Next Article in Journal
Isolation, Structural Characterization and Macrophage Activation Activity of an Acidic Polysaccharide from Raspberry Pulp
Next Article in Special Issue
Carotenoid Production from Microalgae: The Portuguese Scenario
Previous Article in Journal
A Narrative Review of Sulfur Compounds in Whisk(e)y
Previous Article in Special Issue
Supported Ionic Liquids Used as Chromatographic Matrices in Bioseparation—An Overview
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Molecules
Volume 27
Issue 5
10.3390/molecules27051673
molecules-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Preparation of Thioaminals in Water

by
Lídia A. S. Cavaca
,
Rafael F. A. Gomes
* and
Carlos A. M. Afonso
*
Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2022, 27(5), 1673; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051673
Submission received: 5 January 2022 / Revised: 18 February 2022 / Accepted: 1 March 2022 / Published: 3 March 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Chemistry in Portugal)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The presence of sulfur–carbon bonds is transversal to several areas of chemistry, e.g., drug discovery, materials, and chemical biology. However, a lack of efficient and sustainable procedures for the preparation of thioaminals, the N,S-analogues of O,O-acetals, contributes to this functional group often being overlooked by the scientific community. In this work is described the formation of thioaminals in water promoted by copper(II) triflate.

1. Introduction

The preparation of sulfur-rich frameworks has been a relevant topic for organic chemists, given its importance in materials [1,2,3,4] and medicinal chemistry [5,6]. The need for the formation of C-S bonds led to developments such as the click thio-ene reaction, a cornerstone of material chemistry [1]. Additionally, thio-Michael additions are often used for the derivatization of activated olefins, a strategy widely used for the functionalization of materials and peptides [6,7].
Focusing on the medicinal chemistry area, sulfur is a key constituent of over 20% of FDA-approved drugs [8,9], being responsible for favorable interactions on the targeted active site (Figure 1A) [10]. Amongst the sulfur-containing scaffolds, heterocycles such as thiazolidines and thiazolidinones have revealed a variety of biological activities [11,12,13], leading to abundant procedures for the formation of these cyclic S,N-aminals (thioaminals) [14,15,16,17,18,19]. However, reports on the formation of acyclic thioaminals are scarce, often requiring harsh conditions including hazardous reagents, affording poor yields or being limited to non-isolated intermediaries (Figure 1B) [20,21,22,23].
Recently, there has been an increased concern about the development of sustainable methodologies [24,25,26,27], including procedures in water [28,29,30,31,32]. With this in mind, our group (i) focused on the valorization of raw renewable materials such as furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) [33,34,35] and (ii) reported on the use of water as a green reaction media for the production of cyclopentenones [36] and, more recently, aminals from the condensation of aryl aldehydes with amines [37]. This addresses one of the 12 principles of green chemistry [24], namely the use of less hazardous/toxic chemicals. The structural resemblance of aminals and thioaminals led us to enquire if a similar methodology could be applied to their formation. Herein is described the formation of thioaminals under aqueous conditions promoted by copper(II) triflate (Figure 1C).

