Next Article in Journal
The Transcriptional Landscape and Hub Genes Associated with Physiological Responses to Drought Stress in Pinus tabuliformis
Next Article in Special Issue
Vitamin D and Rheumatic Diseases: A Review of Clinical Evidence
Previous Article in Journal
Proanthocyanidins Maintain Cardiac Ionic Homeostasis in Aldosterone-Induced Hypertension and Heart Failure
Previous Article in Special Issue
Vitamin D Supplementation: Oxidative Stress Modulation in a Mouse Model of Ovalbumin-Induced Acute Asthmatic Airway Inflammation
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
IJMS
Volume 22
Issue 17
10.3390/ijms22179603
ijms-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

High-Throughput Gene and Protein Analysis Revealed the Response of Disc Cells to Vitamin D, Depending on the VDR FokI Variants

by
Alessandra Colombini
1,*,
Paola De Luca
1,
Davide Cangelosi
2,
Carlotta Perucca Orfei
1,
Enrico Ragni
1,
Marco Viganò
1,
Michela Malacarne
2,
Mauro Castagnetta
3,
Marco Brayda-Bruno
4,
Domenico Coviello
2 and
Laura de Girolamo
1
1
Orthopaedic Biotechnology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy
2
Laboratorio di Genetica Umana, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
3
Laboratorio di Istocompatibilità/IBMDR, Ospedali Galliera, 16128 Genoa, Italy
4
Scoliosis Unit, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology-Spine Surgery III, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(17), 9603; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179603
Submission received: 17 August 2021 / Revised: 31 August 2021 / Accepted: 2 September 2021 / Published: 4 September 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Vitamin D in Human Health and Diseases)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Vitamin D showed a protective effect on intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) although conflicting evidence is reported. An explanation could be due to the presence of the FokI functional variant in the vitamin D receptor (VDR), observed as associated with spine pathologies. The present study was aimed at investigating—through high-throughput gene and protein analysis—the response of human disc cells to vitamin D, depending on the VDR FokI variants. The presence of FokI VDR polymorphism was determined in disc cells from patients with discopathy. 1,25(OH)2D3 was administered to the cells with or without interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β). Microarray, protein arrays, and multiplex protein analysis were performed. In both FokI genotypes (FF and Ff), vitamin D upregulated metabolic genes of collagen. In FF cells, the hormone promoted the matrix proteins synthesis and a downregulation of enzymes involved in matrix catabolism, whereas Ff cells behaved oppositely. In FF cells, inflammation seems to hamper the synthetic activity mediated by vitamin D. Angiogenic markers were upregulated in FF cells, along with hypertrophic markers, some of them upregulated also in Ff cells after vitamin D treatment. Higher inflammatory protein modulation after vitamin D treatment was observed in inflammatory condition. These findings would help to clarify the clinical potential of vitamin D supplementation in patients affected by IDD.

1. Introduction

Vitamin D supplementation has been proposed in several pathological contexts to improve skeletal and non-skeletal health, but a considerable body of clinical trials has failed to establish clear evidence of benefit [1].
In general, to establish the clinical success of a hormonal supplementation, the mechanism of action of the hormone should be firstly in vitro defined and then the safety and effectiveness of its administration should be validated in vivo.
Considering the intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD)-related pathologies, few in vitro studies reported the presence of human cells expressing the vitamin D receptor (VDR) inside the disc, which are able to respond to the hormone by modulating proliferative and metabolic pathways [2,3]. In rat annulus fibrosus (AF) cells vitamin D through VDR ameliorates oxidative stress-induced apoptosis by preserving mitochondrial functions [4]. Furthermore, the same study showed that decreased presence of VDR in discs was associated with age-related IDD in rats [4] and an in vivo study on mice reported a protective effect of the hormone on IDD [5].
The presence of the FokI variant (rs2228570) in the VDR, determines the functional modification of the encoded protein, with the shorter polypeptide (F allele) couples more efficiently with the transcription factor II B than the longer peptides (f allele) and leads to a higher transcriptional rate of vitamin D-dependent genes [6,7]. This could be responsible for differences in the response to the vitamin D supplementation and should be considered in view of a personalized medical treatment. Interestingly, FokI variants in the VDR were observed as associated with spine pathologies [8,9,10,11,12,13], but inconsistent associations have also been reported [14].
In addition to the aforementioned genetic considerations, there are conflicting views concerning the potential of vitamin D in IDD and low back pain treatment. Age-dependent IDD, often associated with osteoporosis—whose treatment aimed at increasing the bone mineral density includes vitamin D supplementation—have been suggested as being responsible of endplate calcification by blocking nutrient and oxygen supply in the disc [15]. Nevertheless, it was observed that subjects with deficiency or insufficiency of vitamin D were more likely to exhibit low back pain than subjects with a normal serum concentration [16,17,18], even if also in this case conflicting evidence is reported [19]. Therefore, the increasingly recognized immunomodulatory role of vitamin D [20,21] could be exploited to target the inflammatory and catabolic process in the IDD [22,23].
In a recent preliminary study on a selected, small panel of markers [24], the regulation of proliferation, metabolism, and inflammatory processes after vitamin D treatment in disc cells was analyzed, with particular attention to the role of FokI VDR polymorphism. Vitamin D showed an inhibitory effect on the proliferation and metabolic activity of the disc cells and a pro-apoptotic induction, regardless to the VDR genotype, while Ff bearing cells showed the most anti-inflammatory and catabolic behavior.
Based on these results, the present study was aimed at investigating through large-scale, high-throughput microarray and protein analysis, the response of disc cells to vitamin D in basal or inflamed condition, depending on the VDR FokI variants. The findings of the study could help to clarify the clinical potential of vitamin D supplementation in patients affected by IDD.

