Next Article in Journal
Conservation Strategies for Local Breed Biodiversity
Next Article in Special Issue
The Spotted Cleaner Shrimp, Periclimenes yucatanicus (Ives, 1891), on an Unusual Scleractinian Host
Previous Article in Journal
Exploring the Bacterial Communities of Infernaccio Waterfalls: A Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas Strains Living in a Red Epilithic Biofilm
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Diversity
Volume 11
Issue 10
10.3390/d11100176
diversity-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Zooxanthellate, Sclerite-Free, and Pseudopinnuled Octocoral Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Anthozoa, Octocorallia) from Mesophotic Reefs of the Southern Ryukyus Islands

by
Yee Wah Lau
1,* and
James Davis Reimer
1,2
1
Molecular Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
2
Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diversity 2019, 11(10), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/d11100176
Submission received: 25 August 2019 / Revised: 16 September 2019 / Accepted: 18 September 2019 / Published: 22 September 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity of Coral-Associated Fauna)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Shallow water coral reefs are the most diverse marine ecosystems, but there is an immense gap in knowledge when it comes to understanding the diversity of the vast majority of marine biota in these ecosystems. This is especially true when it comes to understudied small and cryptic coral reef taxa in understudied ecosystems, such as mesophotic coral reef ecosystems (MCEs). MCEs were reported in Japan almost fifty years ago, although only in recent years has there been an increase in research concerning the diversity of these reefs. In this study we describe the first stoloniferous octocoral from MCEs, Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov., from Iriomote and Okinawa Islands in the southern Ryukyus Islands. The species is zooxanthellate; both specimens host Cladocopium LaJeunesse & H.J.Jeong, 2018 (formerly Symbiodinium ‘Clade C’) and were collected from depths of ~33 to 40 m. Additionally, H. nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov. is both sclerite-free and lacks free pinnules, and both of these characteristics are typically diagnostic for octocorals. The discovery and morphology of H. nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov. indicate that we still know very little about stoloniferous octocoral diversity in MCEs, their genetic relationships with shallower reef species, and octocoral–symbiont associations. Continued research on these subjects will improve our understanding of octocoral diversity in both shallow and deeper reefs.

1. Introduction

Coral reefs make up only 0.2% of the earth’s ocean but are estimated to harbor a quarter of all marine species [1,2] and are the most diverse marine ecosystems on the planet. Unfortunately, these diverse marine communities are also one of the most threatened [3,4,5,6]. The ‘hotspot’ concept, a term used to mark a relatively restricted geographic area accommodating exceptionally high concentrations of biodiversity and endemism [7,8,9] has highlighted the wealth of species that are at risk and how localized such areas of richness can be [10]. However, there are vast gaps in knowledge concerning the majority of marine biota [11,12], making the recognition of biodiversity geographic patterns and hotspots questionable [13,14], as priorities identified for one taxon may not reflect the diversity of other taxa [14,15]. This is especially true for understudied localities and environments, such as understudied coral reef ecosystems.
Mesophotic coral reef ecosystems (MCEs) occur at depths below 30–40 m to 100 m or deeper in tropical and sub-tropical regions [16,17,18,19]. MCEs are considered understudied, as their depths make them difficult to access via normal SCUBA technology, yet too shallow for most submersibles [19,20]. However, research regarding MCEs has increased in recent years, along with calls for increased awareness and protection of these ecosystems [21]. Additionally, studies have demonstrated that MCEs can accommodate high levels of endemism [19,22] and harbor distinct geographical communities [19].
The coral reefs of southern Japan are at the top of the list in terms of global marine conservation priority, when considering the region’s high levels of multi-taxon endemism and the high risk of biodiversity loss due to overexploitation and coastal development [23]. The Ryukyus Islands (RYS), i.e., Ryukyu Archipelago, encompass the southernmost region of Japan and include islands of different geological formations, ages, and sizes [24,25]. The surrounding waters and coral reefs fringing the islands are strongly influenced by the warm water brought from tropical areas around the Philippine islands by the Kuroshio Current, which flows towards the north along the west side of the island chain [24,25,26], extending warm water conditions northerly. As such, the RYS experience higher sea temperatures compared to other areas at similar latitudes, such as eastern Australia [27,28], thus creating unique coral reef conditions. Serious taxonomic and geographic biases are present in marine biodiversity research in the RYS. Most work in the RYS has been conducted on the phyla Pisces, Crustacea, and Cnidaria, with the majority of research on hermatypic hard corals (Scleractinia) and, surprisingly, far less work on other commercially important groups such as Echinodermata and Mollusca, as well as on other understudied small and cryptic coral reef taxa [25].
One such understudied small and cryptic group are octocorals belonging to the subordinal group, Stolonifera. Stoloniferan octocorals are characterized by having relatively simple colony growth forms, where the polyps are united basally by ribbon-like stolons, instead of being embedded side by side within a common coenenchymal mass [29,30,31]. There are seven families that are considered to belong to Stolonifera: Acrossotidae Bourne, 1914; Arulidae McFadden & Van Ofwegen, 2012; Clavulariidae Hickson, 1894; Coelogorgiidae Bourne, 1900; Cornulariidae Dana, 1846; Pseudogorgiidae Utinomi & Harada, 1973; and Tubiporidae Ehrenberg, 1828. The most speciose as well as the most studied family is Clavulariidae, which comprises approximately 30 genera and over 60 species. Until recently, all other families are all either monospecific or monogeneric, with no more than a few described species; recent studies have additionally introduced new genera and species for Arulidae [32,33], which is the most recently erected family.
Stoloniferous octocorals often have inconspicuous small colonies and polyps, which makes them hard to detect [32,33,34]. There are critical gaps that remain in the understanding of the functional and ecological significance of octocoral–zooxanthellae symbioses [35]. To date, only a handful of data are available on stoloniferous octocoral–symbiont relationships, which all concern members of the speciose genus Clavularia Blainville, 1830. Clavularia spp. from Australia all hosted Durusdinium LaJeunesse, 2018 [36,37]. On one other occasion, a single Clavularia sp. specimen from the Caribbean was found to host Durusdinium [38].
Obligate mutualistic symbioses play important roles in extending available energy resources and thus potentially influence biodiversity on reefs [36,39]; however, stoloniferous octocorals and their host–symbiont associations are a relatively underexamined fauna in the RYS, particularly from within MCEs. In this study we formally describe the zooxanthellate, sclerite-free, and pseudopinnuled octocoral Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov. from MCEs around Okinawa and Iriomote Islands.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Specimen Collection and Morphological Examinations