2. Results

Selecting furfural, morpholine and thiophenol as model substrates, a screening of conditions was initially performed to identify the most suitable catalyst and solvent (Table 1). The formation of thioaminal 1 in the presence of catalytic copper(II) triflate (1 mol%) in aqueous media afforded the desired product in 84% isolated yield after 10 min of reaction (Table 1, entry 3). In the absence of catalyst, 100% of starting furfural was recovered (Table 1, entry 1), while an increase in catalyst loading to 10 mol% resulted in full conversion to the corresponding cyclopentenone (Table 1, entry 2) [36,38]. Other attempted metal-based catalysts (i.e., CuSO4, FeCl3, AlCl3 and ZnCl2) and Brønsted acids (i.e., triflic acid) also led to the formation of cyclopentenone as a side-product (Table 1, entries 7–11) [36,38]. Performing the reaction under neat conditions or by changing the solvent to ethanol or acetonitrile did not allow full conversion and caused a visible contamination with cyclopentenone (Table 1, entries 4–6). Thus, water was considered the most suitable solvent for this reaction.
Following the best selected conditions, we expanded the scope to a plethora of aryl and alkyl aldehydes (Scheme 1). First, we reacted benzaldehyde, morpholine and thiophenol to prepare thioaminal 2 in 76% yield. Electron-rich aromatic aldehydes, such as 4-NMe2-benzaldehyde and 4-OMe-benzaldehyde, resulted in no reaction or incomplete reaction (65% conversion), and were impossible to isolate due to the product instability. Similar results were obtained when alkyl aldehydes were employed, resulting in a complex mixture.
Counterintuitively, 4-Me-benzaldehyde afforded a better yield than 4-CF3-benzaldehyde, and a similar yield was obtained for the 4-Br-benzaldehyde derivative. Being electron poor, the formation of 4 and 5 should be favored since the aldehyde is more prone to undergo condensation with the secondary amine. Moreover, the use of 4-NO2-benzaldehyde only gave a 50% conversion to the corresponding thioaminal, without the possibility of purification. These unexpected results led us to conclude that other factors such as the stability of the constructs may play a role when analyzing the success of these reactions.
To our surprise, we did not observe the formation of the N,N aminal product in this aldehyde scope, which clearly indicates that the N,S thioaminals are thermodynamically more favorable. However, if we allowed for the reaction to proceed for longer periods of time, the yields would drop significantly. In this situation, no aldehyde is observed as well, indicating another decomposition pathway than the simple hydrolysis of the thioaminal. Focusing on isolation, we stumbled upon a major challenge, which was the hydrolysis of the thioaminals. Simple operations such as extraction, even at higher pH using NaHCO3 (sat aq.), led to hydrolysis and subsequently low yields of the products. Freeze-drying the solution, followed by washing the corresponding powders with cold water, significantly increased the isolated yields. Contrary to other prepared thioaminals, product 1, obtained from furfural, exhibited increased stability even during the work-up extraction with MTBE.
A search for secondary aliphatic and aromatic amines was also performed (Scheme 2). In addition to morpholine, other aliphatic amines such as piperidine, N-methyl piperazine and dibenzyl amine were tolerated under the reaction conditions, affording the corresponding thioaminals 6–8 in a good to excellent yield. These compounds exhibited hygroscopic properties, resulting in fast hydrolysis at room temperature or at 5 °C. Bulky aliphatic amines, such as di-isopropylamine, did not react and the reagents were fully recovered. Surprisingly, diethylamine was also not a successful amine. An aromatic amine, N-methyl aniline, was employed under the reaction conditions, but no reaction occurred.
Next, a series of aryl and aliphatic thiols were reacted with benzaldehyde and morpholine (Scheme 3). The reaction withstood electron-rich thiols such as 4-Me, 3,5-diMe, 4-OMe and 3,4-diOMe thiophenol yielding the thioaminal products 9–12 in good yield. Electron-poor thiol such as 4-F, 4-Cl and 3,5-diCl thiophenol also afforded the desired products, 13–15, in good to excellent yields. A reaction with 4-NO2-thiophenol was also attempted, but only 63% conversion to the thioaminal was observed, without the possibility of purification. Finally, alkyl thiols also afforded products 16–19 in good yield, even when long-alkyl-chain thiols (i.e., dodecanethiol) were employed.
An additional reaction using three solid substrates (i.e., 4-Br-benzaldehyde, 4-Cl-thiophenol and N-acetylated piperazine) was performed in water. The corresponding thiominal was formed to some extent (68% conversion), indicating that solid substrates are more challenging and that the use of organic solvents might be necessary.
Intrigued by the selective formation of the thioaminal, a solution of the aminal in acetonitrile was reacted with thiophenol in the presence of a catalyst and a full conversion of aminal 20 was observed to the corresponding thioaminal 2, isolated in 94% yield (Scheme 4).
The proposed mechanism for the formation of the thioaminals depicted in Figure 2 is initiated by the formation of an iminium ion, which may either undergo further condensation with an amine (path a) or with a thiol (path b) to form the desired product. The fact that aminals in the presence of thiol lead to the formation of thioaminals suggests that even when the aminal is formed, its reversibility by the elimination of an amine generates the parent iminium ion, which will react with the thiol to form the product thioaminal.
Following our previous studies on the stability of N,N-aminals, in which was observed that the electron-donating groups in the aldehyde stabilized the products, we enquired into the role of substituents in the arylthiol. To this end, we accessed the rates of hydrolysis of three thioaminals bearing electron-withdrawing (14) and electron-donating (9,11) para substituents by UV-vis spectroscopy, as depicted in Figure 3. We observed a fast hydrolysis of <20 s in these diluted conditions (see Supplementary Materials, Figures S21 and S23). Despite this, a trend was observed where electron-withdrawing substituents on the thiol slightly hindered the hydrolysis of the products.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General Information

All solvents were of analytical grade and distilled prior to use. All reagents were used as received from commercial suppliers. NMR spectra were recorded in a Bruker Fourier 300 or Bruker Advance 400 spectrometer. High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) results were recorded in a Thermo Scientific Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer (Thermo ScientificTM Q ExactiveTM Plus, Waltham, Massachusetts, U.S.). 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HRMS and melting-point data are reported for all new compounds. The characterizations of reported compounds are in accordance with the literature. The UV stability measurements were traced in a Thermo ScientificTM EvolutionTM 201 UV-visible spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, U.S.).

3.2. General Procedure for Cu(II)-Catalyzed Preparation of Thioaminals in Water

Aldehyde (0.942 mmol, 1 equiv) and morpholine (0.942 mmol, 1 equiv) were placed in a round-bottom flask followed by addition of aqueous stock solution of Cu(OTf)2 (1 mol%, 227 μL from 15 mg/mL stock solution). Then, thiol (0.942 mmol, 1 equiv) was added. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 10 min and water removed by lyophilization to obtain pure thioaminals. Additional purification might have been required by washing with distilled water (pH 9–10). In the case of thioaminal 1, an extraction with MTBE was performed.

