
90784.9829.59187.347.00287.5410.35209.737.9461.112.34133.424.82
120743.9626.74177.646.32272.329.13198.727.1757.872.12126.334.25
150745.3826.47177.976.26273.499.10199.107.1057.982.10126.884.24
180767.7611.20183.272.65282.133.39205.113.0059.750.89130.901.58
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Garfias Silva, V.; Cordova Aguilar, M.S.; Ascanio, G.; Aguayo, J.P.; Pérez-Salas, K.Y.; Susunaga Notario, A.d.C. Acid Hydrolysis of Pectin and Mucilage from Cactus (Opuntia ficus) for Identification and Quantification of Monosaccharides. Molecules 2022, 27, 5830. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27185830

AMA Style

Garfias Silva V, Cordova Aguilar MS, Ascanio G, Aguayo JP, Pérez-Salas KY, Susunaga Notario AdC. Acid Hydrolysis of Pectin and Mucilage from Cactus (Opuntia ficus) for Identification and Quantification of Monosaccharides. Molecules. 2022; 27(18):5830. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27185830

Chicago/Turabian Style

Garfias Silva, Vanessa, María Soledad Cordova Aguilar, Gabriel Ascanio, Juan Pablo Aguayo, Karen Y. Pérez-Salas, and Ana del Carmen Susunaga Notario. 2022. "Acid Hydrolysis of Pectin and Mucilage from Cactus (Opuntia ficus) for Identification and Quantification of Monosaccharides" Molecules 27, no. 18: 5830. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27185830

APA Style

Garfias Silva, V., Cordova Aguilar, M. S., Ascanio, G., Aguayo, J. P., Pérez-Salas, K. Y., & Susunaga Notario, A. d. C. (2022). Acid Hydrolysis of Pectin and Mucilage from Cactus (Opuntia ficus) for Identification and Quantification of Monosaccharides. Molecules, 27(18), 5830. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27185830

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