2. Results

2.1. Genes Modulated by Vitamin D Treatment in Homozygous FF and Heterozygous Ff Disc Cells Cultured in Basal Condition

The 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment determined an upregulation of 160 genes in homozygous FF disc cells and of 113 genes in heterozygous Ff cells. In basal condition, 25 genes of those upregulated in FF cells were also upregulated in Ff. The most relevant upregulated genes in the context of intervertebral disc (IVD) pathophysiology in homozygous FF disc cells were ADAMTS15, ACAN, BGN, KRT18, KRT19, SOX9, IGFBP2, IGFBP5, IL7 and TIMP3, COL11A2 along with COL10A1, COMP, CCR3, CCR5, and VEGFD (Figure 1 and Supplementary Table S1), that were also upregulated in Ff disc cells.
On the contrary, 49 genes upregulated in FF disc cells were downregulated in Ff cells, among which ACVRIC, CCL13, CCR2, COL15A1, COL2A1, COL9A3, CXCR2, BMP7, DCN, FGF18, FRZB, INFG, IL10, IL17A, IL1R2, IL2, IL31RA, IL5, IHH, IDO2, NODAL, TGFB1, and TNMD, together with other 46 genes that were exclusively downregulated in Ff such as KRT14, TERT, and VEGFR (Figure 2 and Supplementary Table S1). Among the upregulated genes in Ff cells, the most relevant in the context of IVD pathophysiology were IL1B, TNFA, MMP3, WNT11, CCL, and CXCL chemokines (Figure 3). Among this gene groups, 65 were instead downregulated in homozygous FF cells, including ADAMTS9, BMP2, many CCL and CXCL chemokines, FGF7, IGF1, IL11, IL1B, IL1RN, IL32, many MMPs, NOS2, TNFA, TNFAIP6, TNFAIP8, and WNT11, together with other 71 genes exclusively downregulated in FF cells, such as ADAMTS4, CSF2, HIF1A, IDO1, IGF2, IGFBP1, IGFBP3, IL15, and MMP9 (Figure 4 and Supplementary Table S1).

2.2. Genes Modulated by Vitamin D Treatment in Homozygous FF and Heterozygous Ff Disc Cells Cultured in Inflamed Condition

In inflamed condition, Ff cells showed to be more responsive in comparison with the ones bearing FF genotype. In fact, despite in each group of inflamed homozygous or heterozygous cells the number of up- or downregulated genes was similar, one-third of genes were modulated in FF cells in comparison with Ff cells.
Under inflammation, the most relevant genes upregulated were ADAMTS15, CCR2, CCR5, COL15A1, COL5A3, COL9A1, FRZB, IDO1, IHH, IL5, IL7, KRT19, TERT, TGFB1, and VEGFD in FF and BMP2, CCL, and CXCL chemokines and receptors, CDH19, COL11A1, COL4A1, CSF1, CSF2, GDF6, IGF2, IGFBP1, IL10, IL11, IL17A, IL1R2, IL1RN, MMPs, NODAL, NOS2, TNFA, TNFAIP6, TNFAIP8, and WNT11 in Ff (Supplementary Table S1). Conversely, the most relevant downregulated genes were ADAMTS9, CCL13, CCR3, COL11A2, COL2A1, COMP, FGF18, IGF1, IL13, IL1A, IL32, KRT14, NODAL, TNFA, WNT11 and ACVR1C, ADAMTS15, ADAMTS4, BGN, CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, COL11A2, COL14A1, COL2A1, COL9A2, COL9A3, DKK1, FGF18, FRZB, IDO1, IGF1R, IGFBP2, IGFBP5, IHH, IL13, IL1A, IL1B, IL2, TGFB1, TGFB3, TIMP3, VEGFD in FF and Ff, respectively.
The relevant pathways associated to the genes modulated by inflammatory stimulus are reported in Figure 5 and Figure 6.

2.3. Relevant Pathways Affected by Vitamin D Depending on VDR FokI Genotypes

Heat maps shows relevant group of genes differently modulated by vitamin D depending on FokI genotype in basal and inflamed conditions (Figure 7).
Vitamin D modulated some genes involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in FF cells, whereas Ff ones appeared less responsive to vitamin D in this regard, although in this cell group two relevant genes having a protective role in disc ECM degradation, IGF1 and TNFAIP6, were highly upregulated instead downregulated in FF cells. In both FokI genotypes, vitamin D upregulated genes involved in type II collagen synthesis, and in collagen metabolism in general.
In FF cells, inflammation seems to hamper the synthetic activity mediated by vitamin D, whereas it does not affect much the trend of Ff cells observed in basal condition. In fact, in Ff cells, both in basal and inflamed conditions, there is a general upregulation of genes encoding for enzymes involved in ECM remodeling/catabolism. Conversely, these genes were downregulated in basal and remained substantially unchanged in inflamed condition in vitamin D-treated FF cells.
Angiogenic markers appeared upregulated by vitamin D treatment in FF cells and oppositely downregulated, with a few exceptions, in Ff cells in basal condition, whereas, in both inflamed FF and Ff cells almost all the angiogenic markers were downregulated.
Interestingly, some of the above-mentioned markers are also involved in the cross-talk between TGFβ/BMP and WNT signaling, playing important roles in the formation of bone and cartilage, and in chondrocytes hypertrophy and appeared modulated by vitamin D in disc cells.
After vitamin D treatment, a clear downregulation in FF and an upregulation in Ff cells of both pro- and anti-apoptotic mediators as well as of chemokines and their receptors was observed in basal condition, with non-relevant modifications upon inflammation.
Finally, considering the modulation of inflammation by vitamin D, there is a general up- or downregulation of inflammatory markers in the two groups of FF and Ff cells which did not allow to identify a clear trend. As a general consideration, IL-1β stimulus seems to switch off the vitamin D activity on all the analyzed genes, particularly in FF cells.

2.4. Higher Inflammatory Protein Modulation after Vitamin D Treatment Was Observed in Inflammatory Condition and Particularly in Ff Cells

Regardless of the treatment, I-309 (CCL1), IL-1α, IL-4, IL-5, IL-7, IL-10, IL12-p40 (IL12B), IL-13, IL-15, MCP-2 (CCL8), MCP-3, M-CSF, MDC (CCL22), MIG (CXCL9), MIP-1-δ (CCL15), RANTES, SCF (KITLG), SDF-1 (CXCL12), TARC (CCL17), TNFβ, EGF, IGF-1, angiogenin (ANG), and oncostatin M (OSM) were undetected in all the samples. Among these proteins, IL12-p40, MCP-2, MDC, MIG, MIP-1, SCF, SDF-1, TARC, TNFβ, EGF, angiogenin, and oncostatin M showed no changes of the correspondent gene expression.
There was a substantial agreement between gene and protein patterns, as confirmed especially by the high correspondence between undetected/unmodulated genes and proteins. Table 1 shows genes expression and correspondent proteins secretion in disc cells depending on the presence of FokI receptor variants after vitamin D treatment in basal and inflamed condition.
In basal condition, in FF cells the vitamin D treatment determined an activation of VEGF and upregulation of PDGF-BB secretion, whereas in Ff cells an activation of IL-2 (downregulation of the gene), IL-3, and IL-8 (upregulation of CXCL8) secretion. Moreover, in Ff cells upregulation of MCP-1 (CCL2) secretion and gene expression and inhibition of TGFB1 and IFNγ secretion, along with a downregulation of the correspondent genes, and of leptin were observed.
Upon inflammation in presence of vitamin D, FF cells secreted higher amount of TNFα, although the related gene expression appeared downregulated, as well as IL-3. Conversely, PDGF-BB was downregulated and GM-CSF (CSF2), IL-1β, TPO, and VEGF secretion were inhibited.
In the same conditions, Ff cells showed an activation of the PDGF-BB and leptin, with an inhibition of G-CSF (CSF3), IL-2 (confirming the gene downregulation), and IL-3 secretion. Moreover, the secretion of IL-6, IL-8, GRO/GROα (CXCL1), ENA-78 (CXCL5), GM-CSF, and MCP-1 was downregulated too, albeit for all these markers an opposite upregulation of the correspondent genes was observed.

