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Volume 26
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10.3390/ijms26031228
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Identification of Salivary Exosome-Derived miRNAs as Potential Biomarkers of Bone Remodeling During Orthodontic Tooth Movement

by
Nikolaos Kazanopoulos
1,
Constantinos D. Sideris
2,
Yong Xu
1,
Dimitrios Konstantonis
3,
Heleni Vastardis
3,
Elizabeth R. Balmayor
4,
Michael Wolf
5 and
Christian Apel
1,*
1
Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
2
Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10561 Athens, Greece
3
Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10561 Athens, Greece
4
Experimental Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic, Trauma, and Reconstructive Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
5
Department of Orthodontics, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(3), 1228; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031228
Submission received: 9 January 2025 / Revised: 28 January 2025 / Accepted: 29 January 2025 / Published: 30 January 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Biology)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is a complex process involving bone remodeling, and is regulated by various molecular factors, including microRNAs (miRNAs). These small, non-coding RNAs are critical in post-transcriptional gene regulation and have been implicated in the modulation of osteoclast and osteoblast activity during OTM. This study aimed to explore the expression profiles of salivary exosome-derived miRNAs during OTM to identify potential biomarkers that could provide insights into the biological processes involved in orthodontic tooth movement. Saliva samples were collected from 15 patients at three time points: before treatment (Day 0), 7 days after the treatment’s onset (Day 7), and 40 days after the treatment’s onset (Day 40). The exosomes were isolated, and the miRNAs were extracted and sequenced. A differential expression analysis and gene ontology (GO) enrichment were performed to identify the miRNAs involved in osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation. Out of the 1405 detected miRNAs, 185 were analyzed. Several miRNAs were associated with bone-remodeling processes. The statistically significant finding was the downregulation of hsa-miR-4634 after 40 days of treatment. These findings contribute to the understanding of miRNA regulation in orthodontics and may have broader implications for skeletal disorders, such as osteoporosis.
Keywords: extracellular vesicles; osteogenesis; saliva; gene expression regulation; mechanical stress extracellular vesicles; osteogenesis; saliva; gene expression regulation; mechanical stress

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Kazanopoulos, N.; Sideris, C.D.; Xu, Y.; Konstantonis, D.; Vastardis, H.; Balmayor, E.R.; Wolf, M.; Apel, C. Identification of Salivary Exosome-Derived miRNAs as Potential Biomarkers of Bone Remodeling During Orthodontic Tooth Movement. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 1228. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031228

AMA Style

Kazanopoulos N, Sideris CD, Xu Y, Konstantonis D, Vastardis H, Balmayor ER, Wolf M, Apel C. Identification of Salivary Exosome-Derived miRNAs as Potential Biomarkers of Bone Remodeling During Orthodontic Tooth Movement. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(3):1228. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031228

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kazanopoulos, Nikolaos, Constantinos D. Sideris, Yong Xu, Dimitrios Konstantonis, Heleni Vastardis, Elizabeth R. Balmayor, Michael Wolf, and Christian Apel. 2025. "Identification of Salivary Exosome-Derived miRNAs as Potential Biomarkers of Bone Remodeling During Orthodontic Tooth Movement" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 3: 1228. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031228

APA Style

Kazanopoulos, N., Sideris, C. D., Xu, Y., Konstantonis, D., Vastardis, H., Balmayor, E. R., Wolf, M., & Apel, C. (2025). Identification of Salivary Exosome-Derived miRNAs as Potential Biomarkers of Bone Remodeling During Orthodontic Tooth Movement. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(3), 1228. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031228

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