One specimen was collected from one location each around Okinawa (August 2017; 26.856412 N, 128.245093 E) and Iriomote (December 2016; 24.370413 N, 123.736428 E) Islands (Figure 1). The specimens were found at depths of 33 and 40 m, respectively, by means of SCUBA (atmospheric air) and were preserved in 70–90% ethanol and subsamples in 95% ethanol. The current study is part of an ongoing survey of mesophotic and deep reef work. Vouchers and type material were deposited at the National Museum of Nature and Science (NSMT), Tokyo, Japan (Table 1). Both specimens were examined for the presence of sclerites by dissolving entire polyps and stolons in 4% hypochlorite (household bleach). Additionally, to visualize polyp tentacles and pseudopinnules, polyps were fixed in 20% formalin and embedded in methylene blue (1%).

2.2. DNA Extraction, Amplification, and Sequencing

DNA was extracted from polyps using a DNeasy Blood and Tissue kit (Qiagen, Tokyo, Japan). PCR amplification and sequencing were performed for four markers, of which three were mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), the MSH homologue mtMutS, and subunit ND6) and the fourth was the nuclear ribosomal marker (28S rDNA). Additionally, for Symbiodiniaceae, the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA was amplified. Protocols in [34] were followed and PCR products were treated with Exonuclease I and alkaline phosphate (shrimp) and sent for bidirectional sequencing on an ABI 3730XL (Fasmac, Kanagawa, Japan). Sequences were assembled and edited using Geneious R11 [40] and BioEdit [41]. COI, mtMutS, and ND6 were checked for introns, exons, and stop-codons in AliView [42].

2.3. Molecular Phylogenetic Analyses

Multiple sequence alignments were performed using MAFFT 7 [43] and coding markers were aligned using MACSE [44] under default parameters. The phylogenetic position of the collected specimens (n = 2) was determined by aligning the consensus sequences for markers 28S rDNA, COI, and mtMutS to a reference dataset of 124 octocoral genera, including Cornularia pabloi and Cornularia cornucopiae as outgroup (total n = 144), as used in Lau and Reimer [33]. This resulted in alignments of 887 bp for 28S rDNA, 717 bp for COI, and 714 bp for mtMutS, and a total concatenated three-marker dataset of 2318 bp. The separate markers were run in ML analyses, to check for contamination and congruency (Supplementary Materials Figures S1–S3).
A separate phylogenetic analysis was made to examine the lower level phylogenetic relationships of the collected mesophotic specimens, using a concatenated four-marker dataset. The concatenated four-marker dataset resulted in an alignment of 2670 bp (total n = 12). A total of seven reference species were included in the analysis, which clustered in nearby clades with the specimens in the three-marker dataset, including Rhodelinda sp. and Telesto sp. as outgroup. The four separate markers (28S rDNA, 787 bp; COI, 708 bp; mtMutS, 734 bp; ND6, 441 bp) were also run in ML analyses, to check for contamination and congruency (Supplementary Materials Figures S4–S7).
Additionally, ITS sequences from the two specimens were aligned with a total of 25 reference sequences (Cladocopium spp. and Durusdinium spp.), including Gerakladium sp. as outgroup. The resulting dataset comprised 641 bp and a total of 27 sequences and was run in ML analyses (Supplementary Materials Figure S8).
Alignments of the separate markers were concatenated using SequenceMatrix 1.8 [45]. ML analyses were run with RAX-ML 8 [46], using the GTRCAT model. The best ML tree was calculated using the –D parameter. A multi-parametric bootstrap search was performed, which automatically stopped based on the extended majority rule criterion. The Bayesian inference was performed with ExaBayes 1.5 [47] using the GTR substitution model. Four independent runs were run for 10,000,000 generations during which convergence (with a standard deviation of split frequencies < 2%) was reached. Bootstrap supports and posterior probabilities were depicted on the branches of the best ML tree using P4 [48]. The resulting trees were visualized in FigTree 1.4.2 [49]. Additionally, average distance estimations within species and within genera were computed using MEGA X [50] by analyzing pairwise measures of genetic distances (uncorrected P) among sequences (Supplementary Materials Tables S1–S3).