2.5. Validation of the Response to Vitamin D Observed in the Nucleus Pulposus (NP), Annulus Fibrosus (AF), and Cartilaginous Endplate (EP) Highest Responsive Ff Cells

Among the 24 evaluated proteins, IL-17A was the only one undetected in all the samples, both in basal and inflamed conditions.
In basal conditions, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-33, IL-1Ra, TNFα, IFNγ, CD40L, and BMP-7 were undetected. Moreover, no changes in IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17E, GM-CSF, and CCL20 were observed after vitamin D treatment. Conversely, a significant increased release of MMP-1 after vitamin D treatment was observed in pooled cells (p = 0.004), NP (p= 0.03), and EP (p = 0.03) cells; this increase was also observed for MMP-3 in pooled cells (p = 0.03) and AF (p = 0.03) cells, whereas for MMP-13 in pooled cells (p = 0.005) only. A clear increase, although not significant, was also observed in term of BMP-2 realease in pooled (p = 0.08) and in AF (p = 0.09) cells (Figure 8).
IL-3 showed no changes both in basal and inflamed conditions after vitamin D treatment.
In inflamed conditions after vitamin treatment, no change in the secretion of MMP-1, MMP-3, BMP-2, and BMP-7 were observed in none of the samples. The secretion of IL-1β, IL-5, TNFα, and CCL20 was observed at single cell population level, whereas in pooled cells a significant decrease was observed for TNFα (p = 0.008) and CCL20 (p = 0.05). Although not statistically significant, IL-1β, IL-5, and MMP-13 also showed a clear tendency to decrease (p = 0.06, 0.07, and 0.07, respectively).
A significant general decrease in the secretion of several other cytokines and inflammatory factors was observed after vitamin D treatment in inflamed condition. Interestingly, this decrease was seen in the pooled cells as well as confirmed in all or some of the single cell populations. GM-CSF appeared decreased in presence of vitamin D in pooled cells (p = 0.0003), as well as in all the three single cell populations (NP, p = 0.004; AF, p = 0.009; EP cells, p = 0.03). Similarly, IL-12p70 was decreased in pooled cells (p = 0.001), as well as in NP (p = 0.005) and AF cells (p = 0.03), whereas IL-4 was decreased in pooled cells (p < 0.0001) and in NP (p = 0.007) and EP (p = 0.03). IL-33, IFNγ, CD40L, and IL-13 showed a decrease in pooled cells (p = 0.004, p = 0.007, p = 0.004, and p = 0.003, respectively), and in AF cells only (p = 0.04, p = 0.05, p = 0.05, and p = 0.03, respectively), whereas IL-10 was decreased in pooled cells (p = 0.006) and in NP cells only (p = 0.009). Finally, IL-17E showed a decrease mediated by vitamin D in pooled cells (p = 0.009) as well as in EP cells only (0.04).
Other molecules/factors such as IL-1Ra, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-15 showed a similar behavior, with statistically significant decrease in the pooled cells (p = 0.01, 0.05, 0.002, 0.004, resepctively). The decrease was also confirmed at single cell population level, although not statistically significant, but showing a clear trend (Figure 9).

3. Discussion

The present study represents a proof of concept in which the use of omics approaches gave an overall view of the molecular processes putatively affected by vitamin D in the intervertebral disc and endplate. It would be useful to preliminarily identify relevant pathways modulated by vitamin D in this context that should be further analyzed with more focused studies. Overall, it was observed a modulation of common pathways, particularly involved in matrix remodeling and chondrocytes hypertrophy and often regulated in an opposite way depending on the FokI VDR genotype. In presence of an inflammatory stimulus, vitamin D action on disc cells appeared less evident, in particular in FF cells, confirming that Ff cells are more responsive to the hormone, as previously observed [24].
Vitamin D promoted the synthesis of matrix proteins in FF cells, also showing a substantial downregulation of enzymes involved in ECM catabolism, except for ADAMTS15, a catabolic enzyme that was highly upregulated and generally increased in human degenerated IVD tissue [25,26]. Ff cells behaved oppositely, showing a less synthetic and a more catabolic attitude in presence of vitamin D. However, it is worth noting that tumor necrosis factor inducible gene 6 protein (TNFAIP6)—having a protective role in cartilage ECM degradation and inflammation [27,28]—was highly upregulated by vitamin D both in basal and inflamed condition only in Ff cells.
Among the upregulated markers in FF cells there were also those related to angiogenesis, along with hypertrophic markers such as type X collagen, alkaline phosphatase and BMPs, the latter three upregulated in Ff cells after vitamin D treatment too. This suggests an involvement of vitamin D in the control of some pathways leading to hypertrophy in disc cells especially bearing the FF genotype. Moreover, since IVD is avascular, vessels located near the disc are fundamental for its nutrition, but the presence of neo-vascularization inside the disc is considered associated to the development of pain and degenerative processes. Therefore, it could be interesting to better understand the role of vitamin D in mediating angiogenesis-related processes in the disc through functional studies.
Interestingly, some of the markers modulated by vitamin D treatment in disc cells are also involved in the TGFβ/BMP and WNT signaling pathways which jointly regulate each other and mediate the formation of bone and cartilage by progenitor cells, particularly by skeletal progenitor cells, and are also involved in chondrocytes hypertrophy [29,30,31].
Inflammation is another peculiar aspect to consider during data interpretation. Although the expression of many inflammatory genes was modulated by vitamin D, the number of proteins detectable in the cell culture supernatant was low, suggesting that a low number of inflammatory mediators have a relevant role in this context. Nevertheless, these proteins allowed to explain better the gene modulations and to identify putative feedback mechanisms activated by disc cells. After vitamin D treatment, the pro-inflammatory IL-2 was more secreted by Ff cells in basal condition, but inflammation determined a downregulation of both gene expression and protein secretion. A very similar behavior was observed for IL-3, with an increased secretion in Ff cells in basal condition and in inflamed FF cells, but it is downregulated in inflamed Ff cells. Interestingly, the secretion of IL-6, a cytokine known to be highly upregulated by IL-1β treatment [24,32], was downregulated in Ff cells after vitamin D treatment, confirming previously published data [24]. A comparable downregulation of the secretion was observed for other chemokines, suggesting again the activation of feedback mechanisms in inflamed Ff cells. In basal condition, vitamin D promoted the upregulation of CXCL8 (very highly upregulated also at gene expression level) as well as the secretion of CCL2 in Ff cells. On the contrary, both these chemokines were downregulated in inflamed conditions, likewise CXCL1, CXCL5, CSF2, and CSF3. CCL20, a chemokine involved in Th17 response [33], produced by degenerated and IL-17A or TNF-α stimulated NP cells [34], was also upregulated by vitamin D in Ff cells, but a concomitant downregulation of its receptor CCR6 and of the pro-inflammatory IL17A was observed. Since the expression of CCR6 and IL-17A was also increased in PBMCs derived from IDD patients and in pathologic IVD tissues [34,35], their downregulation likely represents an attempt of Ff cells to limit self-detrimental effects of CCL20-mediated signaling. In addition, IL-17A was undetectable in the supernatant of all Ff samples, suggesting that it was not released in a biologically relevant amount.
A general anti-inflammatory attitude of Ff cells after vitamin D treatment was suggested also by the downregulation of IFNγ at both gene and protein level and by the upregulation of IL1RN, in agreement with the increase of IL-1Ra secretion previously observed in basal condition [24]. On the contrary, the upregulation of IL1RN in inflamed cells did not correspond to an increase of IL-1Ra secretion after vitamin D treatment.
As a general conclusion concerning inflammatory markers, Ff cells appeared more responsive in the control of inflammation than FF cells. In fact, inflamed FF cells downregulated the secretion of IL-1β and CSF2, but increased that of TNFα.
Considering TNFα pathway, our data were different in comparison with those reported by an in vivo and in vitro study on mice and their NP cells and showing that vitamin D acts through the inhibition of NF-κB pathway to retard IVD degeneration, modulating inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and senescence [5]. The inconsistencies between animal and human data might be due to the different cell reaction to the hormone treatment related to the VDR variants and in the specie/specificity of the responses. Moreover, the cross-talk with many other pathways and inflammatory cells in vivo, the different cell models (NP for mice vs pooled NP, AF, and EP cells for humans), and inflammatory stimulus (10 fold higher in the mice study) might have led to these differences too.
The main limitation of this study is that no cells bearing the ff genotype were collected, due to the low frequencies of this genotype in the Italian population (about 13%), as already published [13]. Moreover, although the NP, AF, and EP cells were isolated and treated separately, then they were pooled and this did not allow discriminating the different responses of the three cell types. However, the aim of this study was to provide an overview of the responses upon stimulation with vitamin D of the disc and endplate as a unique unit, mimicking what would happen in a clinical setting. In the attempt to overcome at least in part this last limitation, a validation of the data observed on the most responsive pooled Ff cells was performed in NP, AF, and EP cells obtained from seven donors.
This validation allowed to better explain the results obtained with omics on pooled cells. In general, the trend obtained by pooled cells of seven donors were confirmed in the single NP, AF, and EP cell populations, in particular AF cells showed to be the most responsive. Briefly, the results confirmed previously published [24] and omics data of the present manuscript, where Ff bearing cells treated with vitamin D demonstrated a general catabolic behavior, with increase of MMPs release, despite an increase of the anabolic BMP2 in basal condition. An anti-inflammatory attitude of these cells after vitamin D treatment was also confirmed in inflamed environment, with a general decrease of cytokines and inflammatory factors.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Tissue Sample Collection

The study was approved by the Ethic Committee of the San Raffaele Hospital (Protocol GenVDisc Version 1, 20 November 2015) and specimens were collected after obtaining the patient’s informed consent. NP, AF, and EP were collected from L5-S1 discs, Pfirrmann grade IV, of four patients (all women, age range 27–50 y/o, mean age 41 y/o) with diagnosis of discopathy and who underwent discectomy. Six cell populations, three for each donor, were used for the experiments for each genotype.

4.2. Isolation and Expansion of Disc and Endplate Cells

To isolate cells, NP, AF, and EP were minced in small pieces and digested under constant agitation with type II collagenase (37 °C, 22 h) (Worthington Biochemical Co, Lakewood, NJ, USA), at the concentration of 224 U/mL for NP, 560 U/mL for AF [36] and 336 U/mL for EP cells [37]. After digestion, the samples were filtered by cell strainers (40 μM for NP and AF, 100 μM for EP) and centrifuged at 1000× g for 5 min. The cells were plated at 104 cells/cm2 and cultured up to 80–90% of confluence in low glucose (1 mg/mL) Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (LG-DMEM, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA USA) supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS, Lonza, Basel, Switzerland), 0.29 mg/mL L-glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 µg/mL streptomycin, 10 mM Hepes, 1 mM sodium pyruvate (all reagents from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA) and maintained at 37 °C with 5% CO2. Medium was replaced twice a week. When confluent, the cells were detached with 0.05% trypsin/0.053 mM EDTA (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA) and plated at 5 × 103 cells/cm2 until they reached passage 3.

4.3. Determination of FokI VDR Genotypes

FokI VDR genotypes of disc cells were determined after genomic DNA extraction with Pure LinkTM Genomic DNA Mini kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and spectrophotometric quantification (NanoDrop, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA) by using TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assay (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA) for rs2228570 polymorphism and StepOne Plus instrument (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA) as previously reported [24]. Half of the patients carried the FF while the remaining half carried the Ff genotypes.

4.4. 1,25(OH)2D3 and IL-1β Treatment Protocols

NP, AF, and EP cells at passage 3 were detached and seeded at 104 cells/cm2 in standard culture medium for 24 h, thereafter the standard medium was replaced with low serum (5% FBS) medium in order to limit the binding between vitamin D and serum protein. After 24 h from the medium shift, 10−8 M 1,25(OH)2D3 or vehicle (0.1% DMSO) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) with or without 1 ng/mL of IL-1β were added to the cultures. The cells were collected after 48 h of treatment, counted, and pooled per treatment and genotype (2 × 105 cells for each cell type for each genotype), resulting in eight final samples that were maintained at −80 °C until RNA extraction.

4.5. RNA Extraction and Quality Assessment

RNA was extracted from lysates of pooled cells by RNeasy Plus Mini Kit (Qiagen, Duesseldorf, Germany). For residual genomic DNA digestion, RNase-Free DNase Set (Qiagen) was used and the isolated RNA was quantified spectrophotometrically (Nanodrop, Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA). To evaluate the RNA integrity number (RIN), Agilent RNA ScreenTape System (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, United States) was used, values ranged from 10 (intact) to 1 (totally degraded) [38]. All RNA samples were intact and showed a RIN value ranging from 9.6 to 10.

4.6. Gene Expression Microarray

A custom gene expression microarray was designed through a suitable algorithm of the Agilent Technologies (https://earray.chem.agilent.com/earray/, date of access 12 February 2018) to analyze a huge panel of genes of interest (maximum 3000 genes, including at least five replicates for each gene) [32,39].
Each RNA sample was added with a spike mix (prepared with the One Color RNA Spike-In kit) in order to assess the correct annealing of 10 optimized positive control transcripts to the complementary probes of the array and to evaluate the auto- and cross-hybridization.
100 ng of RNA was labeled and amplified by Low Input Quick Amp Labeling Kit one-color to obtain cRNA that was purified using RNeasy Plus Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). The samples were then hybridized on the microarray slide with the Gene Expression Hybridization Kit. The slide was than washed and scanned using SureScan Microarray Scanner to obtain a high-resolution image of the fluorescence values for each probe.
Unless otherwise specified, all the reagents, instruments and software were purchased by Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, CA, USA).
Data were extracted by Feature Extraction v.12.0 software (Agilent). To evaluate the reproducibility and reliability of microarray experiments, quality control report was generated for each sample. The data analysis was performed by Genespring GX software 14.9 and fold change Fc > 2 or <0.5 in the cells exposed to different treatments were described and considered of interest. Pathway analysis was carried out by Panther database [40] (PANTHER16.0, http://www.pantherdb.org/, 12 February 2018).

4.7. Protein Array

The levels of inflammatory mediators in culture media obtained from disc cells, stimulated or not with IL-1β and vitamin D, were evaluated with ELISA-based protein arrays AAH-CYT-3 (RayBio® C-Series, RayBiotech, Peachtree Corners, GA, USA), detection sensitivity up to pg/mL of protein, according to manufacturer’s instruction.
The conditioned media were obtained for NP, AF, and EP cells, from four donors (half cells bearing FF and half cells bearing Ff genotypes) and pooled according to genotype and treatment.
The membranes were analyzed using ChemiDoc Touch Imaging System (Biorad, Hercules, CA, USA). The results were generated by quantifying the mean spot pixel density using Image Lab Software 2.4 (Biorad). The signal intensities were normalized to the background and positive control and signal intensity results was obtained by the average pixel density of two spots per each inflammatory mediator. The relative concentration of the antigen in the treated sample was proportional to the signal intensity for each control spot. Fold change Fc > 2 or <0.5 in the cells exposed to different treatments were described and considered of interest.

4.8. Validation of the Release of Selected Proteins by Luminex® Assays

A panel-relevant proteins identified by gene and protein arrays of pooled samples has been assayed and validated in each single population of NP, AF, and EP cells of seven donors bearing the most responsive Ff genotype.
A custom panel (Human Magnetic Luminex Screening Assay, Bio-Techne, Minneapolis, MN, USA) for the multiple detection of BMP-2, BMP-7, IL-1Ra, IL-2, IL-3, IL-6, IL-17A, MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 was created. Detection range and sensitivity for these analytes are reported in Supplementary Table S2. A further fixed panel of 17 analytes (Human Discovery Th9/Th17/Th22 Fixed Panel, Bio-Techne) comprising IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17A, IL-17E, IL-33, MIP-3α (CCL20), CD40 Ligand, GM-CSF, IFNγ, TNFα was performed to validate some previously analyzed parameters and to add other 14 proteins to the validation, using a more sensitive methods in comparison with a protein array. The range of detection of each protein in the fixed panel is in the order of pg/mL and is reported on the product datasheet.
The assay was performed on a MagPix™ Luminex System (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA) following the manufacturer instructions.

4.9. Statistical Analysis

Data are showed as mean with standard error mean (SEM). Kolmogorov–Sminorv test was perfomed to assess the normal distribution of the data. Student’s t-test was performed in case of gaussian distribution whereas Wilcoxon test was performed if data were not normally distributed to establish significative differences between cells treated with vitamin D in comparison with controls. A p value ≤ 0.05 was considered significative, 0.09 ≤ p > 0.05 was considered as a tendency.

5. Conclusions

The strength of the present study was to expand the knowledge of the pathways modulated by vitamin D in IVD cells in relation to the presence of functional variants in VDR by using omics methods. This allowed to overcome the restricted evaluation of panels of small number of molecules, by providing a more complete identification of specific areas of the hormone’s action. These findings pose robust basis for a clinical investigation aimed to assess the potential of the administration of vitamin D in patients affected by disc degeneration. In fact, only this approach would permit to evaluate both the response to the treatment according to the VDR genotype of the patients and the effect of the hormone on matrix remodeling and on hypertrophy/calcification of the tissues involved.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijms22179603/s1, Table S1: fold changes (Fc) of genes modulation vitamin D mediated depending on the presence of FokI receptor variants; Table S2: detection range and sensitivity of analytes of the custom Human Magnetic Luminex Screening Assay.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: A.C.; Methodology: A.C. and P.D.L.; Validation: A.C.; Formal analysis: A.C., D.C. (Davide Cangelosi), and M.C.; Investigation: A.C., P.D.L., C.P.O., E.R., M.V. and M.M.; Resources: A.C. and M.B.-B.; Data curation: A.C.; P.D.L. and D.C. (Davide Cangelosi); Writing—original draft preparation: A.C. and P.D.L.; Writing—review and editing: A.C. and L.d.G.; Visualization: P.D.L., C.P.O., E.R., M.V., D.C. (Davide Cangelosi), M.M., M.C., D.C. (Domenico Coviello), and M.B.-B.; Supervision: L.d.G.; Project administration: A.C.; Funding acquisition: L.d.G. and D.C. (Domenico Ccoviello). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Italian Ministry of Health “Ricerca Corrente”.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Review Board (or Ethics Committee) of the Ethic Committee of the San Raffaele Hospital (Protocol GenVDisc Version 1, 20 November 2015).

