New Nanotechnologies for the Treatment and Repair of Skin Burns Infections
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Pathophysiology of Burn Wound Infections
3. Innovative Nanoparticles for the Treatment and Repair of Burn Wounds
3.1. Nanosystems for Antimicrobials Delivery
3.1.1. Nanoemulsions (NE)
3.1.2. Polymeric Nanoparticles
3.1.3. Metal Nanoparticles
3.1.4. Nanogels
3.2. Wound Dressings
3.3. Tissue Engineering
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Species |
---|---|
Gram-positive organisms | Staphylococcus aureus |
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | |
Coagulase-negative staphylococci | |
Enterococcus spp. | |
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci | |
Gram-negative organisms | Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
Escherichia coli | |
Klebsiellapneumoniae | |
Enterobacter spp. | |
Proteus spp. | |
Acinetobacter spp. | |
Bacteroides spp. | |
Fungi | Candida spp. |
Aspergillus spp. | |
Viruses | Herpes simplex |
Cytomegalovirus | |
Varicella-zoster virus |
Recent Studies on Nanoparticles for Antimicrobials Delivery | |||
System | Antimicrobial Compounds | Study Description | References |
Nanoemulsions (NEs) | |||
Chitosan oleate and α-tocopherol NEs | α-tocopherol and chitosan | Encapsulation of α-tocopherol by chitosan oleate. The results indicated that both compounds promote cell proliferation on keratinocytes and fibroblast cell cultures. | [56] |
Chlorhexidine acetate NEs (CNE) | Chlorhexidine acetate | Evaluation of the antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of CNE against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. | [58] |
Polymeric nanoparticles | |||
Carboxylmethylchitosan nanoparticles (CMCS-NPs) | - | Incorporation of fibroblast growth factor 2 in CMCS:CaCl2 NPs. The results show that the nanoparticles were able to avoid the destruction of FGF-2 by trypsin. | [71] |
Carbohydrate Polymers | Bletillastriata polysaccharide and genipin | Evaluation of the various physico-chemical and biological characteristics of partially oxidized Bletillastriata polysaccharide to chitosan cross-linked with genipin. | [72] |
Silver sulfadiazine (SSD) loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) | Silver sulfadiazine | Particle optimization and characterization of physical properties, antibacterial efficacy and fungicidal activity for the dressing with silver sulfadiazine (SSD) loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs). Results shown inhibition of the proliferation of Gram negative and Gram-positive bacteria and Candida albicans. | [73] |
Melatonin-loaded lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles | - | Preparation of nanoparticles with four different types of chitosan. Nanoparticles characterization and biocompatibility and study of the in vitro release of melatonin. | [74] |
Metallic nanoparticles | |||
Fibroin/chitin/silver nanoparticles | Silver | Preparation of silk fibroin/chitin/silver nanoparticles scaffolds by freeze-drying method, characterization and antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. | [79] |
Silver nanoparticles | Silver | Preparation of antimicrobial silver nanoparticles/bacterial cellulose (AgNPs/BC) membranes and their characterization, biocompatibility and antimicrobial activity. The results shown good antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. | [80] |
Nanogels | |||
Silver sulfadiazine nanogel | Silver sulfadiazine | Optimization and characterization of several silver sulfadiazine loaded nanogel formulations. | [84] |
Recent studies on wound dressings | |||
System | Antimicrobial Compounds | Study Description | References |
Silver-loaded scaffolds and Selenium-loaded scaffolds | Silver and selenium | Incorporation of silver and selenium separately into porous chitosan/PVA scaffolds by in situ deposition method. Characterization of scaffolds with Se or Ag nanostructures respectively, and antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Methicillin-Resistant S. Aureus. | [90] |
Cerium(III)crosslinked alginate films and cerium(III)-chitosan crosslinked alginate films | Cerium | Preparation of crosslinked alginate films and cerium (III)-chitosan crosslinked alginate films, characterization and comparation to physical and antibacterial properties of conventional calcium alginate films. Test of antimicrobial activity in Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. | [91] |
Tissue engineering | |||
System | Antimicrobial Compounds | Study Description | References |
Acellular matrix of poly-d,l-lactic acid scaffolds | - | Development of an acellular matrix of poly-d,l-lactic acid (PDLLA) scaffolds produced by the electrospinning technique, linked to laminin-332 protein (isoform α3β3γ2), completed with the inclusion of a cellular component constituted by mesenchymal stem cells and keratinocytes. | [95] |
Subcutaneous injections of recombinant human tropoelastin | - | The impact of subcutaneous injections of recombinant human tropoelastin in skin flexibility, in partial thickness thermal wounds. | [98] |
Methylcellulose Hydrogels for cell-encapsulated 3D bioprinting | - | Characterization of hyaluronic acid methylcellulose (HAMC) hydrogels for 3D bioprinting, adequate for scaffold structures and cell delivery. | [100] |
3D bi-layer scaffold of biological decellularized human amniotic membrane (AM) with viscoelastic electrospun nanofibrous silk fibroin (ESF) and incorporated adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. | - | Development of a 3D bi-layer scaffold of biological decellularized human amniotic membrane (AM) with viscoelastic electrospun nanofibrous silk fibroin (ESF). Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSCs) cultured for seven days on the AM-ESF scaffold, demonstrated the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). | [102] |
bFGF-loaded alginate microspheres (Ms) incorporated into a carboxymethyl chitosan-poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel. | - | Development of bFGF-loaded alginate microspheres (Ms) incorporated into carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS)–poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as a composite hydrogel. | [99] |
Hydroxyethyl cellulose-silver nanoparticle (HEC-AgNP) lyophilized scaffold | Silver nanoparticles | Development of a hydroxyethyl cellulose-silver nanoparticle (HEC-AgNP) lyophilized scaffold, using freeze-dry methodology. | [106] |
Polydopamine and collagens type I, V, X eggshell membrane loaded with silver nanoparticles | Silver nanoparticles | Study of the incorporation of silver nanoparticles on the surface of a natural biomaterial of collagens type I, V and X (eggshell membrane) using polydopamine mediated adhesion and reduction properties, which exhibited benefits for tissue regeneration, biocompatibility and low toxicity. | [107] |
Crosslinked electrospun gelatin fibers loaded with gentamicin sulfate and ciprofloxacin | Gentamicin sulfate and ciprofloxacin | Development of crosslinked electrospun gelatin fibers loaded with gentamicin sulfate and hydrophobic ciprofloxacin release for deep infected burns, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermidis infections. | [107] |
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Souto, E.B.; Ribeiro, A.F.; Ferreira, M.I.; Teixeira, M.C.; Shimojo, A.A.M.; Soriano, J.L.; Naveros, B.C.; Durazzo, A.; Lucarini, M.; Souto, S.B.; et al. New Nanotechnologies for the Treatment and Repair of Skin Burns Infections. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 393. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020393
Souto EB, Ribeiro AF, Ferreira MI, Teixeira MC, Shimojo AAM, Soriano JL, Naveros BC, Durazzo A, Lucarini M, Souto SB, et al. New Nanotechnologies for the Treatment and Repair of Skin Burns Infections. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(2):393. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020393
Chicago/Turabian StyleSouto, Eliana B., André F. Ribeiro, Maria I. Ferreira, Maria C. Teixeira, Andrea A. M. Shimojo, José L. Soriano, Beatriz C. Naveros, Alessandra Durazzo, Massimo Lucarini, Selma B. Souto, and et al. 2020. "New Nanotechnologies for the Treatment and Repair of Skin Burns Infections" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 2: 393. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020393
APA StyleSouto, E. B., Ribeiro, A. F., Ferreira, M. I., Teixeira, M. C., Shimojo, A. A. M., Soriano, J. L., Naveros, B. C., Durazzo, A., Lucarini, M., Souto, S. B., & Santini, A. (2020). New Nanotechnologies for the Treatment and Repair of Skin Burns Infections. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(2), 393. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020393