3.3. Characterization Data for Thioaminals

4-(furan-2-yl(phenylthio)methyl)morpholine (1). Prepared according to general procedure using furfural (0.0905 g, 0.942 mmol, 1 equiv), morpholine (0.082 g, 0.942 mmol, 1 equiv) and thiophenol (0.1038 g, 0.942 mmol, 1 equiv). The compound was obtained as a yellow solid (0.2179 g, 84% yield) after extraction with MTBE (3 mL). 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 7.56–7.53 (m, 1H), 7.50 (dd, J = 7.2, 1.8 Hz, 2H), 7.35–7.22 (m, 3H), 6.52 (d, J = 3.3 Hz, 1H), 6.40 (dd, J = 3.3, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 5.45 (s, 1H), 3.59 (q, J = 5.3 Hz, 4H), 2.78–2.62 (m, 4H) ppm. 13C NMR (101 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 152.9, 143.5, 136.9, 133.2, 129.8, 127.8, 111.0, 110.5, 76.2, 67.2, 50.0 ppm. m.p. = 50–52 °C. HRMS (m/z) calcd for C15H17NO2S ([M+H]+) 276.10528, found 276.10445.
4-(phenyl(phenylthio)methyl)morpholine (2). Prepared according to general procedure using benzaldehyde (0.1054 g, 0.993 mmol, 1 equiv), morpholine (0.0887 g, 1.02 mmol, 1.03 equiv) and thiophenol (0.1084 g, 0.984 mmol, 0.99 equiv). The compound was obtained as a pale-yellow solid (0.2072 g, 76% yield). 1H NMR (300 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 7.65–7.61 (m, 2H), 7.47–7.44 (m, 2H), 7.40–7.21 (m, 6H), 5.53 (s, 1H), 3.64–3.53 (m, 4H), 2.75–2.60 (m, 4H) ppm [39]. 13C NMR (75 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 139.9, 137.7, 132.8, 129.6, 128.9, 128.3, 128.0, 127.5, 81.7, 67.3, 50.3. m.p. = 41–43 °C (lit. 35–36 °C) [40]. HRMS (m/z) calcd for C17H19NOS ([M+H]+) 286.12601, found 286.12766.
4-((phenylthio)(p-tolyl)methyl)morpholine (3). Prepared according to general procedure using 4-methylbenzaldehyde (0.1311 g, 1.09 mmol, 1 equiv), morpholine (0.11312 g, 1.3 mmol, 1.19 equiv) and thiophenol (0.1038 g, 0.942 mmol, 0.86 equiv). The compound was obtained as a pale-yellow solid (0.2371 g, 84% yield). 1H NMR (300 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 7.52–7.49 (m, 2H), 7.46–7.43 (m, 2H), 7.29–7.22 (m, 2H), 7.22–7.16 (m, 3H), 5.50 (s, 1H), 3.61–3.55 (m, 4H), 2.70–2.62 (m, 4H), 2.32 (s, 3H) ppm. 13C NMR (101 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 139.2, 137.5, 135.7, 132.8, 130.2, 129.7, 129.7, 128.5, 128.2, 89.5, 82.9, 68.1, 67.6, 67.5, 67.3, 65.7, 51.1, 50.4, 50.2, 48.0, 46.9, 21.0 ppm. m.p. = 44–47 °C. HRMS (m/z) calcd for C18H21NOS ([M+H]+) 300.14166, found 300.14304.
4-((phenylthio)(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)morpholine (4). Prepared according to general procedure using 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (0.1634 g, 0.938 mmol, 1 equiv), morpholine (0.0835 g, 0.958 mmol, 1.02 equiv) and thiophenol (0.1308 g, 1.19 mmol, 1.27 equiv). The compound was obtained as a pale-orange solid (0.2489 g, 75% yield). 1H NMR (300 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 7.91–7.87 (m, 2H), 7.74–7.70 (m, 2H), 7.50–7.46 (m, 2H), 7.36–7.21 (m, 3H), 5.62 (s, 1H), 3.69–3.55 (m, 4H), 2.77–2.63 (m, 4H) ppm. 13C NMR (101 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 144.7, 136.9, 133.0, 130.4, 130.0, 129.2 (q), 127.9, 127.2 (q), 125.86 (q), 82.5, 67.2, 50.4 ppm. m.p. = 63–64 °C. HRMS (m/z) calcd for C18H18F3NOS ([M+H]+) 354.11340, found 354.11067.
4-((4-bromophenyl)(phenylthio)methyl)morpholine (5). Prepared according to general procedure using 4-bromobenzaldehyde (0.1728 g, 0.934 mmol, 1 equiv), morpholine (0.0821 g, 0.942 mmol, 1.01 equiv) and thiophenol (0.104 g, 0.942 mmol, 1.01 equiv). The compound was obtained as a pale-yellow solid (0.2843 g, 84% yield). 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 7.61 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.55 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 3H), 7.47–7.43 (m, 2H), 7.27 (dd, J = 7.1, 3.4 Hz, 3H), 5.52 (s, 1H), 3.65 – 3.54 (m, 6H), 2.74–2.60 (m, 4H) ppm. 13C NMR (101 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 139.5, 137.2, 132.9, 132.0, 131.8, 130.2, 129.9, 128.2, 127.7, 122.1, 82.4, 67.3, 50.3 ppm. m.p. = 58–60 °C. HRMS (m/z) calcd for C17H18BrNOS ([M+H]+) 364.03652, found 364.03788.
1-(phenyl(phenylthio)methyl)piperidine (6). Prepared according to general procedure using benzaldehyde (0.100 g, 0.972 mmol, 1 equiv), piperidine (0.0802 g, 0.942 mmol, 1 equiv) and thiophenol (0.1038 g, 0.942 mmol, 1 equiv). The compound was obtained as a pale-yellow oil (0.2307 g, 86% yield). 1H NMR (300 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 7.69–7.63 (m, 2H), 7.48–7.41 (m, 2H), 7.38–7.21 (m, 7H), 5.57 (s, 1H), 2.65 (d, J = 17.4 Hz, 4H), 1.57–1.39 (m, 7H) ppm. 13C NMR (101 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 140.7, 137.3, 133.0, 132.4, 130.1, 129.7, 129.5, 128.7, 128.6, 128.1, 84.5, 50.9, 26.6, 25.0 ppm. HRMS (m/z) calcd for C18H21NS ([M+H]+) 284.14675, found 284.14743.