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

https://osf.io/qbnp8/?view_only=d78deb790b334530a31a71aebf2af8a3, date of access 18 February 2021.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Reid, I.R.; Bolland, M.J. Skeletal and nonskeletal effects of vitamin D: Is vitamin D a tonic for bone and other tissues? Osteoporos. Int. 2014, 25, 2347–2357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Gruber, H.E.; Hoelscher, G.; Ingram, J.A.; Chow, Y.; Loeffler, B.; Hanley, E.N., Jr. 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 inhibits proliferation and decreases production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, thrombopoietin, VEGF, and angiogenin by human annulus cells in vitro. Spine 2008, 33, 755–765. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  3. Colombini, A.; Lanteri, P.; Lombardi, G.; Grasso, D.; Recordati, C.; Lovi, A.; Banfi, G.; Bassani, R.; Brayda-Bruno, M. Metabolic effects of vitamin D active metabolites in monolayer and micromass cultures of nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus cells isolated from human intervertebral disc. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2012, 44, 1019–1030. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Tong, T.; Liu, Z.; Zhang, H.; Sun, J.; Zhang, D.; Wang, F.; Miao, D.; Shen, Y. Age-dependent expression of the vitamin D receptor and the protective effect of vitamin D receptor activation on H2O2-induced apoptosis in rat intervertebral disc cells. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2019, 190, 126–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Huang, H.; Cheng, S.; Zheng, T.; Ye, Y.; Ye, A.; Zhu, S.; Lin, X. Vitamin D retards intervertebral disc degeneration through inactivation of the NF-kappaB pathway in mice. Am. J. Transl. Res. 2019, 11, 2496–2506. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  6. Colombini, A.; Cauci, S.; Lombardi, G.; Lanteri, P.; Croiset, S.; Brayda-Bruno, M.; Banfi, G. Relationship between vitamin D receptor gene (VDR) polymorphisms, vitamin D status, osteoarthritis and intervertebral disc degeneration. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2013, 138, 24–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Arai, H.; Miyamoto, K.; Taketani, Y.; Yamamoto, H.; Iemori, Y.; Morita, K.; Tonai, T.; Nishisho, T.; Mori, S.; Takeda, E. A vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism in the translation initiation codon: Effect on protein activity and relation to bone mineral density in Japanese women. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1997, 12, 915–921. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Videman, T.; Leppavuori, J.; Kaprio, J.; Battie, M.C.; Gibbons, L.E.; Peltonen, L.; Koskenvuo, M. Intragenic polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor gene associated with intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine 1998, 23, 2477–2485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Eser, B.; Cora, T.; Eser, O.; Kalkan, E.; Haktanir, A.; Erdogan, M.O.; Solak, M. Association of the polymorphisms of vitamin D receptor and aggrecan genes with degenerative disc disease. Genet. Test. Mol. Biomark. 2010, 14, 313–317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Omair, A.; Lie, B.A.; Reikeras, O.; Brox, J.I. An association study of interleukin 18 receptor genes (IL18R1 and IL18RAP) in lumbar disc degeneration. Open Orthop. J. 2012, 6, 164–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  11. Noponen-Hietala, N.; Kyllonen, E.; Mannikko, M.; Ilkko, E.; Karppinen, J.; Ott, J.; Ala-Kokko, L. Sequence variations in the collagen IX and XI genes are associated with degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2003, 62, 1208–1214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Cauci, S.; Vigano, M.; de Girolamo, L.; De Luca, P.; Perucca Orfei, C.; Banfi, G.; Lombardi, G.; Brayda-Bruno, M.; Colombini, A. High levels of circulating type II collagen degradation marker (CTx-II) are associated with specific VDR polymorphisms in patients with adult vertebral osteochondrosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 2073. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  13. Colombini, A.; Brayda-Bruno, M.; Lombardi, G.; Croiset, S.J.; Vrech, V.; Maione, V.; Banfi, G.; Cauci, S. FokI polymorphism in the vitamin D receptor gene (VDR) and its association with lumbar spine pathologies in the Italian population: A case-control study. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e97027. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Pekala, P.A.; Henry, B.M.; Taterra, D.; Piwowar, M.; Vikse, J.; Tubbs, R.S.; Tomaszewski, K.A. FokI as a genetic factor of intervertebral disc degeneration: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review of overlapping meta-analyses. J. Clin. Neurosci. 2019, 60, 36–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Sun, Z.; Luo, Z.J. Osteoporosis therapies might lead to intervertebral disc degeneration via affecting cartilage endplate. Med. Hypotheses 2019, 125, 5–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Pishgahi, A.; Dolatkhah, N.; Shakouri, S.K.; Hashemian, M.; Amiri, A.; Delkhosh Reihany, M.; Jahanjou, F. Lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentration is associated with higher pain and disability in subjects with low back pain: A case-control study. BMC Res. Notes 2019, 12, 738. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  17. Gokcek, E.; Kaydu, A. Assessment of relationship between vitamin d deficiency and pain severity in patients with low back pain: A retrospective, observational study. Anesth. Essays Res. 2018, 12, 680–684. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Panwar, A.; Valupadas, C.; Veeramalla, M.; Vishwas, H.N. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in chronic and subacute low back pain patients in India: A triple-arm controlled study. Clin. Rheumatol. 2018, 37, 1367–1374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Zadro, J.R.; Shirley, D.; Ferreira, M.; Carvalho Silva, A.P.; Lamb, S.E.; Cooper, C.; Ferreira, P.H. Is vitamin D supplementation effective for low back pain? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain Physician 2018, 21, 121–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Guillot, X.; Semerano, L.; Saidenberg-Kermanac’h, N.; Falgarone, G.; Boissier, M.C. Vitamin D and inflammation. Jt. Bone Spine 2010, 77, 552–557. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Cutolo, M.; Paolino, S.; Sulli, A.; Smith, V.; Pizzorni, C.; Seriolo, B. Vitamin D, steroid hormones, and autoimmunity. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2014, 1317, 39–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Colombini, A.; Lombardi, G.; Corsi, M.M.; Banfi, G. Pathophysiology of the human intervertebral disc. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2008, 40, 837–842. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Molinos, M.; Almeida, C.R.; Caldeira, J.; Cunha, C.; Goncalves, R.M.; Barbosa, M.A. Inflammation in intervertebral disc degeneration and regeneration. J. R. Soc. Interface 2015, 12, 20150429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. De Luca, P.; de Girolamo, L.; Perucca Orfei, C.; Vigano, M.; Cecchinato, R.; Brayda-Bruno, M.; Colombini, A. Vitamin D’s effect on the proliferation and inflammation of human intervertebral disc cells in relation to the functional vitamin D receptor gene foki polymorphism. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 2002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  25. Pockert, A.J.; Richardson, S.M.; Le Maitre, C.L.; Lyon, M.; Deakin, J.A.; Buttle, D.J.; Freemont, A.J.; Hoyland, J.A. Modified expression of the ADAMTS enzymes and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 during human intervertebral disc degeneration. Arthritis Rheum. 2009, 60, 482–491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Zhang, Q.; Huang, M.; Wang, X.; Xu, X.; Ni, M.; Wang, Y. Negative effects of ADAMTS-7 and ADAMTS-12 on endplate cartilage differentiation. J. Orthop. Res. 2012, 30, 1238–1243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Glant, T.T.; Kamath, R.V.; Bardos, T.; Gal, I.; Szanto, S.; Murad, Y.M.; Sandy, J.D.; Mort, J.S.; Roughley, P.J.; Mikecz, K. Cartilage-specific constitutive expression of TSG-6 protein (product of tumor necrosis factor alpha-stimulated gene 6) provides a chondroprotective, but not antiinflammatory, effect in antigen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 46, 2207–2218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  28. Wisniewski, H.G.; Vilcek, J. TSG-6: An IL-1/TNF-inducible protein with anti-inflammatory activity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 1997, 8, 143–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Miclea, R.L.; van der Horst, G.; Robanus-Maandag, E.C.; Lowik, C.W.; Oostdijk, W.; Wit, J.M.; Karperien, M. Apc bridges Wnt/beta-catenin and BMP signaling during osteoblast differentiation of KS483 cells. Exp. Cell Res. 2011, 317, 1411–1421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  30. Tuli, R.; Tuli, S.; Nandi, S.; Huang, X.; Manner, P.A.; Hozack, W.J.; Danielson, K.G.; Hall, D.J.; Tuan, R.S. Transforming growth factor-beta-mediated chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal progenitor cells involves N-cadherin and mitogen-activated protein kinase and Wnt signaling cross-talk. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278, 41227–41236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  31. Fischer, L.; Boland, G.; Tuan, R.S. Wnt signaling during BMP-2 stimulation of mesenchymal chondrogenesis. J. Cell. Biochem. 2002, 84, 816–831. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. De Luca, P.; de Girolamo, L.; Kouroupis, D.; Castagnetta, M.; Perucca Orfei, C.; Coviello, D.; Coco, S.; Correa, D.; Brayda-Bruno, M.; Colombini, A. Intervertebral disc and endplate cells response to IL-1beta inflammatory cell priming and identification of molecular targets of tissue degeneration. Eur. Cells Mater. 2020, 39, 227–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Tesmer, L.A.; Lundy, S.K.; Sarkar, S.; Fox, D.A. Th17 cells in human disease. Immunol. Rev. 2008, 223, 87–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Zhang, W.; Nie, L.; Wang, Y.; Wang, X.P.; Zhao, H.; Dongol, S.; Maharjan, S.; Cheng, L. CCL20 secretion from the nucleus pulposus improves the recruitment of CCR6-expressing Th17 cells to degenerated IVD tissues. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e66286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  35. Shamji, M.F.; Setton, L.A.; Jarvis, W.; So, S.; Chen, J.; Jing, L.; Bullock, R.; Isaacs, R.E.; Brown, C.; Richardson, W.J. Proinflammatory cytokine expression profile in degenerated and herniated human intervertebral disc tissues. Arthritis Rheum. 2010, 62, 1974–1982. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  36. Colombini, A.; Lopa, S.; Ceriani, C.; Lovati, A.B.; Croiset, S.J.; Di Giancamillo, A.; Lombardi, G.; Banfi, G.; Moretti, M. In vitro characterization and in vivo behavior of human nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus cells in clinical-grade fibrin and collagen-enriched fibrin gels. Tissue Eng. Part A 2015, 21, 793–802. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Lopa, S.; Ceriani, C.; Cecchinato, R.; Zagra, L.; Moretti, M.; Colombini, A. Stability of housekeeping genes in human intervertebral disc, endplate and articular cartilage cells in multiple conditions for reliable transcriptional analysis. Eur. Cells Mater. 2016, 31, 395–406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Schroeder, A.; Mueller, O.; Stocker, S.; Salowsky, R.; Leiber, M.; Gassmann, M.; Lightfoot, S.; Menzel, W.; Granzow, M.; Ragg, T. The RIN: An RNA integrity number for assigning integrity values to RNA measurements. BMC Mol. Biol. 2006, 7, 3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  39. De Luca, P.; Castagnetta, M.; de Girolamo, L.; Coco, S.; Malacarne, M.; Ragni, E.; Vigano, M.; Lugano, G.; Brayda-Bruno, M.; Coviello, D.; et al. Intervertebral disc and endplate cell characterisation highlights annulus fibrosus cells as the most promising for tissue-specific disc degeneration therapy. Eur. Cells Mater. 2020, 39, 156–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Thomas, P.D.; Kejariwal, A.; Campbell, M.J.; Mi, H.; Diemer, K.; Guo, N.; Ladunga, I.; Ulitsky-Lazareva, B.; Muruganujan, A.; Rabkin, S.; et al. PANTHER: A browsable database of gene products organized by biological function, using curated protein family and subfamily classification. Nucleic Acids Res. 2003, 31, 334–341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Ijms 22 09603 g001 550
Figure 1. Upregulated genes and related pathways in homozygous FF disc cells. Pie chart obtained by Panther.
Figure 1. Upregulated genes and related pathways in homozygous FF disc cells. Pie chart obtained by Panther.
Ijms 22 09603 g001
Ijms 22 09603 g002 550
Figure 2. Downregulated genes and related pathways in heterozygous Ff disc cells. Pie chart obtained by Panther.
Figure 2. Downregulated genes and related pathways in heterozygous Ff disc cells. Pie chart obtained by Panther.
Ijms 22 09603 g002
Ijms 22 09603 g003 550
Figure 3. Upregulated genes and related pathways in heterozygous Ff disc cells. Pie chart obtained by Panther.
Figure 3. Upregulated genes and related pathways in heterozygous Ff disc cells. Pie chart obtained by Panther.
Ijms 22 09603 g003
Ijms 22 09603 g004 550
Figure 4. Downregulated genes and related pathways in homozygous FF disc cells. Pie chart obtained by Panther.
Figure 4. Downregulated genes and related pathways in homozygous FF disc cells. Pie chart obtained by Panther.
Ijms 22 09603 g004
Ijms 22 09603 g005 550
Figure 5. Pathways associated to the genes modulated by inflammatory stimulus in homozygous FF disc cells. Relevant pathways are highlighted in black bold. Pie chart obtained by Panther.
Figure 5. Pathways associated to the genes modulated by inflammatory stimulus in homozygous FF disc cells. Relevant pathways are highlighted in black bold. Pie chart obtained by Panther.
Ijms 22 09603 g005
Ijms 22 09603 g006 550
Figure 6. Pathways associated to the genes modulated by inflammatory stimulus in heterozygous Ff disc cells. Relevant pathways are highlighted in black bold. Pie chart obtained by Panther.
Figure 6. Pathways associated to the genes modulated by inflammatory stimulus in heterozygous Ff disc cells. Relevant pathways are highlighted in black bold. Pie chart obtained by Panther.
Ijms 22 09603 g006
Ijms 22 09603 g007 550
Figure 7. Heat maps shows relevant group of genes differently modulated by vitamin D depending on FokI genotype in basal and inflamed conditions. Heat maps obtained by Morpheus, https://software.broadinstitute.org/morpheus (Date of access 6 April 2021).
Figure 7. Heat maps shows relevant group of genes differently modulated by vitamin D depending on FokI genotype in basal and inflamed conditions. Heat maps obtained by Morpheus, https://software.broadinstitute.org/morpheus (Date of access 6 April 2021).
Ijms 22 09603 g007
Ijms 22 09603 g008 550
Figure 8. Levels of matrix-metalloproteases and BMP-2 secreted by pooled, NP, AF, and EP cells of 7 donors in basal condition. Arrows indicate significant differences and tendencies in protein secretion of vitamin D treated cells in comparison with untreated cells. * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01.
Figure 8. Levels of matrix-metalloproteases and BMP-2 secreted by pooled, NP, AF, and EP cells of 7 donors in basal condition. Arrows indicate significant differences and tendencies in protein secretion of vitamin D treated cells in comparison with untreated cells. * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01.
Ijms 22 09603 g008
Ijms 22 09603 g009 550
Figure 9. Levels of specific proteins secreted by pooled, NP, AF, and EP cells of seven donors in inflamed condition. Arrows indicate significant differences and tendencies in protein secretion of vitamin D treated cells in comparison with untreated cells. * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001.
Figure 9. Levels of specific proteins secreted by pooled, NP, AF, and EP cells of seven donors in inflamed condition. Arrows indicate significant differences and tendencies in protein secretion of vitamin D treated cells in comparison with untreated cells. * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001.
Ijms 22 09603 g009
Table
Table 1. Protein array and expression of their encoding genes in disc cells depending on the presence of FokI receptor variants after vitamin D treatment in basal and inflamed condition.
Table 1. Protein array and expression of their encoding genes in disc cells depending on the presence of FokI receptor variants after vitamin D treatment in basal and inflamed condition.
BasalInflamed
FFFfFFFf
GeneProteinGeneProteinGeneProteinGeneProteinGeneProtein
CXCL5ENA-78−n.d.=n.d.+=+−
CXCL1GRO/GROα−n.d.+n.d.==+−
CXCL8IL-8−n.d.++==+−
CCL2MCP-1−=++==+−
CCL5RANTES−n.d.+n.d.=n.d.+n.d.
CCL7MCP-3−n.d.+n.d.=n.d.+n.d.
IL1AIL-1α+n.d.=n.d.−n.d.−n.d.
IL1BIL-1β−n.d.+n.d.=−−n.d.
IL2IL-2+=−+==−−
IL3IL-3=n.d.=+=+=−
IL4IL-4=n.d.−n.d.=n.d.=n.d.
IL5IL-5+n.d.−n.d.+n.d.=n.d.
IL6IL-6=n.d.=n.d.===−
IL7IL-7+n.d.=n.d.+n.d.=n.d.
IL10IL-10+n.d.−n.d.+n.d.+n.d.
IL13IL-13=n.d.−n.d.−n.d.−n.d.
IL15IL-15−n.d.−n.d.=n.d.=n.d.
IFNGIFNγ+n.d.−−=n.d.=n.d.
TNFATNFα−n.d.+n.d.−++n.d.
CSF1M-CSF−n.d.+n.d.=n.d.+n.d.
CSF2GM-CSF−n.d.=n.d.=−+−
CSF3G-CSF−n.d.+n.d.=n.d.=−
LEPLeptin===−===+
IGF1IGF-1−n.d.+n.d.−n.d.=n.d.
PDGFBPDGF-BB=+=n.d.=−=+
TGFB1TGFβ1+n.d.−−+n.d.−n.d.
VEGFVEGF=+=n.d.=−=n.d.
Increase (+), decrease (−), unmodulated/undetected genes and unmodulated proteins (=), not detected proteins (n.d.).
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Colombini, A.; De Luca, P.; Cangelosi, D.; Perucca Orfei, C.; Ragni, E.; Viganò, M.; Malacarne, M.; Castagnetta, M.; Brayda-Bruno, M.; Coviello, D.; et al. High-Throughput Gene and Protein Analysis Revealed the Response of Disc Cells to Vitamin D, Depending on the VDR FokI Variants. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 9603. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179603

AMA Style

Colombini A, De Luca P, Cangelosi D, Perucca Orfei C, Ragni E, Viganò M, Malacarne M, Castagnetta M, Brayda-Bruno M, Coviello D, et al. High-Throughput Gene and Protein Analysis Revealed the Response of Disc Cells to Vitamin D, Depending on the VDR FokI Variants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(17):9603. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179603

Chicago/Turabian Style

Colombini, Alessandra, Paola De Luca, Davide Cangelosi, Carlotta Perucca Orfei, Enrico Ragni, Marco Viganò, Michela Malacarne, Mauro Castagnetta, Marco Brayda-Bruno, Domenico Coviello, and et al. 2021. "High-Throughput Gene and Protein Analysis Revealed the Response of Disc Cells to Vitamin D, Depending on the VDR FokI Variants" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 17: 9603. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179603

APA Style

Colombini, A., De Luca, P., Cangelosi, D., Perucca Orfei, C., Ragni, E., Viganò, M., Malacarne, M., Castagnetta, M., Brayda-Bruno, M., Coviello, D., & de Girolamo, L. (2021). High-Throughput Gene and Protein Analysis Revealed the Response of Disc Cells to Vitamin D, Depending on the VDR FokI Variants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(17), 9603. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179603

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop