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Article

FaesAP3_1 Regulates the FaesELF3 Gene Involved in Filament-Length Determination of Long-Homostyle Fagopyrum esculentum

by
Zhiyuan Ma
†,
Qingyu Yang
†,
Lingtian Zeng
,
Jiayi Li
,
Xinyu Jiao
and
Zhixiong Liu
*
College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(22), 14403; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214403
Submission received: 22 October 2022 / Revised: 15 November 2022 / Accepted: 17 November 2022 / Published: 19 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transcriptional Regulatory Networks in Flowers)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The identification downstream genes of floral organ identity regulators are critical to revealing the molecular mechanisms underlying floral morphogenesis. However, a general regulatory pathway between floral organ identity genes and their downstream targets is still unclear because of the lack of studies in nonmodel species. Here, we screened a direct downstream target gene, FaesELF3, of a stamen identity transcription factor, FaesAP3_1, in long-homostyle (LH) Fagopyrum esculentum moench by using yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) and dual-luciferase reporter (DR) assays. Furthermore, FaesAP3_1-silenced LH plants that produced flowers with part stamens or anthers homeotically converted into a tepaloid structure, and FaesELF3-silenced plants that had flowers with part stamens consisting of a short filament and empty anther (male sterile anther). All these suggested that transcription factor (TF) FaesAP3_1 directly activates FaesELF3 in order to regulate filament elongation and pollen grain development in LH buckwheat. Our data also suggested that other stamen development pathways independent of FaesAP3_1 remain in F. esculentum.

1. Introduction

Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) grains are gluten-free, but are rich in bioactive compounds (such as rutin, quercetin and polysaccharides, etc.) and lysine, which make it a popular functional food with health benefits; subsequently, demand has increased in recent years [1,2]. However, F. esculentum is a heteromorphic self-incompatibility (HSI) crop due to its distylous flowers (pin and thrum). In pin flowers, a long style is combined with short stamens and small pollen grains; in thrum flowers, a short style is combined with long stamens and large pollen grains. The pin plants and thrum plants are equal in the population. In addition, obligate outcrossing pollinations occur strictly between pin and thrum plants, which results in low achene-set-rate and yield [3,4]. Improving the yield stability of F. esculentum requires a better understanding of the molecular basis of the HIS or developing a self-compatible (SC) common buckwheat line. Previous studies have suggested that buckwheat HIS was determined by a single genetic S locus resulting in heterozygous dominant (S/s) thrum plants and homozygous recessive (s/s) pin plants [5]. A buckwheat EARLY FLOWRING3 homologue (S-ELF3) has been identified as a candidate S locus gene and is present only in thrum plants, and determines style length [6,7].
Arabidopsis ELF3, a component of the circadian evening complex (EC), played a crucial role in inhibiting hypocotyl elongation, flowering, and integrating environmental light and ambient temperature signals of the circadian clock [8,9]. Previous studies have suggested that soybean ELF3 ortholog interacts with LUX (LUX ARRYTHMO) to form EC in order to control photoperiod sensitivity and adapt to regulate flowering during short days [10]. Monocot ELF3 orthologs, BdELF3 from Brachypodium distachyon, and SvELF3 from Setaria viridis showed function conservation and were capable of rescuing hypocotyl elongation, flowering time, and arrhythmic clock phenotypes of Arabidopsis elf3 [11]. However, two rice ELF3 homologs, OsELF3–1 and OsELF3–2, exhibited function overlap and divergence after gene duplication events. Both genes exhibited shared functions in the regulation of rice circadian clocks. However, OsELF3-2 was also identified as a negative regulator of immunity against Magnaporthe oryzae, while OsELF3-2 had a unique role involved in the suppression of phytochrome signaling to regulate rice flowering [12,13]. Although the ELF3 homologs interacting with other EC component to regulate flowering and flower development have been explored in several model plants, the molecular mechanisms and how they are regulated by upstream genes have not yet been elucidated.
In this study, we have developed a self-compatible common buckwheat line with uniform long-homostyle (LH) flowers that could freely outcross with pin, thrum or LH plants (Figure 1). Moreover, another ELF3 homologue (FaesELF3) and its promoter (pFaesELF3) were separately isolated from LH plants. Further study suggested that two key CArG-box motifs for the MADS-box transcription factor (TF) recognition and binding are located at the FaesELF3 promoter region [14,15]. MADS-box genes encoding key regulators are involved in virtually every aspect of plant reproductive development. How different MADS-box transcription factors work together to regulate flowering time control, inflorescence architecture, floral organ identity determination, and seed development are well studied [16]. However, their downstream target genes specifying floral organ identity remain unclear. To further elucidate whether or not FaesELF3 was a candidate target gene of buckwheat MADS-box TF, three B-class MADS genes, FaesAP3_1, FaesAP3_2 and FaesPI [4,17], and a C-class MADS-box gene, FaesAG [18], previously identified by us, were screened. The regulatory relationship between FaesAP3_1 and FaesELF3 was confirmed by yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) and dual-luciferase reporter assays (DR), respectively. Furthermore, the functions of both genes involved in floral development were revealed by VIGS. Our study confirms a downstream target of B-function MADS-box TF in buckwheat. We thus revealed new insights into the interactions of B-class MADS-box TF and ELF3 ortholog in filament-length determination and anther development in F. esculentum.

2. Results

2.1. Isolation and Characterization of FaesELF3 and FaesELF3 Promoter (pFaesELF3) from Long-Homostyle Common Buckwheat

The 2364 bp FaesELF3 cDNA contains a 2076 bp ORF (Open Reading Frame, ORF) encoding 691 amino acids (aa) (Genbank accession number: OP572281.1). Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that FaesELF3 was an EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3) orthologous gene. The gene was designated as FaesELF3 (Fagopyrum esculentumELF3) (Supplementary Figure S1).
A 1849 bp FaesELF3 promoter (pFaesELF3) (−1278/+571) (Genbank accession number: OP572282.1) was cloned from LH common buckwheat. The putative cis-acting elements and transcription start site (TSS) of pFaesELF3 was displayed in Figure S2 (Supplementary Figure S2). The pFaesELF3 contains three CONSTANS protein binding sites (CCAATBOX1) associated with flowering [19]. In addition, the pFaesELF3 contains two key CArG-box motifs (−1099/−1090 and +236/+245) for MADS-box TF recognition and binding [14]. Moreover, pFaesELF3 contains six AACAAA-/TTTGTT-motifs for floral homeotic protein APETALA2 recognition and action [20]. In addition, pFaesELF3 has three POLLEN1LELAT52-boxes and five GTGANTG10-boxes, two cis-regulatory elements within the promoter of stamen-development genes [21,22]. All these data suggested that pFaesELF3 may drive the FaesELF3 gene to regulate flowering and stamen development. Moreover, a petal epidermis-specific MYB transcription factor binding site (MYBCORE-box) [23], as well as two embryo-specific and ABA–responsive elements (DPBFCOREDCDC3-boxes) [24], were located at pFaesELF3, which suggested that the FaesELF3 expression may extend to perianth, pistil and fruits. In addition, some gibberellin-responsive elements (WRKY71OS-box, TATCCAOSAMY-box and PYRIMIDINEBOXOSRAMY1A-box), an auxin-responsive element (NTBBF1ARROLB-box) and a cytokinin-responsive element (ARR1AT-box) were also found at pFaesELF3 [25,26,27,28,29]. All above data suggested that abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA), auxin (IAA) and cytokinin (CK) signaling pathways may also directly regulate FaesELF3 expression. Furthermore, two MYCCONSENSUSAT-boxes and an ACGTATERD1-box were located at pFaesELF3, which indicates that FaesELF3 expression could be induced by freezing, dehydration stress and dark [30,31]. Moreover, a CBFHV-motif for DREB/CBF transcription factor recognition and action is also found in the pFaesELF3 region [32]. All these data suggested that pFaesELF3 may drive corresponding genes to regulate flowering and floral organ development in different pathways.

2.2. Deletion Analysis of the pFaesELF3 in Transgenic Arabidopsis

A series of 5′ deletion fragments of pFaesELF3 were separately fused to the GUS gene and transformed into Arabidopsis to analyze the regulatory effect of different promoter regions. Beta-glucuronidase (GUS) staining was separately examined in the T1 generation of pFaesELF3::GUS, pFaesELF3D1::GUS and pFaesELF3D2::GUS independent transgenic lines (Figure 2). GUS staining suggested that pFaesELF3(−1278/+571) and pFaesELF3D1 (−892/+571) constructs presented similar expression patterns. GUS staining was detected in the inflorescence, sepal, filament and ovary of mature flowers, but was absent in the petals and anthers (Figure 2E,H). In addition, GUS expression was clearly observed in the early development floral buds from initiation until stage 12, where sepal, ovary, stigma and stigmatic papillae were intensive, but was absent in the petals and stamens (filaments and anthers) of pFaesELF3D2::GUS (+246/+571) transgenic Arabidopsis (Figure 2K). However, only weak GUS staining was observed in the filaments and ovaries of mature flowers in pFaesELF3D2::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis (Figure 2L). These data suggested that the pFaesELF3 may drive FaesELF3 to be involved in regulating filament elongation and pistil development in F. esculentum.

2.3. B-Class MADS-Box Transcription Factor FaesAP3_1 to Target FaesELF3 for Stamen Development

Previous studies suggest that MADS-box transcription factors bind to CArG-box to regulate the expression of target genes involved in floral development [15]. To screen which MADS-box transcription factors (FaesAP3_1, FaesAP3_2, FaesPI or FaesAG) directly regulated FaesELF3 in common buckwheat, yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) and dual-luciferase reporter assays (DR) were performed. Yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assays showed that only B-class MADS-box transcription factor FaesAP3_1 could bind to the target fragment of the FaesELF3 promoter region to activate reporter gene expression (Figure 3A). In addition, the regulatory effect on gene expression was further evaluated using the dual-luciferase reporter assay (DR) in N. benthamiana leaf protoplasts. Transient expression assay further showed that the positive regulation of FaesAP3_1 to FaesELF3 in the plants (Figure 3B–D). The dual-luciferase reporter assays further showed that when the reporter construct carried the pFaesELF3 promoter region, LUC expression was considerably upregulated (p < 0.05) (Figure 3B,D).

2.4. Expression Analysis of FaesELF3 in LH Flower F. Esculentum

FaesELF3 was obviously expressed in roots, tepals, stamens, pistils and young fruits of the LH flower F. esculentum, but the FaesELF3 transcript was absent in the stems and leaves. (Figure 4A). In addition, the expression level of FaesELF3 in tepals, stamens and pistils was significantly higher than that of the young fruits (p < 0.05, LSD). Obvious expression of FaesELF3 was detected at pistil primordium emergence and when the anthers were at microspore mother cell stage in LH floral buds (Figure 4B,C). In addition, FaesELF3 expression increased constantly during the filament rapid elongating stage and achieved its peak until the anthers were at mononuclear microspore stage (Figure 4B,C (L3)). Then, the FaesELF3 expression began to drop sharply from floral buds with anthers at mature pollen stage to blossom (p < 0.05, LSD) (Figure 4B,C (L4,L5)).

2.5. Characterization of FaesAP3_1 and FaesELF3-Silenced Plants

To uncover the functions of FaesAP3_1 and FaesELF3, a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technique via the Tobacco Rattle Virus (TRV) system was used to knock down their expression in LH F. esculentum. TRV2-FaesELF3-treated LH plants with strong phenotypic changes and produced flowers with part of stamens consisting of short filaments and empty anthers (male sterile anther) (Figure 5A(b,c)). Moreover, a range of phenotypes was observed in the FaesAP3-1-silenced flowers. Some flowers had increased tepal numbers and reduced stamen numbers with part stamens homeotically converted into tepaloid structures (tepal attachment of anther) (Figure 5A(e)). Other flowers had reduced stamens with anthers homeotically converted into tepaloid structures (tepal attachment of anther) on the top of the filaments (Figure 5A(f)). In addition, FaesAP3_1 and FaesELF3 expression in FaesELF3-silenced plants were separately detected by qRT-PCR. FaesELF3 expression was not detected in the strong phenotypic flowers of the TRV2-FaesELF3-treated LH plants (Figure 5A(b,c),C), while FaesAP3_1 expression upregulated significantly in the flowers of TRV2-FaesELF3-treated LH plants (LSD, p < 0.01) (Figure 5A(b,c),B). Our previous study suggested that FaesAP3_1 was exclusively expressed in the stamen and was involved only in stamen development in F. esculentum [34]. Interestingly, some abnormal stamens were still observed even when FaesAP3_1 expression upregulated significantly in TRV2-FaesELF3-treated LH buckwheat (Figure 5A(b,c),C).

3. Discussion

Previous studies have suggested that Arabidopsis B-class MADS-box genes, APETALA3 (AP3) and PISTILLATA (PI) are expressed in petals and stamens, and work together to control the formation of petals and stamens during Arabidopsis flower development [35]. Moreover, AP3/PI may act as a bifunctional TF switch between the activation of male and the repression of female development [35]. The identification downstream genes of floral organ identity regulators are critical to understanding the mechanisms underlying floral morphogenesis. Yet, a general picture of the regulatory pathway between floral organ identity genes and their targets is still lacking because of the lack of studies in nonmodel species [36,37]. In F. esculentum, two AP3 orthologs, FaesAP3_1 and FaesAP3_2, resulted from a gene duplication event; they showed shared functions in determining stamen filament identity and worked together to determine normal stamen development [4,34]. FaesAP3_1 was expressed only in stamens and exclusively required for stamen formation, while FaesAP3_2 was expressed in petaloid tepal, stamens and pistils, and was mainly involved in regulating stamen development [34]. However, the downstream targets genes for FaesAP3_1 and FaesAP3_2 remain unclear during buckwheat stamen development. In this study, we proved that FaesELF3 is a direct downstream target of FaesAP3_1, and is involved in filament-length determination and pollen grain development. FaesELF3 didn’t interact with other B function TFs, such as FaesAP3_2 and FaesPI in distylous F. esculentum. Furthermore, The FaesAP3_1 function controlling stamen development was further assayed by the VIGS silenced method. Results showed that TRV2-FaesAP3_1-treated LH buckwheat produced flowers with part stamens or anthers homeotically converted into tepaloid structures. Interestingly, only part abnormal stamens were observed even when FaesAP3_1 expression upregulated significantly in TRV2-FaesELF3-treated LH buckwheat. These data suggest that FaesELF3 is a key direct downstream target of FaesAP3_1 involved in normal stamen development; on the other hand, another stamen development pathway independent of FaesAP3_1 remains in F. esculentum.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Plant Material and Growth Conditions

Long-homostyle (LH) common buckwheat was planted under natural conditions in Jingzhou, Hubei Provence, China. The roots, stems, juvenile leaves, tepals, stamens, pistils and 6-day-old fruits (achenes) of LH plants were dissected, and were immediately frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen. Moreover, the floral buds at sequential developmental stages were sampled from LH plants. Each sample was divided in half; one half was immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen until used, and the other was fixed in FAA [38% formaldehyde: acetic acid: 70% ethanol = 1:1:18 (v/v)]. The Arabidopsis Col−0 (Columbia ecotype) seeds were obtained from the Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center (ABRC) at Ohio State University, USA. Nicotiana benthamiana for dual-luciferase reporter assay were grown in the growth chamber at 22 °C under long-day conditions (16 h light, 8 h dark).

4.2. Isolation and Characterization of FaesELF3 and FaesELF3 Promoter (pFaesELF3) from Long-Homostyle Common Buckwheat

Total RNA was extracted from LH buckwheat floral buds using an EASY spin Plant RNA Kit (Aidlab, Beijing, China), referring to the manufacturer’s protocol. The 3′ end and 5′ partial cDNA sequences of FaesELF3 were obtained by using the 3′-full RACE Core Set Ver. 2.0 kit (TaKaRa, Shiga, Japan) with gene-specific primer 3RELF3GSP, and 5′ Full-RACE Kit (TaKaRa, Shiga, Japan) with gene-specific primers 5RELF3GSP1, 5RELF3GSP2 and 5RELF3GSP3 (Supplementary Table S1), based on the manufacturer’s protocol. Phylogenetic analysis of FaesELF3 was referenced in You et al. [2]. Putative FaesELF3 protein sequences and other ELF3 homolog proteins from different species and were selected from phylogenetic trees from NCBI Genbank (Supplementary Table S2).
Buckwheat genomic DNA was extracted from LH buckwheat juvenile leaves using the CTAB Plant Genomic DNA Rapid Extraction Kit (Aidlab, Beijing, China), according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The FaesELF3 5′ flanking region was isolated from LH buckwheat genomic DNA by using the Genome Walking Kit (TaKaRa, Shiga, Japan), following the manufacturer’s protocol. The gene-specific primers DpELF3SP1, DpELF3SP2 and DpELF3SP3 (Supplementary Table S1) were used for amplifying the first walking sequencing. The gene-specific primers DpELF3SP4, DpELF3SP5, and DpELF3SP6 (Supplementary Table S1) were used for amplifying the second walking sequencing. The putative transcription start site of FaesELF3 was searched through 5′RACE according to the above method. The cis-acting elements located at the FaesELF3 promoter region were searched in the PLACE database [38].

4.3. Characterization of pFaesELF3 Activity from the 5′ Deleted Promoter Fragments in Transgenic Arabidopsis

Three 5′-deletion fragments of pFaesELF3 were separately cloned into the pCAMBIA1300 vector by using the ClonExpress® Ultra One Step Cloning Kit (Vazyme, Nanjing, China), following the manufacturer’s protocol. The pFaesELF3 (−1278/+571) was amplified with the primers TpFaesELF3F and TpFaesELF3R. The pFaesELF3D1 (−892/+571) was amplified with the primers TpFaesELF3F1 and TpFaesELF3R. The pFaesELF3D2 (+246/+571) was amplified with the primers TpFaesELF3F2 and TpFaesELF3R. Then, three constructs were separately transformed into Col−0 A. thaliana using the floral-dip method suggested by Clough and Bent [39]. Transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings were screened, cultivated and prepared for histochemical GUS staining with the method suggested by Liu et al. [40]. The GUS staining samples observed and the photomicrographs taken referred to the method described by You et al. [2].

4.4. Yeast One-Hybrid Assay

Yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assay was performed using the Yeast One-Hybrid Media Kit (Coolaber, Beijing, China). The pFaesELF3 region (−43/+571) containing a CArG-box motif was cloned into pAbAi plasmid to construct pBait-AbAi vectors with the primers Y1HpFaesELF3F and the reversed primer Y1HpFaesELF3R (Supplementary Table S1). Four common buckwheat MADS-box gene (FaesAP3_1, FaesAP3_2, FaesPI and FaesAG) cDNAs containing full-length ORFs (Open Reading Frame) were separately cloned into pGADT7 plasmid to construct prey vectors, but with the primers Y1HFaesAP3_1F and Y1HFaesAP3_1R for FaesAP3_1, Y1HFaesAP3_2F and Y1HFaesAP3_2R for FaesAP3_2, Y1HFaesPIF and Y1HFaesPIR for FaesPI, as well as Y1HFaesAGF and Y1HFaesAGR for FaesAG (Supplementary Table S1). The linearized plasmid pAbAi-pFaesELF3 was transformed into the Y1H Gold competent cells to generate bait-reporter strains. The transformants were selected on SD/-Ura media and screened for minimal inhibitory concentration of Aureobasidin A (AbA) for the bait-reporter strains. Four prey plasmids pGADT7-FaesAP3_1, pGADT7-FaesAP3_2, pGADT7-FaesPI and pGADT7-FaesAG were separately transformed into the bait yeast strains for yeast one-hybrid assays according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Colonies were incubated and selected on the medium (SD/-Leu/AbA) with the bait minimum AbA resistance for 3 days at 30 °C.

4.5. Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay

The pFaesELF3 region (−891/+571) was cloned into pGreen0800-LUC vector to generate the reporter plasmid pGreen0800-pFaesELF3 with the primers Dual-pFaesELF3F and Dual-pFaesELF3R (Supplementary Table S1). The full-length ORFs of FaesAP3_1 were cloned into the pGreenII 62-SK vector to generate the effector vectors with the primers Dual-FaesAP3_1F and Dual-FaesAP3_1R (Supplementary Table S1). The reporter vectors and two effectors were separately introduced into Agrobacterium strain GV3101 (pSoup). The effector and the reporter Agrobacterium cultures were mixed together and infiltrated into N. benthamiana leaves. Empty pGreenII 62-SK was cotransformed with the pGreen0800-pFaesELF3 reporter as a negative control. Firefly luciferase and renilla luciferase were assayed at 3 days after being infiltrated using the Duo-LiteTM Luciferase Assay System (Vazyme, Nanjing, China), following the manufacturer’s protocol, and the resulting luciferase signals were also captured by the Tanon 5200 image system (Tanon, Shanghai, China). Each combination was conducted with three biological replicates.

4.6. Cytomorphological Observation and Expression Analysis of FaesELF3

The LH floral buds fixed in FAA above were separately dehydrated in an ethanol series, cleared twice in xylene, infiltrated triple in molten paraffin, embedded into paraffin block, serially sectioned, and then sections were separately stained according to Liu et al. [41]. Each section was microscopically examined with a CAIKON RCK−40C microscope (CAIKON, Shanghai, China) and the photomicrographs were subsequently taken.
Total RNA of each sample was extracted with the EASY spin plant RNA Rapid Extraction Kit (Aidlab, Beijing, China). The first-strand cDNA was synthesized for qRT-PCR (quantitative real-time PCR) using the HiScript® II Q RT SuperMix for qPCR kit (Vazyme, Nanjing, China), following the manufacturer’s protocol. FaesELF3 expression was detected in seven organs (root, stem, juvenile leaf, tepal, stamen, pistil and 6-day-old fruit) of LH plants by qRT-PCR referring to Liu et al. [40], but with the primers qFaesELF3F and qFaesELF3R (Supplementary Table S1). In addition, FaesELF3 expression was also detected in LH floral buds at sequential developmental stages with qRT-PCR mentioned above. The amplicons of F. esculentum actin gene (Genbank accession number: HQ398855.1) were amplified as the internal control with primers qFaesactinF and qFaesactinR. The experiments were repeated three times for each sample and the relative expression levels were measured according to Liu et al. [40], but with annealing at 60 °C.

4.7. VIGS Assay in Long-Homostyle Buckwheat

A 380 bp fragment of the FaesELF3 cDNA was cloned into the TRV-mediated VIGS vectors with Xba I and Sac I restriction enzymes, as well as the primers TRV2-FaesELF3F and TRV2-FaesELF3R. In addition, a 423 bp fragment of the FaesAP3_1 genomic DNA (Genbank accession number: MK335654.1) was cloned into the TRV-mediated VIGS vectors with Xba I and Sac I restriction enzymes and the primers TRV2-FaesAP3_1F and TRV2-FaesAP3_1R. Then, the TRV2-FaesELF3, TRV2-FaesAP3_1, TRV2 and TRV1 empty vector plasmids were separately introduced into Agrobacterium strain EHA105. The TRV-mediated VIGS vectors were infiltrated into leaves of the two-true-leaves stage seedlings of long-homostyle buckwheat mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 with the method suggested by Liu [42]. All infected seedlings were cultivated in darkness for 24 h and then moved to a greenhouse with a temperature of 22 °C under short-day conditions. FaesELF3 and FaesAP3_1 expression levels were separately confirmed by qRT-PCR in flowers of FaesELF3-VIGS and FaesAP3_1-VIGS silencing plants.

5. Conclusions

The heteromorphic self-incompatibility (HSI) of buckwheat (F. esculentum) produces distylous flowers (pin and thrum) and results in low yield. Improving the yield stability of buckwheat requires a better understanding of the molecular basis of the HIS or developing a self-compatible (SC) common buckwheat line. Here, we have developed a self-compatible common buckwheat line with uniform long-homostyle (LH) flowers. Moreover, our previous studies identified two AP3-like genes, FaesAP3_1 and FaesAP3_2, working together to specify stamen identity. Identification downstream genes of floral organ identity regulators are critical to revealing the molecular mechanisms underlying floral morphogenesis. However, a general regulatory pathway between floral organ identity genes and their downstream targets is still lacking in nonmodel species. In this study, we screened a direct downstream target gene, FaesELF3, of a stamen identity transcription factor, FaesAP3_1, in long-homostyle (LH) F. esculentum by using yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) and dual-luciferase reporter (DR) assays. Furthermore, FaesAP3_1-silenced plants had flowers with part stamens or anthers homeotically transformed into tepaloid structures. FaesELF3-silenced plants produced abnormal stamens consisting of short filaments and empty anthers (male sterile anther). All of these results suggested that the transcription factor (TF) FaesAP3_1 directly activates FaesELF3 to regulate filament elongation and pollen grain development in LH buckwheat. Our data also suggested another stamen development pathway independent of FaesAP3_1 remains in F. esculentum.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijms232214403/s1.

Author Contributions

Writing—original draft preparation, Z.M.; Methodology, Q.Y., L.Z., J.L. and X.J.; Writing—review and editing, supervision, Z.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31771867).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Distylous flower and long-homostyle flower of F. esculentum. (A) White long-homostyle flower with long style and long stamens; (B) White thrum flower with short style and long stamens; (C) White pin flower with long style and short stamens; (D) Red LH flower of daughter lines between white LH flower plant and red flower common buckwheat; (E) Red thrum flower with short style and long stamens; (F) Red pin flower with long style and short stamens. Scale bar = 2 mm.
Figure 1. Distylous flower and long-homostyle flower of F. esculentum. (A) White long-homostyle flower with long style and long stamens; (B) White thrum flower with short style and long stamens; (C) White pin flower with long style and short stamens; (D) Red LH flower of daughter lines between white LH flower plant and red flower common buckwheat; (E) Red thrum flower with short style and long stamens; (F) Red pin flower with long style and short stamens. Scale bar = 2 mm.
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Figure 2. Histochemical GUS staining in the T1 generation of pFaesELF3::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis and deletion analysis of the pFaesELF3 promoter. (A) Wild-type Arabidopsis inflorescence; (B) Wild-type Arabidopsis flower; (C) Stage 12 floral bud of wild-type Arabidopsis [33]; (D) Inflorescence of pFaesELF3::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis; (E) Flower of pFaesELF3::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis; (F) Stage 12 floral bud of pFaesELF3::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis; (G) Inflorescence of pFaesELF3D1::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis; (H) Flower of pFaesELF3D1::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis; (I) Stage 12 floral bud of pFaesELF3D1::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis; (J) Inflorescence of pFaesELF3D2::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis; (K) flower of pFaesELF3D2::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis; (L) Stage 12 floral bud of pFaesELF3D2::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis. sepal (sep), petal (pet), anther (ant), filament (fil), ovary (ova), stigmatic papillae (stp); scale Bars: (A,B,D,E,G,H,J,K) 1 mm; (C,F,I,L) 500 μm.
Figure 2. Histochemical GUS staining in the T1 generation of pFaesELF3::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis and deletion analysis of the pFaesELF3 promoter. (A) Wild-type Arabidopsis inflorescence; (B) Wild-type Arabidopsis flower; (C) Stage 12 floral bud of wild-type Arabidopsis [33]; (D) Inflorescence of pFaesELF3::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis; (E) Flower of pFaesELF3::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis; (F) Stage 12 floral bud of pFaesELF3::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis; (G) Inflorescence of pFaesELF3D1::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis; (H) Flower of pFaesELF3D1::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis; (I) Stage 12 floral bud of pFaesELF3D1::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis; (J) Inflorescence of pFaesELF3D2::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis; (K) flower of pFaesELF3D2::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis; (L) Stage 12 floral bud of pFaesELF3D2::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis. sepal (sep), petal (pet), anther (ant), filament (fil), ovary (ova), stigmatic papillae (stp); scale Bars: (A,B,D,E,G,H,J,K) 1 mm; (C,F,I,L) 500 μm.
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Figure 3. Positive regulation of FaesELF3 by B-class MADS-box transcription factor FaesAP3_1. (A) Y1H screens which MADS-box proteins could directly bind to the pFaesELF3 region containing CArG-box. pGADT7 vector was used as negative control; (B) Relative reporter activity (LUC/REN) in tobacco leaves of transient expression; (C) Schematic structure of the reporter and effecter constructs; (D) Luciferase signals (LUC/REN) were captured in N. benthamiana leaf cells; (a): diagram of reporter and effector constructs; (b): bright field image; (c): dark field image; (d): merge image. Asterisk (*) indicates a significant difference (p < 0.05 by Student’s t-test).
Figure 3. Positive regulation of FaesELF3 by B-class MADS-box transcription factor FaesAP3_1. (A) Y1H screens which MADS-box proteins could directly bind to the pFaesELF3 region containing CArG-box. pGADT7 vector was used as negative control; (B) Relative reporter activity (LUC/REN) in tobacco leaves of transient expression; (C) Schematic structure of the reporter and effecter constructs; (D) Luciferase signals (LUC/REN) were captured in N. benthamiana leaf cells; (a): diagram of reporter and effector constructs; (b): bright field image; (c): dark field image; (d): merge image. Asterisk (*) indicates a significant difference (p < 0.05 by Student’s t-test).
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Figure 4. Morphology, FaesELF3 expression in different organs and floral buds at sequential development stage of long-homostyle F. esculentum. (A) FaesELF3 expression in the root (roo), stem (ste), juvenile leaf (lea), tepal (tep), stamen (sta), pistil (pis), and 6-day-old fruit (fru) were detected by qRT-PCR in LH F. esculentum; (B) FaesELF3 expression was detected by qRT-PCR in LH floral buds at sequential development stage; (C) Cytomorphological section of LH floral buds at sequential development stages; L1: pistil primordium appearance and anther at microspore mother cell stage; L2: filament rapidly elongating and anther at microspore tetrads stage; L3: anther at mononuclear microspore; L4: mature floral bud with mature pollen before bloom; L5: flower in bloom. Scale bar: (L1–L4) 100 μm; (L5) 1 mm. Different letters indicate significant difference (p < 0.05 by LSD).
Figure 4. Morphology, FaesELF3 expression in different organs and floral buds at sequential development stage of long-homostyle F. esculentum. (A) FaesELF3 expression in the root (roo), stem (ste), juvenile leaf (lea), tepal (tep), stamen (sta), pistil (pis), and 6-day-old fruit (fru) were detected by qRT-PCR in LH F. esculentum; (B) FaesELF3 expression was detected by qRT-PCR in LH floral buds at sequential development stage; (C) Cytomorphological section of LH floral buds at sequential development stages; L1: pistil primordium appearance and anther at microspore mother cell stage; L2: filament rapidly elongating and anther at microspore tetrads stage; L3: anther at mononuclear microspore; L4: mature floral bud with mature pollen before bloom; L5: flower in bloom. Scale bar: (L1–L4) 100 μm; (L5) 1 mm. Different letters indicate significant difference (p < 0.05 by LSD).
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Figure 5. Phenotypes of VIGS-silenced F. esculentum LH flowers, as well as FaesELF3 and FaesAP3_1 expression in TRV2-empty and TRV2-FaesELF3-treated LH flowers with strong phenotypic changes. (A) Phenotypes of VIGS-treated F. esculentum LH flowers; (a): TRV2-empty-treated red LH flower with three long styles and eight long stamens; (b): TRV2-FaesELF3-treated red LH flower with three long styles, two long stamens and three short stamens consisting of short filaments and empty anthers (male sterile anther); (c): TRV2-FaesELF3-treated white LH flower with three long styles, three long stamens and five short stamens consisting of short filaments and empty anthers (male sterile anther); (d): TRV2-empty white LH flower with five tepals, eight long stamens and three long styles; (e): TRV2-FaesAP3_1-treated white LH flower with six normal tepals, two tepals with anther attachments, six long stamens and three long styles; (f): TRV2-FaesAP3_1-treated white LH flower with three tepals, two filaments with anthers homeotically converted into tepaloid structures (tepal attachment of anther) on the top, four stamens and three long styles. (B) FaesAP3_1 expression was separately detected by qRT-PCR in TRV2-empty and TRV2-FaesELF3-treated LH flowers; (C) FaesELF3 expression was separately detected by qRT-PCR in TRV2-empty and TRV2-FaesELF3-treated LH flowers. tepal (tep), stamen (sta), style (sty), long filament (lfi), short filament (sfi), empty anther (ean), tepals attachment of anther (tea); scale bar = 1 mm. Double asterisk (**) indicates a statistical significance at p-value ≤ 0.01 level.
Figure 5. Phenotypes of VIGS-silenced F. esculentum LH flowers, as well as FaesELF3 and FaesAP3_1 expression in TRV2-empty and TRV2-FaesELF3-treated LH flowers with strong phenotypic changes. (A) Phenotypes of VIGS-treated F. esculentum LH flowers; (a): TRV2-empty-treated red LH flower with three long styles and eight long stamens; (b): TRV2-FaesELF3-treated red LH flower with three long styles, two long stamens and three short stamens consisting of short filaments and empty anthers (male sterile anther); (c): TRV2-FaesELF3-treated white LH flower with three long styles, three long stamens and five short stamens consisting of short filaments and empty anthers (male sterile anther); (d): TRV2-empty white LH flower with five tepals, eight long stamens and three long styles; (e): TRV2-FaesAP3_1-treated white LH flower with six normal tepals, two tepals with anther attachments, six long stamens and three long styles; (f): TRV2-FaesAP3_1-treated white LH flower with three tepals, two filaments with anthers homeotically converted into tepaloid structures (tepal attachment of anther) on the top, four stamens and three long styles. (B) FaesAP3_1 expression was separately detected by qRT-PCR in TRV2-empty and TRV2-FaesELF3-treated LH flowers; (C) FaesELF3 expression was separately detected by qRT-PCR in TRV2-empty and TRV2-FaesELF3-treated LH flowers. tepal (tep), stamen (sta), style (sty), long filament (lfi), short filament (sfi), empty anther (ean), tepals attachment of anther (tea); scale bar = 1 mm. Double asterisk (**) indicates a statistical significance at p-value ≤ 0.01 level.
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Ma, Z.; Yang, Q.; Zeng, L.; Li, J.; Jiao, X.; Liu, Z. FaesAP3_1 Regulates the FaesELF3 Gene Involved in Filament-Length Determination of Long-Homostyle Fagopyrum esculentum. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 14403. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214403

AMA Style

Ma Z, Yang Q, Zeng L, Li J, Jiao X, Liu Z. FaesAP3_1 Regulates the FaesELF3 Gene Involved in Filament-Length Determination of Long-Homostyle Fagopyrum esculentum. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(22):14403. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214403

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ma, Zhiyuan, Qingyu Yang, Lingtian Zeng, Jiayi Li, Xinyu Jiao, and Zhixiong Liu. 2022. "FaesAP3_1 Regulates the FaesELF3 Gene Involved in Filament-Length Determination of Long-Homostyle Fagopyrum esculentum" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 22: 14403. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214403

APA Style

Ma, Z., Yang, Q., Zeng, L., Li, J., Jiao, X., & Liu, Z. (2022). FaesAP3_1 Regulates the FaesELF3 Gene Involved in Filament-Length Determination of Long-Homostyle Fagopyrum esculentum. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(22), 14403. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214403

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