1-methyl-4-(phenyl(phenylthio)methyl)piperazine (7). Prepared according to general procedure using benzaldehyde (0.100 g, 0.942 mmol, 1 equiv), N-methyl piperazine (0.0944 g, 0.942 mmol, 1 equiv) and thiophenol (0.1038 g, 0.942 mmol, 1 equiv). The compound was obtained as a hygroscopic orange solid (0.1852 g, 66% yield). 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 7.67–7.61 (m, 2H), 7.56–7.52 (m, 1H), 7.47–7.42 (m, 2H), 7.38–7.33 (m, 3H), 7.28 (dt, J = 10.6, 7.6 Hz, 4H), 5.59 (s, 1H), 2.76 – 2.63 (m, 4H), 2.34 (s, 5H), 2.16 (s, 3H) ppm. 13C NMR (101 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 140.3, 137.4, 132.6, 130.2, 129.7, 129.6, 128.8, 128.5, 128.3, 128.2, 127.3, 83.1, 55.8, 46.3 ppm. m.p. = low melting point. HRMS (m/z) calcd for C18H22N2S ([M+H]+) 299.15765, found 299.16097.
N,N-dibenzyl-1-phenyl-1-(phenylthio)methanamine (8). Prepared according to general procedure using benzaldehyde (0.100 g, 0.942 mmol, 1 equiv), dibenzylamine (0.1859 g, 0.942 mmol, 1 equiv) and thiophenol (0.1038 g, 0.942 mmol, 1 equiv). The compound was obtained as a pale-yellow oil (0.3547 g, 95% yield). 1H NMR (300 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 7.82–7.76 (m, 2H), 7.42–7.37 (m, 2H), 7.33–7.19 (m, 17H), 5.48 (s, 1H), 3.79 (s, 4H) ppm. 13C NMR (101 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 140.9, 139.6, 137.6, 132.7, 129.9, 129.8, 129.7, 129.3, 129.2, 129.01, 129.0, 128.7, 128.1, 127.4, 79.0, 54.4 ppm. HRMS (m/z) calcd for C27H25NS ([M+H]+) 396.17805, found 396.17722.
4-(phenyl(p-tolylthio)methyl)morpholine (9). Prepared according to general procedure using benzaldehyde (0.0997 g, 0.939 mmol, 1 equiv), morpholine (0.0833 g, 0.956 mmol, 1.02 equiv) and 4-methylbenzenethiol (0.1198 g, 0.965 mmol, 1.03 equiv). The compound was obtained as a pale-yellow solid (0.2097 g, 75% yield). 1H NMR (300 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 7.63–7.60 (m, 2H), 7.42–7.29 (m, 5H), 7.09 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 5.43 (s, 1H), 3.61–3.56 (m, 4H), 2.72–2.62 (m, 4H), 2.27 (s, 3H) ppm. 13C NMR (101 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 140.0, 137.5, 133.9, 133.3, 130.5, 129.6, 128.9, 128.5, 83.5, 67.3, 50.3, 21.0 ppm. m.p. = 45–47 °C. HRMS (m/z) calcd for C18H21NOS ([M+H]+) 300.14166, found 300.14249.
4-(((3,5-dimethylphenyl)thio)(phenyl)methyl)morpholine (10). Prepared according to general procedure using benzaldehyde (0.1008 g, 0.950 mmol, 1 equiv), morpholine (0.083 g, 0.953 mmol, 1 equiv) and 3,5-dimethylbenzenethiol (0.1295 g, 0.937 mmol, 0.99 equiv). The compound was obtained as a pale-yellow solid (0.190 g, 67% yield). 1H NMR (300 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 7.65–7.62 (m, 2H), 7.39–7.27 (m, 4H), 7.10–7.09 (m, 2H), 5.52 (s, 1H), 3.69–3.53 (m, 4H), 2.74–2.59 (m, 4H), 2.22 (m, 6H) ppm. 13C NMR (101 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 140.1, 139.1, 137.3, 130.2, 129.6, 129.2, 128.9, 125.8, 82.9, 67.3, 50.3, 21.2 ppm. m.p. = 37–39 °C. HRMS (m/z) calcd for C19H23NOS ([M+H]+) 314.15731, found 314.16031.
4-(((4-methoxyphenyl)thio)(phenyl)methyl)morpholine (11). Prepared according to general procedure using benzaldehyde (0.1014 g, 0.955 mmol, 1 equiv), morpholine (0.0939 g, 1.08 mmol, 1.13 equiv) and 4-methoxybenzenethiol (0.1326 g, 0.946 mmol, 0.99 equiv). The compound was obtained as a pale-yellow solid (0.2089 g, 86% yield). 1H NMR (300 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 7.59–7.57 (m, 2H), 7.41–7.25 (m, 5H), 6.87–6.84 (m, 2H), 5.29 (s, 1H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.65–3.52 (m, 4H), 2.75–2.68 (m, 2H), 2.65–2.59 (m, 2H) ppm. 13C NMR (75 MHz, Acetone- d6): δ 160.3, 140.1, 135.9, 129.6, 128.8, 128.5, 127.4, 115.4, 84.1, 67.4, 55.6, 50.5 ppm. m.p. = 69–71 °C. HRMS (m/z) calcd for C18H21NO2S ([M+H]+) 316.13658, found 316.13639.
4-(((3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)thio)(phenyl)methyl)morpholine (12). Prepared according to general procedure using benzaldehyde (0.1003 g, 0.945 mmol, 1 equiv), morpholine (0.0853 g, 0.979 mmol, 1.04 equiv) and 3,5-dimethoxybenzenethiol (0.159 g, 0.934 mmol, 0.99 equiv). The compound was obtained as a pale-yellow solid (0.187 g, 58% yield). 1H NMR (300 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 7.59–7.56 (m, 2H), 7.38–7.28 (m, 3H), 7.02–6.99 (m, 2H), 6.86–6.83 (m, 1H), 5.35 (s, 1H), 3.77 (s, 1H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.62–3.57 (m, 4H), 2.73–2.64 (m, 4H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 206.2, 151.0, 150.6, 140.1, 130.3, 129.6, 128.8, 128.4, 126.9, 124.4, 115.0, 112.9, 83.7, 67.4, 56.1, 56.1, 50.5 ppm. m.p. = 74–78 °C. HRMS (m/z) calcd for C19H23NO3S ([M+H]+) 346.14714, found 346.14753.
4-(((4-fluorophenyl)thio)(phenyl)methyl)morpholine (13). Prepared according to general procedure using benzaldehyde (0.1066 g, 1.0 mmol, 1 equiv), morpholine (0.0916 g, 1.05 mmol, 1.05 equiv) and 4-fluorobenzenethiol (0.1283 g, 1.0 mmol, 1 equiv). The compound was obtained as a pale-yellow solid (0.2065 g, 70% yield). 1H NMR (300 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 7.61–7.56 (m, 2H), 7.53–7.46 (m, 2H), 7.39–7.30 (m, 3H), 7.09–7.02 (t, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 5.44 (s, 1H), 3.61–3.56 (m, 5H), 2.70–2.64 (m, 4H) ppm. 13C NMR (101 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 164.7, 162.3, 139.5, 132.9, 132.1, 132.0, 129.6, 128.9, 128.5, 117.3, 117.1, 83.6, 67.5, 50.4 ppm. m.p. = 47–49 °C. HRMS (m/z) calcd for C17H18FNOS ([M+H]+) 304.11659, found 304.11812.
4-(((4-chlorophenyl)thio)(phenyl)methyl)morpholine (14). Prepared according to general procedure using benzaldehyde (0.100 g, 0.942 mmol, 1 equiv), morpholine (0.0869 g, 0.997 mmol, 1.06 equiv) and 4-chlorobenzenethiol (0.1369 g, 0.947 mmol, 1 equiv). The compound was obtained as a pale-yellow solid (0.2243 g, 74% yield). 1H NMR (300 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 7.62–7.59 (m, 2H), 7.47–7.44 (m, 2H), 7.40–7.28 (m, 5H), 5.55 (s, 1H), 3.59 (q, J = 5.2 Hz, 4H), 2.67 (q, J = 5.1 Hz, 4H) ppm. 13C NMR (75 MHz, Acetone- d6): δ 139.4, 136.6, 134.3, 133.0, 129.8, 129.6, 129.0, 128.8, 83.1, 67.3, 50.3 ppm. m.p. = 87–88 °C. HRMS (m/z) calcd for C17H18ClNOS ([M+H]+) 320.08704, found 320.09261.
4-(((3,5-dichlorophenyl)thio)(phenyl)methyl)morpholine (15). Prepared according to general procedure using benzaldehyde (0.1039 g, 0.979 mmol, 1 equiv), morpholine (0.0891 g, 1.02 mmol, 1.04 equiv) and 3,5-dichlorobenzenethiol (0.1751 g, 0.978 mmol, 1 equiv). The compound was obtained as a pale-yellow solid (0.2548 g, 91% yield). 1H NMR (300 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 7.62–7.60 (m, 2H), 7.42–7.29 (m, 6H), 5.80 (s, 1H), 3.61–3.58 (m, 4H), 2.72–2.68 (m, 4H) ppm. 13C NMR (75 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 140.2, 138.6, 135.5, 130.0, 129.6, 129.3, 129.1, 129.0, 126.9, 82.2, 67.3, 50.1 ppm. M.p. = 97–100 °C. HRMS (m/z) calcd for C17H17Cl2NOS ([M+H]+) 354.04807, found 354.05168.
4-((benzylthio)(phenyl)methyl)morpholine (16). Prepared according to general procedure using benzaldehyde (0.1025 g, 0.966 mmol, 1 equiv), morpholine (0.0865 g, 0.993 mmol, 1.03 equiv) and phenylmethanethiol (0.1208 g, 0.973 mmol, 1.01 equiv). The compound was obtained as a pale-orange oil (0.2278 g, 79% yield). 1H NMR (300 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 7.41 (m, 2H), 7.38–7.26 (m, 8H), 4.85 (s, 1H), 3.90 (d, J = 13.1 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (d, J = 13.1 Hz, 1H), 3.61 (t, J = 4.7 Hz, 4H), 2.64–2.57 (m, 2H), 2.53–2.46 (m, 2H) ppm. 13C NMR (101 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 139.8, 138.3, 129.9, 129.5, 129.2, 128.4, 128.6, 127.6, 75.8, 67.5, 50.0, 36.0 ppm. HRMS (m/z) calcd for C18H21NOS ([M+H]+) 300.14166, found 300.14211.
4-((phenethylthio)(phenyl)methyl)morpholine (17). Prepared according to general procedure using benzaldehyde (0.1017 g, 0.958 mmol, 1 equiv), morpholine (0.0923 g, 1.06 mmol, 1.10 equiv) and 2-phenylethane-1-thiol (0.1315 g, 0.951 mmol, 1 equiv). The compound was obtained as a pale-yellow oil (0.2697 g, 90% yield). 1H NMR (300 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 7.48–7.45 (m, 2H), 7.38–7.22 (m, 8H), 4.97 (s, 1H), 3.60 (t, J = 4.7 Hz, 4H), 2.90–2.88 (m, 3H), 2.77–2.73 (m, 1H), 2.64–2.50 (m, 4H) ppm. 13C NMR (101 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 141.8, 139.0, 129.5, 129.4, 129.2, 129.1, 128.8, 128.5, 127.0, 76.8, 67.5, 67.3, 50.2, 37.3, 33.6 ppm. HRMS (m/z) calcd for C19H23NOS ([M+H]+) 314.15731, found 314.15854.
4-(phenyl(propylthio)methyl)morpholine (18). Prepared according to general procedure using benzaldehyde (0.100 g, 0942 mmol, 1 equiv), morpholine (0.082 g, 0.942 mmol, 1 equiv) and propanethiol (0.0718 g, 0.942 mmol, 1 equiv). The compound was obtained as a pale-yellow oil (0.1687 g, 71% yield). 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 7.52–7.48 (m, 2H), 7.37–7.32 (m, 2H), 7.31–7.27 (m, 1H), 4.95 (s, 1H), 3.65–3.54 (m, 6H), 2.58 (dt, J = 10.9, 5.7 Hz, 5H), 2.48 (dt, J = 12.6, 7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.59 (m, 2H), 0.95 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 3H) ppm. 13C NMR (101 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 139.4, 129.4, 128.7, 128.3, 77.1, 67.4, 50.2, 34.3, 23.9, 13.8 ppm. HRMS (m/z) calcd for C14H21NOS ([M+H]+) 252.14166, found 252.13803.
4-((dodecylthio)(phenyl)methyl)morpholine (19). Prepared according to general procedure using benzaldehyde (0.1 g, 0.942 mmol, 1 equiv), morpholine (0.0821 g, 0.942 mmol, 1 equiv) and dodecanethiol (0.191 g, 0.942 mmol, 1 equiv). The compound was obtained as a white solid (0.3468 g, 97% yield). 1H NMR (300 MHz, Acetone-d6): δ 7.52–7.46 (m, 2H), 7.39–7.27 (m, 3H), 4.96 (s, 1H), 3.60 (dd, J = 5.3, 4.0 Hz, 5H), 2.62–2.55 (m, 5H), 1.58 (dq, J = 8.3, 7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.28 (s, 21H), 0.90–0.85 (m, 3H) ppm. 13C NMR (101 MHz, Acetone-d6): 139.5, 129.5, 128.4, 77.1, 67.5, 50.3, 32.6, 32.2, 30.7, 30.4, 30.3, 30.2, 30.1, 29.9, 29.6, 23.3, 14.4 ppm. m.p. = 52–54 °C. HRMS (m/z) calcd for C23H39NOS ([M+H]+) 378.28521, found 378.28370.

3.4. General Procedure for the Thiol Exchange

Aminal 20 (0.100 g, 0.381 mmol) was dissolved in a freshly prepared solution of Cu(OTf)2 (0.00138 g, 0.01 equiv) in acetonitrile (1.9 mL). Thiophenol (0.042 g, 0.381 mmol) was added and the mixture was allowed to react for 10 min. The crude was evaporated under reduced pressure and the obtained solid was washed with cold distilled water (5 mL), yielding thioaminal 2 as a pale-yellow solid (0.102 g, 94% yield).

3.5. General Procedure for UV Stabilities Experiments of Thioaminals 9, 11 and 14

Thioaminals were dissolved in MeOH (10 mM) and diluted in a solution of MeCN or ammonium acetate 20 mM (pH 7) buffer at 0.01 mM.
Then, 10 mM solutions of aminals 9, 11 and 14 in methanol were freshly prepared and were diluted in 2 mL of acetonitrile or ammonium acetate 20 mM (pH 7) buffer to a final concentration of 100 µM. The quartz cuvette was swiftly mixed by inversion and analyzed by UV-Visible spectroscopy. Full-scan analyses were performed every minute until a constant absorbance value was reached. To compare the results obtained, we plotted the absorbance values obtained for each thioaminal at a particular wavelength over time (250 nm).

4. Conclusions

The preparation of N,S-thioaminals is an ongoing challenge, due to both the reactivity and the stability of the products. Previous conditions required high temperatures and/or hazardous reagents. In accordance with the principles of green chemistry, in this work we expanded our previously reported conditions to thioaminals, affording the products under mild conditions, in aqueous media promoted by catalytic amounts of base metal copper(II) triflate. We hope that this report will contribute to the valorization of the thioaminal scaffold, both for drug discovery but also as a synthon for further derivatizations.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded online. Figures S1–S20: 1H NMR, 13C NMR of compounds 1-19. Figure S21: Variation of UV spectrum of thioaminal 9 after 20 s at pH 7; Figure S22: Variation of UV spectrum of thioaminal 11 after 20 s at pH 7; Figure S23: Variation of UV spectrum of thioaminal 14 after 20 s at pH 7. Reference [41] is Cited in Supplementary Materials.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization and Methodology, L.A.S.C. and R.F.A.G.; Writing—original draft, R.F.A.G. and L.A.S.C.; Writing—review and editing, L.A.S.C., R.F.A.G. and C.A.M.A.; funding acquisition, C.A.M.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The authors acknowledge Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) for financial support (PD/BD/143127/2019, PTDC/QUI-QOR/32008/2017, UIDB/04138/2020 and UIDP/04138/2020). The project leading to this application has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 951996).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Electronic supplementary information is given, including all NMR spectra and additional experimental details regarding UV stabilities studies.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Sample Availability

Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors.

References

  1. Lowe, A.B. Thiol–ene “click” reactions and recent applications in polymer and materials synthesis: A first update. Polym. Chem. 2014, 5, 4820–4870. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Zheng, Y.; Li, S.; Weng, Z.; Gao, C. Hyperbranched polymers: Advances from synthesis to applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44, 4091–4130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Summonte, S.; Racaniello, G.F.; Lopedota, A.; Denora, N.; Bernkop-Schnurch, A. Thiolated polymeric hydrogels for biomedical application: Cross-linking mechanisms. J. Control. Release 2021, 330, 470–482. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Boyd, D.A. Sulfur and Its Role In Modern Materials Science. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 15486–15502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Bottecchia, C.; Noël, T. Photocatalytic Modification of Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins. Chem. A Eur. J. 2018, 25, 26–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Gunnoo, S.B.; Madder, A. Chemical Protein Modification through Cysteine. Chembiochem 2016, 17, 529–553. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  7. Ravasco, J.; Faustino, H.; Trindade, A.; Gois, P.M.P. Bioconjugation with Maleimides: A Useful Tool for Chemical Biology. Chemistry 2019, 25, 43–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Ilardi, E.A.; Vitaku, E.; Njardarson, J.T. Data-mining for sulfur and fluorine: An evaluation of pharmaceuticals to reveal opportunities for drug design and discovery. J. Med. Chem. 2014, 57, 2832–2842. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  9. Feng, M.; Tang, B.; Liang, S.H.; Jiang, X. Sulfur Containing Scaffolds in Drugs: Synthesis and Application in Medicinal Chemistry. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 2016, 16, 1200–1216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  10. Beno, B.R.; Yeung, K.S.; Bartberger, M.D.; Pennington, L.D.; Meanwell, N.A. A Survey of the Role of Noncovalent Sulfur Interactions in Drug Design. J. Med. Chem. 2015, 58, 4383–4438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  11. Kaur Manjal, S.; Kaur, R.; Bhatia, R.; Kumar, K.; Singh, V.; Shankar, R.; Kaur, R.; Rawal, R.K. Synthetic and medicinal perspective of thiazolidinones: A review. Bioorg. Chem. 2017, 75, 406–423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Jain, V.S.; Vora, D.K.; Ramaa, C.S. Thiazolidine-2,4-diones: Progress towards multifarious applications. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2013, 21, 1599–1620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Pathania, S.; Narang, R.K.; Rawal, R.K. Role of sulphur-heterocycles in medicinal chemistry: An update. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2019, 180, 486–508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Biswas, S.; Kubota, K.; Orlandi, M.; Turberg, M.; Miles, D.H.; Sigman, M.S.; Toste, F.D. Enantioselective Synthesis of N,S-Acetals by an Oxidative Pummerer-Type Transformation using Phase-Transfer Catalysis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2018, 57, 589–593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  15. Ramachandran, G.; Karthikeyan, N.S.; Giridharan, P.; Sathiyanarayanan, K.I. Efficient iodine catalyzed three components domino reaction for the synthesis of 1-((phenylthio)(phenyl)methyl)pyrrolidin-2-one derivatives possessing anticancer activities. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2012, 10, 5343–5346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Ingle, G.K.; Mormino, M.G.; Wojtas, L.; Antilla, J.C. Chiral Phosphoric Acid-Catalyzed Addition of Thiols to N-Acyl Imines: Access to Chiral N,S-Acetals. Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 4822–4825. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  17. Chikashita, H.; Komazawa, S.I.; Ishimoto, N.; Inoue, K.; Itoh, K. Nonacidic and Highly Chemoselective Protection of the Carbonyl Function. 3-Methylbenzothiazolines as a Base- and Acid.Resistant Protected Form for the Carbonyl Groyups. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1989, 62, 1215–1225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  18. JVoß, J.; Wiegand, G.; Hülsmeyer, K. Elektroreduktion organischer Verbindungen. Chem. Ber. 1985, 118, 4806–4820. [Google Scholar]
  19. Ratner, S.; Clarke, H.T. The Action of Formaldehyde upon Cysteine. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1937, 59, 200–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Dey, A.; Hajra, A. Metal-Free Synthesis of 2-Arylbenzothiazoles from Aldehydes, Amines, and Thiocyanate. Org. Lett. 2019, 21, 1686–1689. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  21. Alper, K.K.A.H. Novel, Metal-Catalyzed Carbonylation of Acyclic Organic. Compounds. The Regiospecific Carbonylation of N,S-Acetals. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 1414–1417. [Google Scholar]
  22. Bolognese, A.; Correale, G.; Manfra, M.; Lavecchia, A.; Novellino, E.; Barone, V. Thiazolidin-4-one formation. Mechanistic and synthetic aspects of the reaction of imines and mercaptoacetic acid under microwave and conventional heating. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2, 2809–2813. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Alan, R.; Katritzky, M.S.; Bayyuk, S. The preparation of some N- and S-acetals of benzaldehyde and terephtaldehyde. Synthesis 1986, 10, 804–807. [Google Scholar]
  24. Sheldon, R.A. Fundamentals of green chemistry: Efficiency in reaction design. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 1437–1451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  25. Sheldon, R.A. Green and sustainable manufacture of chemicals from biomass: State of the art. Green Chem. 2014, 16, 950–963. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Bozell, J.J.; Petersen, G.R. Technology development for the production of biobased products from biorefinery carbohydrates—the US Department of Energy’s “Top 10” revisited. Green Chem. 2010, 12, 539–554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Werpy, T.A.; Holladay, J.; White, J.F. Top Value Added Chemicals from Biomass. Volume I—Results of Screening for Potential. Candidates from Sugars and Synthesis Gas. US Dep. Energy 2004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  28. Zheng, X.; Liu, Y.; Wan, J.P. Metal-Free Synthesis of 1, 2, 3-Triazoles in Pure Water via the Enamine Modified Annulation Reactions with Tosyl Azide. Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2021, 41, 2700–2706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Casalta, C.; Gourlaouen, C.; Bouzbouz, S. Iridium(III) Catalyzed Z-Selective Allylic Arylation of alpha-Fluoro But-1-enoic Acid Amides via beta-F-Elimination in Water. Org. Lett. 2021, 23, 8122–8126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  30. Peramo, A.; Abdellah, I.; Pecnard, S.; Mougin, J.; Martini, C.; Couvreur, P.; Huc, V.; Desmaële, D.J.M. A self-assembling NHC-Pd-loaded calixarene as a potent catalyst for the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction in water. Molecules 2020, 25, 1459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  31. Gan, L.; Wei, L.; Wan, J.P.J.C. Catalyst-Free Synthesis of α-Diazoketones in Water by Microwave Promoted Enaminone C= C Double Bond Cleavage. ChemistrySelect 2020, 5, 7822–7825. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Fu, L.; Cao, X.; Wan, J.P.; Liu, Y. Synthesis of Enaminone-Pd (II) Complexes and Their Application in Catalysing Aqueous Suzuki-Miyaura Cross Coupling Reaction. Chin. J. Chem. 2020, 38, 254–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Gilcher, E.B.; Chang, H.; Huber, G.W.; Dumesic, J.A. Controlled hydrogenation of a biomass-derived platform chemical formed by aldol-condensation of 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) and acetone over Ru, Pd, and Cu catalysts. Green Chem. 2022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Gomes, R.F.A.; Coelho, J.A.S.; Afonso, C.A.M. Direct Conversion of Activated 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural into delta-Lactone-Fused Cyclopentenones. ChemSusChem 2019, 12, 420–425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Gomes, R.F.A.; Mitrev, Y.N.; Simeonov, S.P.; Afonso, C.A.M. Going Beyond the Limits of the Biorenewable Platform: Sodium Dithionite-Promoted Stabilization of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural. ChemSusChem 2018, 11, 1612–1616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  36. Gomes, R.F.A.; Esteves, N.R.; Coelho, J.A.S.; Afonso, C.A.M. Copper(II) Triflate As a Reusable Catalyst for the Synthesis of trans-4,5-Diamino-cyclopent-2-enones in Water. J. Org. Chem. 2018, 83, 7509–7513. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  37. Pereira, J.G.; António, J.P.M.; Mendonça, R.; Gomes, R.F.A.; Afonso, C.A.M. Rediscovering aminal chemistry: Copper(ii) catalysed formation under mild conditions. Green Chem. 2020, 22, 7484–7490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Nardi, M.; Costanzo, P.; De Nino, A.; Di Gioia, M.L.; Olivito, F.; Sindona, G.; Procopio, A. Water excellent solvent for the synthesis of bifunctionalized cyclopentenones from furfural. Green Chem. 2017, 19, 5403–5411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Alan, R.; Katritzky, W.-Q.F.; Long, Q.-H. A Convenient Synthesis of N-(alpha-Alkoxyalkyl)- and N-[alpha-(Alkylthio)alkyl]amines. Synthesis 1992, 1993, 229–232. [Google Scholar]
  40. Sakai, H.; Ito, K.; Sekiya, M. Reaction of N-(Dialkylaminomethyl)amides and N-(alpha-Dialkylaminobenzyl)amides with Sulfides and Cyanide. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1973, 21, 2257–2264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  41. Fawwaz, M.; Mishiro, K.; Nishii, R.; Sawazaki, I.; Shiba, K.; Kinuya, S.; Ogawa, K. Synthesis and Fundamental Evaluation of Radioiodinated Rociletinib (CO-1686) as a Probe to Lung Cancer with L858R/T790M Mutations of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). Molecules 2020, 25, 2914. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Molecules 27 01673 g001 550
Figure 1. Importance of thiol in drug development (A); selected examples for the preparation of thioaminals (B); [20,21,22,23] this work (C).
Figure 1. Importance of thiol in drug development (A); selected examples for the preparation of thioaminals (B); [20,21,22,23] this work (C).
Molecules 27 01673 g001
Molecules 27 01673 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Scope of aryl aldehydes for the formation of thioaminals.
Scheme 1. Scope of aryl aldehydes for the formation of thioaminals.
Molecules 27 01673 sch001
Molecules 27 01673 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Scope of alkyl amines for the formation of thioaminals.
Scheme 2. Scope of alkyl amines for the formation of thioaminals.
Molecules 27 01673 sch002
Molecules 27 01673 sch003 550
Scheme 3. Scope of aryl and alkyl thiols for the formation of thioaminals.
Scheme 3. Scope of aryl and alkyl thiols for the formation of thioaminals.
Molecules 27 01673 sch003
Molecules 27 01673 sch004 550
Scheme 4. Amine/thiol exchange of aminals.
Scheme 4. Amine/thiol exchange of aminals.
Molecules 27 01673 sch004
Molecules 27 01673 g002 550
Figure 2. Proposed mechanism for the formation of thioaminals.
Figure 2. Proposed mechanism for the formation of thioaminals.
Molecules 27 01673 g002
Molecules 27 01673 g003 550
Figure 3. Hydrolysis evaluation by UV-vis spectroscopy of thioaminals 9, 11 and 14.
Figure 3. Hydrolysis evaluation by UV-vis spectroscopy of thioaminals 9, 11 and 14.
Molecules 27 01673 g003
Table
Table 1. Effect of Cu(OTf)2 on the formation of thioaminals in aqueous media. a isolated yield. b Yield based on crude NMR.
Table 1. Effect of Cu(OTf)2 on the formation of thioaminals in aqueous media. a isolated yield. b Yield based on crude NMR.
Molecules 27 01673 i001
EntryCatalystSolventConversion (%)Yield of 1 (%)
1no catalystH2O00
2Cu(OTf)2 (10 mol%)H2O1000
3Cu(OTf)2 (1 mol%)H2O100100 (84)a
4Cu(OTf)2 (1 mol%)neat9366a,b
5Cu(OTf)2 (1 mol%)EtOH6429a,b
6Cu(OTf)2 (1 mol%)MeCN9356a,b
7CuSO4 (1 mol%)H2O10035
8FeCl3 (1 mol%)H2O1000
9AlCl3 (1 mol%)H2O10012
10ZnCl2 (1 mol%)H2O10070
11TfOH (2 mol%)H2O8740
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Cavaca, L.A.S.; Gomes, R.F.A.; Afonso, C.A.M. Preparation of Thioaminals in Water. Molecules 2022, 27, 1673. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051673

AMA Style

Cavaca LAS, Gomes RFA, Afonso CAM. Preparation of Thioaminals in Water. Molecules. 2022; 27(5):1673. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051673

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cavaca, Lídia A. S., Rafael F. A. Gomes, and Carlos A. M. Afonso. 2022. "Preparation of Thioaminals in Water" Molecules 27, no. 5: 1673. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051673

APA Style

Cavaca, L. A. S., Gomes, R. F. A., & Afonso, C. A. M. (2022). Preparation of Thioaminals in Water. Molecules, 27(5), 1673. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051673

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop