Heterogeneity of Colorectal Cancer Progression: Molecular Gas and Brakes
Abstract
:1. Heterogeneous Gene Damage and Different Progression of Colorectal Cancer
The Discovery of the Main Patterns of Gene Damage, CIN and MSI
2. DNA Hypermethylation and CIMP
3. The Advent of Next-Generation Sequencing and the Evidence of Widespread Genetic Heterogeneity
4. Tumor-Host Immune Response as Switcher on the Routes of Cancer Progression
5. Cellular and Molecular Players in the Tumor Microenvironment: Meaningful Links
5.1. Soluble Mediators
5.2. Immune Cell Players
6. Links between Genetic Changes and the Immune-Contexture
7. Inflammation as an Accelerator of Carcinogenesis in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
8. Micronutrients and Molecular Tuning of Colorectal Carcinogenesis
8.1. Vitamin D
8.2. Calcium
9. Attempting Pharmacological Interference with CRC Development: Chemoprevention
10. Microbial Hosts: Fusobacterium Nucleatum
11. The Frame for Biomarker Actionability: TNM Staging System Turning in the 21st Century
12. Molecular Heterogeneity and Metastatic Seeding
13. Molecular Heterogeneity and the Emergence of Resistance to Target Treatment in Metastatic CRC
14. Restraining the Progression of Metastatic CRC: The Frontier
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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DNA | mRNA | ||
---|---|---|---|
Type of Gene Damage | Methylation | Gene Expression Patterns | |
Microsatellite instability (MSI) = mismatch repair (MMR) deficient | CpG island methylator (CIMP+) | Consensus molecular subtype (CMS) 1 CRC intrinsic subtype (CRIS)-A/B | |
Microsatellite stable (MSS) = MMR proficient = chromosomal instability (CIN) | Mostly CIMP- | CMS2, canonical | CRIS-C |
CMS3, metabolic | CRIS-D | ||
CMS4, mesenchymal | CRIS-E/B |
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Gaiani, F.; Marchesi, F.; Negri, F.; Greco, L.; Malesci, A.; de’Angelis, G.L.; Laghi, L. Heterogeneity of Colorectal Cancer Progression: Molecular Gas and Brakes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 5246. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105246
Gaiani F, Marchesi F, Negri F, Greco L, Malesci A, de’Angelis GL, Laghi L. Heterogeneity of Colorectal Cancer Progression: Molecular Gas and Brakes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(10):5246. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105246
Chicago/Turabian StyleGaiani, Federica, Federica Marchesi, Francesca Negri, Luana Greco, Alberto Malesci, Gian Luigi de’Angelis, and Luigi Laghi. 2021. "Heterogeneity of Colorectal Cancer Progression: Molecular Gas and Brakes" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 10: 5246. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105246
APA StyleGaiani, F., Marchesi, F., Negri, F., Greco, L., Malesci, A., de’Angelis, G. L., & Laghi, L. (2021). Heterogeneity of Colorectal Cancer Progression: Molecular Gas and Brakes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(10), 5246. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105246