3. Systematic Account

Class Anthozoa
Subclass Octocorallia Ehrenberg, 1831
Order Alcyonacea Lamouroux, 1812
Family Clavulariidae Hickson, 1894

3.1. Genus Hadaka gen. nov.

Type species: Hadaka nudidomus sp. nov. by original designation and monotype.
Diagnosis: Colony with polyps connected through flattened ribbon-like stolons, which are loosely attached to a hard substrate. Polyps retract fully into the calyx, which is cylindrical to conical in shape, narrowing at the base and does not retract fully into the stolon. Tentacles have a wide rachis with a protruding ridge and pseudopinnules of different lengths arranged on either side, giving the polyps feather shaped tentacles. No sclerites. Zooxanthellate.
Remarks: Hadaka gen. nov. et sp. nov. shows gross resemblance to Hanabira Lau, Stokvis, Imahara & Reimer, 2019 in having a similar polyp shape with feather or petal shaped tentacles and fused pinnules, which can still be distinguished by shallow furrows. Hadaka gen. nov. et sp. nov. differs from Hanabira in having no sclerites in any part of the colony and having a protruding ridge on the upper side of the tentacle. Genetically, Hadaka gen. nov. is well-supported and positioned in a different phylogenetic clade from Hanabira. The closest sister taxa of Hadaka gen. nov. is Acrossota Bourne, 1914, which is also sclerite-free, but morphologically very different; Acrossota lacks pinnules completely.
Etymology: From the Japanese word hadaka (裸), meaning naked, bare, nude; denoting the absence of two characteristic features of octocorals, sclerites, and free pinnules. Gender: feminine.
http://zoobank.org/39430672-5ADA-4EFF-9F5A-B4076B6B90C0

3.2. Hadaka nudidomus sp. nov.

See Figure 2.
Material examined: All specimens were collected from Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. Holotype: NSMT-Co 1681, northeast Uchibanare, Iriomote Island (24.370413 N,123.736428 E), ~40 m depth, 19 December 2016, coll. D. Uyeno. GenBank accession numbers: 28S rDNA, MN488601; COI, MN488603; mtMutS, MN488605. Paratype: NSMT-Co 1682, entrance to Hedo Dome, Cape Hedo, Okinawa Island (26.856412 N, 128.245093 E), 33 m depth, 18 August 2017, coll. J.D. Reimer. GenBank accession numbers: 28S rDNA, MN488602; COI, MN488604; ND6, MN488606.
Description: Holotype colony consists of 15 polyps with flattened ribbon-like stolons encrusting a sponge. Polyps can be seen individually or clustered in groups and are spaced apart irregularly, 3 mm to 2 cm in between polyps and clusters. Stolons are 0.5 mm at their narrowest and 1 mm at their widest point. Polyps retract fully into the calyx (~1.8 mm wide and ~3.55 mm in length), which is cylindrical to conical shaped, narrowing at the base, and does not retract fully into the stolon. Expanded polyps are ~4–5 mm diameter in life. Tentacles have a wide rachis with a protruding ridge on the upper side and long pseudopinnules arranged on either side (~24–26 pseudo-pairs), giving the polyps feather shaped tentacles. When stained with methylene blue, the outline of the tentacles can be observed. Structures of the pinnule axis are visible; however, the notches that distinguish the pseudopinnules are not observed in the contour of the tentacle (Figure 2d). No sclerites were found in any parts of the specimens. Polyps are brown in life and yellowish-white in ethanol (Figure 2c). Zooxanthellate.
Morphological variation: There is a difference in color between the polyps of the holotype (NSMT-Co 1681) and paratype (NSMT-Co 1682); the polyps of the holotype are brown with a white oral disc and base of the tentacles and the polyps of the paratype are whitish yellow with a bright blue oral disc (Figure 2a,b).
Distribution: Southwestern Japan, southern Ryukyus Islands, around northern Okinawa Island, and inside the bay of western Iriomote Island in the East China Sea. Specimens were collected from depths of ~33–40 m.
Remarks: The polyps of paratype NSMT-Co 1682 were all used for DNA extraction and sclerite examination, as they were initially thought to be a Hanabira yukibana specimen; three fragments of rock with stolon remain. The holotype colony (NSMT-Co 1681) was attached to sponge tissue, but this epibiont is not obligate, as the paratype was attached to rock.
Habitat: The holotype (NSMT-Co 1681) was found attached to sponge on a large piece of coral rubble (>15 cm) lying on a mixed small rubble/soft sediment bottom. The paratype (NSMT-Co 1682) was found on consolidated hard carbonate bottom. Both colonies were on the upward-facing side of the bottom.
Etymology: From Latin nudus, meaning naked or bare, and domus, meaning home or house; denoting the ‘naked’ host habitat in which the zooxanthellae reside, as the species is sclerite-free.
http://zoobank.org/71620752-8C33-4DCE-9B6E-DD7FC2DA3E20

4. Molecular Results

This study added a total of six sequences of Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov. to the public reference database GenBank and no barcodes were available before. For the family Symbiodiniaceae, two Cladocopium spp. sequences were added. The phylogenies resulting from the ML analyses of the separate markers (COI, 28S rDNA, mtMutS, ND6) were highly congruent with those from the concatenated alignments for both the three- and four-marker datasets (Supplementary Materials Figures S1–S7). ML and Bayesian analyses for the concatenated datasets yielded almost identical tree phylogenies (Supplementary Materials Figure S9). Sequences of Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov. collected from Okinawa and Iriomote Islands formed a completely-supported clade, containing sclerite-free species only: species of clavulariid genus Phenganax Alderslade & McFadden, 2011 and monospecific acrossotid genus Acrossota Bourne, 1914 in both the three- and four-marker analyses (Figure 3 and Figure 4).
Hadaka gen. nov. was sister to the remaining clade in the three-marker analyses; however, in the four-marker analyses, Phenganax was sister to Hadaka gen. nov. and Acrossota. Nonetheless, in both phylogenies, the two specimens of Hadaka gen. nov. formed a completely-supported clade.
Additionally, genetic distances gave further support to phylogenetic affinities and morphological features justifying the establishment of a new genus. Between-genus distances (Hadaka compared to Acrossota and Phenganax) for COI were 2.52–2.54% and 7.69–13.33% for mtMutS, which are well above the intergeneric range for octocorals [51]. Additional comparisons between Hadaka nudidomus sp. nov. specimens, Acrossota amboinenesis Burchardt, 1902 and Phenganax spp.; Phenganax parrini Alderslade & McFadden, 2011, Phenganax marumi Lau & Reimer, 2019, Phenganax subtilis Lau & Reimer, 2019, Phenganax stokvisi Lau & Reimer, 2019, also resulted in ranges (COI: 2.15–2.97%, MSH: 7.00–13.33%) that indicated that Hadaka gen. nov. specimens belong to a different genus (Supplementary Materials Tables S1–S3). There were no differences (0%) when comparing genetic distances within the two Hadaka specimens, indicating that the specimens are of the same species.
Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov. specimens were analyzed for the presence of zooxanthellae, and identical sequences of Symbiodiniaceae were found. Both Hadaka nudidomus specimens collected from Okinawa and Iriomote Island hosted Cladocopium LaJeunesse & H.J.Jeong, 2018 (formerly Symbiodinium ‘Clade C’).

5. Discussion

In the three- and four-marker phylogenies, there was disparity in the position of Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov. and Acrossota amboinensis. It remains unresolved how these genera and genus Phenganax are related to one another. A possible explanation could be that there is no sufficient signal in the sequences of both Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov. and Acrossota amboinenesis due to the fact that the closest relatives for these genera are yet to be discovered.
Morphologically, there was a difference between the coloration of the polyps of the holotype and paratype found at Iriomote and Okinawa Islands, respectively. The differences in coloration suggested that perhaps the specimens hosted different members of Symbiodiniaceae. However, both specimens hosted genus Cladocopium and thus no biogeographical distinction in Symbiodiniaceae was observed. Members of Cladocopium spp. are known to be adapted to a wide range of temperatures and irradiances [53], which would be expected from MCEs, where irradiances are not only subject to seasonal variations but are already reduced.
Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov is the first zooxanthellate stoloniferous octocoral described from mesophotic depths. Only one other zooxanthellate octocoral, an alcyoniid species, Sinularia mesophotica Benayahu, McFadden, Shoham & van Ofwegen, 2017, has been explicitly described from mesophotic depths [54]. However, it was not further specified which genus or species of Symbiodiniaceae was hosted by S. mesophotica and therefore, we cannot yet hypothesize differences of zooxanthellae hosted by octocorals from MCEs.
Nonetheless, another recent study has shown that there are geographical differences in the genera of Symbiodiniaceae in Hanabira yukibana Lau, Stokvis, Imahara & Reimer, 2019 from shallow coral reefs, as specimens found from Okinawa Island hosted Cladocopium while Durusdinium LaJeunesse, 2018 was hosted in specimens from Iriomote Island. However, in this previous study, similar to the current study, no consistently different patterns of polyp coloration related to symbiont associations were observed [34]. To this end, finer-scale examinations of Symbiodiniaceae using faster-evolving DNA markers [55] may reveal patterns yet unseen.
Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov. is the second species within Octocorallia after Acrossota amboinensis that has no sclerites in any part of the colony and also no free pinnules; both species are taxonomically placed within family Clavulariidae. Acrossota amboinensis differs from Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov. in colony form, polyp morphology, and habitat (Figure 4); A. amboinensis does not have pseudopinnules, but instead lacks pinnules completely and has, so far, not been found at mesophotic depths. When comparing A. amboinensis to Phenganax spp. there are also distinct morphological differences; all Phenganax species have free pinnules and have completely different polyp and tentacle shapes. Nonetheless, the genera Acrossota and Phenganax are phylogenetically closely related. In a recent study, the phylogenetic topology for these genera was different from that generated in the current study [33], in which Acrossota is placed basally to all Phenganax species. As a result of the unresolved phylogenetic location of Acrossota within Clavulariidae, while it is clear these three genera are distinct, it remains unclear how Hadaka and Phenganax are related to Acrossota.
Moreover, it can be concluded that several octocoral species lack both sclerites and free pinnules, and thus, that such features are not completely rare in octocorals, which raises important implications for the definition of subclass Octocorallia, as sclerite characterization and the presence of pinnated tentacles are two of the major diagnostic features of the group [52,56,57].
It is clear that more species diversity data from many marine regions are needed before we can state with certainty that the southern Ryukyus harbor high levels of stoloniferous octocoral diversity and endemism, but at least it can be said that this region potentially harbors many undiscovered species, not only in shallow coral reefs [33,34], but also among the many unexplored MCEs in this region.
Recent studies have shown that MCEs harbor distinct and independent biological communities when compared to shallower reefs [21]. MCEs are not only affected by anthropogenic and natural impacts as are shallow reefs but have seldom been the focus of specific conservation efforts [21,58]. Thus, researchers have only begun to scratch the surface of what we know about mesophotic marine life [21,58,59], including information on stoloniferous octocoral diversity and octocoral–zooxanthellae relationships in MCEs. The discovery of Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov. and other recent discoveries [54,57] emphasize the need for continued studies on MCE octocoral diversity, as undescribed species may disappear before we have the opportunity to discover and study them [21].

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/11/10/176/s1, Figure S1: Maximum Likelihood phylogeny reconstruction of 28S rDNA gene region of Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov. from Okinawa and Iriomote Islands (Japan) and octocoral references from 123 genera, including outgroup Cornularia spp., Figure S2: Maximum Likelihood phylogeny reconstruction of COI gene region of Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov. from Okinawa and Iriomote Islands (Japan) and octocoral references from 123 genera, including outgroup Cornularia spp., Figure S3: Maximum Likelihood phylogeny reconstruction of mtMutS gene region of Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov. from Okinawa and Iriomote Islands (Japan) and octocoral references from 123 genera, including outgroup Cornularia spp., Fiugre S4: Maximum Likelihood phylogeny reconstruction of 28S rDNA gene region of Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov. from Okinawa and Iriomote Islands (Japan) and five octocoral references (Phenganax spp., Acrossota amboinensis), and outgroup (Telesto sp., Rhodelinda sp.)., Figure S5: Maximum Likelihood phylogeny reconstruction of COI gene region of Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov. from Okinawa and Iriomote Islands (Japan) and five octocoral references (Phenganax spp., Acrossota amboinensis), and outgroup (Rhodelinda sp.)., Figure S6: Maximum Likelihood phylogeny reconstruction of mtMutS gene region of Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov. from Okinawa and Iriomote Islands (Japan) and four octocoral references (Phenganax spp., Acrossota amboinensis), and outgroup (Telesto sp.)., Figure S7: Maximum Likelihood phylogeny reconstruction of ND6 gene region of Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov. from Okinawa and Iriomote Islands (Japan) and two octocoral references (Phenganax spp.)., Figure S8: Maximum likelihood phylogenetic reconstruction of gene region ITS of Symbiodiniaceae hosted by Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov. specimens from Okinawa and Iriomote Islands (Japan) and reference taxa Durusdinium sp. (= former Symbiodinium ‘Clade D’, n = 14) and Cladocopium sp. (former Symbiodinium ‘Clade C’, n = 10) and outgroup sister taxa, Gerakladium sp. (= former Symbiodinium ‘Clade G’) as used in Lau et al (2019)., Figure S9: Bayesian inference phylogeny reconstruction of the combined 28S rDNA+COI+mtMutS gene regions of Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov. from Okinawa and Iriomote Islands (Japan) and octocoral references from 123 genera, including outgroup Cornularia spp., Table S1: Number of base differences per site from averaging over all sequence pairs between stoloniferous octocoral genera (Hadaka gen. nov., Phenganax, Acrossota) is shown (p expressed as percentage) for COI and mtMutS gene regions. Standard error estimates (S.E.) are shown above the diagonal. Analysis involved 9 and 6 nucleotide sequences for COI and mtMutS, respectively. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated. There were totals of 708 and 734 positions in the final dataset for COI and mtMutS, respectively. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018)., Table S2: Number of base differences per site from averaging over all sequence pairs between stoloniferous octocoral taxa (Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. sp. nov., Phenganax spp., Acrossota amboinensis) is shown (p expressed as percentage) for gene regions COI and mtMutS. Standard error estimates (S.E.) are shown above the diagonal. Analysis involved 7 nucleotide sequences for both COI and mtMutS. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated. There were totals of 717 and 881 positions in the final dataset for COI and mtMutS, respectively. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018)., Table S3: Estimates of average evolutionary divergence over sequence pairs within stoloniferous octocoral genera (Hadaka gen. nov., Phenganax, Acrossota, Rhodelinda, Telesto) for gene regions COI and mtMutS. The numbers of base differences per site from averaging over all sequence pairs within each group (d) are shown (p expressed as percentage). Standard error estimates (S.E.) are shown in the second column and were obtained by a bootstrap procedure (1000 replicates). Analyses involved 9 and 6 nucleotide sequences for COI and mtMutS, respectively. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated. There were totals of 708 and 734 positions in the final dataset for COI and mtMutS, respectively. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018).

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, methodology, and writing—review and editing, Y.W.L. and J.D.R.; formal analysis, investigation, data curation, writing—original draft preparation, and visualization, Y.W.L.; supervision and resources, J.D.R.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Acknowledgments

Daisuke Uyeno (Kagoshima University) is thanked for providing the holotype specimen NSMT-Co 1681. Tohru Naruse (University of the Ryukyus) is thanked for logistical support in the field in Iriomote Island. Kristen G.Y. Soong (University of the Ryukyus) is thanked for her help with laboratory work. Frank R. Stokvis (Naturalis Biodiversity Center) is thanked for providing help with phylogenetic analyses.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Buddemeier, R.W.; Kleypas, J.A.; Aronson, R.B. Coral Reefs and Global Climate Change: Potential Contributions of Climate Change to Stresses on Coral Reef Ecosystems, Report; Pew Centre on Global Climate Change: Arlington, VA, USA, 2004; 56p, Available online: http://www.reefresilience.org/pdf/Coral_Reefs_and_Global_Climate_Change.pdf (accessed on 2 April 2019).
  2. Chen, P.Y.; Chen, C.C.; Chu, L.; McCarl, B. Evaluating the economic damage of climate change. Glob. Environ. Chang. 2015, 30, 12–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Hughes, T.P.; Baird, A.H.; Bellwood, D.R.; Card, M.; Connolly, S.R.; Folke, C.; Grosberg, R.; Hoegh-Guldberg, O.; Jackson, J.B.C.; Kleypas, J.; et al. Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs. Science 2003, 301, 929–933. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Pandolfi, J.M.; Bradbury, R.H.; Sala, E.; Hughes, T.P.; Bjorndal, K.A.; Cooke, R.G.; McArdle, D.; McClenachan, L.; Newman, M.J.H.; Paredes, G.; et al. Global trajectories of the long-term decline of coral reef ecosystems. Science 2003, 301, 955–958. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Meyer, C.P.; Geller, J.B.; Paulay, G. Fine scale endemism on coral reefs: Archipelagic differentiation in turbinid gastropods. Evolution 2005, 59, 113–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Hughes, T.P.; Kerry, J.T.; Baird, A.H.; Connolly, S.R.; Dietzel, A.; Eakin, C.A.; Heron, S.F.; Hoey, A.S.; Hoogenboom, M.O.; Liu, G.; et al. Global warming transforms coral reef assemblages. Nature 2018, 556, 492–496. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Mittermeier, R.A.; Myers, N.; Thomsen, J.B.; da Fonseca, G.A.B.; Olivieri, S. Biodiversity hotspots and major tropical wilderness areas: Approaches to setting conservation priorities. Conserv. Biol. 1998, 12, 516–520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Mittermeier, R.A.; Myers, N.; Mittermeier, C.G. Hotspots—Earth’s Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions; Cemex: Mexico City, Mexico, 1999; 431p. [Google Scholar]
  9. Allen, G.R. Conservation hotspots of biodiversity and endemism for Indo-Pacific coral reef fishes. Aquat. Conserv. 2008, 18, 541–556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Bellwood, D.R.; Meyer, C.P. Searching for heat in a marine biodiversity hotspot. J. Biogeogr. 2009, 36, 569–576. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Appeltans, W.; Ahyong, S.T.; Anderson, G.; Angel, M.V.; Artois, T.; Bailly, N.; Bamber, R.; Barber, A.; Bartsch, I.; Berta, A.; et al. The magnitude of global marine species diversity. Curr. Biol. 2012, 22, 2189–2202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Troudet, J.; Grandcolas, P.; Blin, A.; Vignes-Lebbe, R.; Legendre, F. Taxonomic bias in biodiversity data and societal preferences. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 9132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Mace, G.M.; Balmford, A.; Boitani, L.; Cowlishaw, G.; Dobson, A.P.; Faith, D.P. It’s time to work together and stop duplicating conservation efforts. Nature 2000, 405, 393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Hooper, J.N.A.; Kennedy, J.A.; Quinn, R.J. Biodiversity ‘hotspots’, patterns of richness and endemism, and taxonomic affinities of tropical Australian sponges (Porifera). Biodivers. Conserv. 2002, 11, 851–885. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Kerr, J.T. Species richness, endemism, and choice of areas for conservation. Conserv. Biol. 1997, 11, 1094–1100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Puglise, K.A.; Hinderstein, L.M.; Marr, J.C.A.; Dowgiallo, M.J.; Martinez, F.A. Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems Research Strategy: International Workshop to Prioritize Research and Management Needs for Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems, Jupiter, Florida, 12–15 July 2008; NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 98 and OAR OER 2; NOAA National Centers for Coastal Research, NOAA Undersea Research Program: Silver Spring, MD, USA, 2009; 24p.
  17. Kahng, S.E.; Garcia-Sais, J.R.; Spalding, H.L.; Brokovich, E.; Wagner, D.; Weil, E.; Hinderstein, L.; Toonen, R.J. Community ecology of mesophotic coral reef ecosystems. Coral Reefs 2010, 29, 255–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Sinniger, F.; Harii, S. Studies on Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems in Japan. In Coral Reef Studies of Japan. Coral Reefs of the World; Iguchi, A., Hongo, C., Eds.; Springer: Singapore, 2018; Volume 13, pp. 149–162. [Google Scholar]
  19. Laverick, J.H.; Piango, S.; Andradi-Brown, D.A.; Exton, D.A.; Bongaerts, P.; Bridge, T.C.; Lesser, M.P.; Pyle, R.L.; Slattery, M.; Wagner, D.; et al. To what extent do mesophotic coral ecosystems and shallow reefs share species of conservation interest? A systematic review. Environ. Evid. 2018, 7, 15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  20. Pyle, R.L. Ocean Pulse: A Critical Diagnosis; Tanacredi, J.T., Loret, J., Eds.; Springer: Boston, MA, USA, 1998; pp. 71–88. [Google Scholar]
  21. Rocha, L.A.; Pinheiro, H.T.; Shepherd, B.; Papastamatiou, Y.P.; Luiz, O.J.; Pyle, R.L.; Bongaerts, P. Mesophotic coral ecosystems are threatened and ecologically distinct from shallow water reefs. Science 2018, 361, 281–284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  22. Kosaki, R.K.; Pyle, R.L.; Leonard, J.C.; Hauk, B.B.; Whitton, R.K.; Wagner, D. 100% endemism in mesophotic reef fish assemblages at Kure Atoll, Hawaiian Islands. Mar. Biodivers. 2017, 47, 783–784. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Roberts, C.M.; McClean, C.J.; Veron, J.E.N.; Hawkins, J.P.; Allen, J.R.; McAllister, D.E.; Mittermeier, C.G.; Schueler, F.W.; Spalding, M.; Wells, F.; et al. Marine biodiversity hotspots and conservation priorities for tropical reefs. Science 2002, 295, 1280–1285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Kizaki, K. Geology and tectonics of the Ryukyu Islands. Tectonophysics 1986, 125, 193–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Reimer, J.D.; Biondi, P.; Lau, Y.W.; Masucci, G.; Nguyen, X.H.; Santos, M.E.A.; Wee, H.B. Marine biodiversity research in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan: Current status and trends. PeerJ 2019, 7, e6532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Andres, M.; Park, J.H.; Wimbush, M.; Zhu, X.H.; Chang, K.I.; Ichikawa, H. Study of the Kuroshio/Ryukyu current system based on satellite-altimeter and in situ measurements. J. Oceanogr. 2008, 64, 937–950. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Veron, J.E.N. Conservation of biodiversity: A critical time for the hermatypic corals of Japan. Coral Reefs 1992, 11, 13–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Rodriguez-Lanetty, M.; Hoegh-Guldberg, O. Symbiont diversity within the widespread scleractinian coral Plesiastrea versipora, across the northwestern Pacific. Mar. Biol. 2003, 143, 501–509. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Fabricius, K.; Alderslade, P. Soft Corals and Sea Fans: A Comprehensive Guide to the Tropical Shallow-Water Genera of the Central-West Pacific, the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea; Australian Institute of Marine Science: Townsville, Australia, 2001. [Google Scholar]
  30. Daly, M.; Brugler, M.R.; Cartwright, P.; Collins, A.G.; Dawson, M.N.; Fautin, D.G.; France, S.C.; McFadden, C.S.; Opresko, D.M.; Rodriguez, E.; et al. The phylum Cnidaria: A review of phylogenetic patterns and diversity 300 years after Linnaeus. Zootaxa 2007, 1668, 127–182. [Google Scholar]
  31. McFadden, C.S.; van Ofwegen, L.P. Stoloniferous octocorals (Anthozoa, Octocorallia) from South Africa, with descriptions of a new family of Alcyonacea, a new genus of Clavulariidae, and a new species of Cornularia (Cornulariidae). Invertebr. Syst. 2012, 26, 331–356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Lau, Y.W.; Stokvis, F.R.; Van Ofwegen, L.P.; Reimer, J.D. Stolonifera from shallow waters in the north-western Pacific: A description of a new genus and two new species within the Arulidae (Anthozoa, Octocorallia). ZooKeys 2018, 790, 1–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Lau, Y.W.; Reimer, J.D. A first phylogenetic study on stoloniferous octocorals off the coast of Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, and the description of three new genera and six new species. ZooKeys 2019, 872, 127–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Lau, Y.W.; Stokvis, F.R.; Imahara, Y.; Reimer, J.D. The stoloniferous octocoral, Hanabira yukibana, gen. nov., sp. nov., of the southern Ryukyus has morphological and symbiont variation. Contrib. Zool. 2019, 54–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Van de Water, J.A.J.M.; Allemand, D.; Ferrier-Pagès, C. Host-microbe interactions in octocoral holobionts-recent advances and perspectives. Microbiome 2018, 6, 64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Van Oppen, M.J.H.; Mieog, J.C.; Sánchez, C.A.; Fabricius, K.E. Diversity of alga symbionts (zooxanthellae) in octocorals: The roles of geography and host relationships. Mol. Ecol. 2005, 14, 2403–2417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Goulet, T.L.; Simmons, C.; Goulet, D. Worldwide biogeography of Symbiodinium in tropical octocorals. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2008, 355, 45–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. LaJeunesse, T.C.; Bhagooli, R.; Hidaka, M.; de Vantier, L.; Done, T.; Schmidt, G.W.; Fitt, W.K.; Hoegh-Guldberg, O. Closely related Symbiodinium spp. differ in relative dominance in coral reef host communities across environmental, latitudinal and biogeographic gradients. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2004, 284, 147–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Fabricius, K.E.; De’ath, G. Photosynthetic symbionts and energy supply determine octocoral biodiversity in coral reefs. Ecology 2008, 89, 3163–3173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Kearse, M.; Moir, M.; Wilson, A.; Stones-havas, S.; Cheung, M.; Sturrock, S.; Buxton, S.; Cooper, A.; Markowitz, S.; Duran, C.; et al. Geneious Basic: An integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics 2012, 28, 1647–1649. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  41. Hall, T.A. BioEdit: A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser. 1999, 41, 95–98. [Google Scholar]
  42. Larsson, A. AliView: A fast and lightweight alignment viewer and editor for large datasets. Bioinformatics 2014, 30, 3276–3278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Katoh, K.; Standley, D.M. MAFFT Multiple sequence alignment software version 7: Improvements in performance and usability. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2013, 30, 772–780. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Ranwez, V.; Harispe, S.; Delsuc, F.; Douzery, E.J.P. MACSE: Multiple Alignment of Coding SEquences accounting for frameshifts and stop codons. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e22594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Gaurav, V.; Lohman, D.J.; Meier, R. SequenceMatrix: Concatenation software for the fast assembly of multi-gene datasets with character set and codon information. Cladistics 2011, 27, 171–180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Stamatakis, A. RAxML version 8: A tool for phylogenetic analyses and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 2014, 30, 1312–1313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Aberer, A.J.; Kobert, K.; Stamatakis, A. ExaBayes: Massively parallel Bayesian tree inference for the whole-genome era. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2014, 31, 2553–2556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  48. Foster, P.G. Modeling compositional heterogeneity. Syst. Biol. 2014, 53, 485–495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  49. Rambout, A. FigTree. 2014. Available online: tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/ (accessed on 17 April 2019).
  50. Kumar, S.; Stecher, G.; Li, M.; Knyaz, C.; Tamura, K. MEGA X: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2018, 35, 1547–1549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  51. McFadden, C.S.; Benayahu, Y.; Pante, E.; Thoma, J.N.; Nevarez, P.A.; France, S.C. Limitations of mitochondrial gene barcoding in Octocorallia. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 2011, 11, 19–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  52. Alderslade, P.; McFadden, C.S. Pinnule-less polyps: A new genus and new species of Indo-Pacific Clavulariidae and validation of the soft coral genus Acrossota and the family Acrossotidae (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Zootaxa 2007, 1400, 27–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. LaJeunesse, T.C.; Parkinson, J.E.; Gabrielson, P.W.; Jeong, H.J.; Reimer, J.D.; Voolstra, C.R.; Santos, S.R. Systematic revision of Symbiodiniaceae highlights the antiquity and diversity of coral endosymbionts. Curr. Biol. 2018, 28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  54. Benayahu, Y.; McFadden, C.S.; Shoham, E.; Van Ofwegen, L.P. Search for mesophotic octocorals (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) and their phylogeny: II. A new zooxanthellate species from Eilat, northern Red Sea. ZooKeys 2017, 676. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. LaJeunesse, T.C.; Thornhill, D.J. Improved resolution of reef-coral endosymbiont (Symbiodinium) species diversity, ecology, and evolution through psbA non-coding region genotyping. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e29013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Alderslade, P.; McFadden, C.S. A new sclerite-free genus and species of Clavulariidae (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Zootaxa 2011, 3104, 64–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  57. Benayahu, Y.; McFadden, C.S.; Shoham, E. Search for mesophotic octocorals (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) and their phylogeny: I. A new sclerite-free genus from Eilat, northern Red Sea. ZooKeys 2017, 680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Baldwin, C.C.; Pitassy, D.E.; Robertson, D.R. A new deep-reef scorpionfish (Teleostei, Scorpaenidae, Scorpaenodes) from the southern Caribbean with comments on depth distributions and relationships of western Atlantic members of the genus. ZooKeys 2016, 606, 141–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  59. Loya, Y.; Eyal, G.; Treibitz, T.; Lesser, M.P.; Appeldoorn, R. Theme section on mesophotic coral ecosystems: Advances in knowledge and future perspectives. Coral Reefs 2016, 35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Diversity 11 00176 g001 550
Figure 1. Map of the Ryukyus Islands (RYS), with the six island group divisions (grey dotted lines) and the two dive locations where Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov. specimens were found (red dots) at Iriomote (NSMT-Co 1681, holotype) and Okinawa (NSMT-Co 1682, paratype) Islands.
Figure 1. Map of the Ryukyus Islands (RYS), with the six island group divisions (grey dotted lines) and the two dive locations where Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov. specimens were found (red dots) at Iriomote (NSMT-Co 1681, holotype) and Okinawa (NSMT-Co 1682, paratype) Islands.
Diversity 11 00176 g001
Diversity 11 00176 g002 550
Figure 2. Photographs of Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov.: (a) in situ holotype NSMT-Co 1681, scale bar approximately 1 mm; (b) in situ paratype NSMT-Co 1682, scale bar approximately 1 mm; (c) holotype in ethanol, scalebar 1 mm; (d) holotype in methylene blue staining, scale bar 0.1 mm.
Figure 2. Photographs of Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov.: (a) in situ holotype NSMT-Co 1681, scale bar approximately 1 mm; (b) in situ paratype NSMT-Co 1682, scale bar approximately 1 mm; (c) holotype in ethanol, scalebar 1 mm; (d) holotype in methylene blue staining, scale bar 0.1 mm.
Diversity 11 00176 g002
Diversity 11 00176 g003 550
Figure 3. Phylogenetic relationships among 122 octocoral genera (total n = 144), including two species, Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov. (highlighted red), collected at Iriomote and Okinawa Islands using the combined 28S rDNA + COI + mtMutS dataset. The best maximum likelihood tree is shown, with values at branches representing bootstrap probabilities (shown when >70%; top/left) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (shown when >0.80; bottom/right; A = 1.00, B = 0.95–0.99, C = 0.90–0.94, D = 0.80–0.89). * represents 100%/1.00 for both analyses. Non-stoloniferous families are shown with family classification only and stoloniferous families are highlighted in grey. Sclerite-free species are indicated with a blue dot. Species that are both sclerite-free and lack free pinnules are indicated with a blue circle. Cornularia spp. were used as outgroup.
Figure 3. Phylogenetic relationships among 122 octocoral genera (total n = 144), including two species, Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov. (highlighted red), collected at Iriomote and Okinawa Islands using the combined 28S rDNA + COI + mtMutS dataset. The best maximum likelihood tree is shown, with values at branches representing bootstrap probabilities (shown when >70%; top/left) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (shown when >0.80; bottom/right; A = 1.00, B = 0.95–0.99, C = 0.90–0.94, D = 0.80–0.89). * represents 100%/1.00 for both analyses. Non-stoloniferous families are shown with family classification only and stoloniferous families are highlighted in grey. Sclerite-free species are indicated with a blue dot. Species that are both sclerite-free and lack free pinnules are indicated with a blue circle. Cornularia spp. were used as outgroup.
Diversity 11 00176 g003
Diversity 11 00176 g004 550
Figure 4. Phylogenetic reconstruction using a four-marker concatenated dataset (28S rDNA + COI + mtMutS + ND6) among Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov., closest sister species Phenganax spp. and outgroup specimens Rhodelinda sp. and Telesto sp. (total n = 12). The best maximum likelihood tree is shown, with values at branches representing bootstrap probabilities in percentages (top/left) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (bottom/right). In situ photographs are shown for the two octocoral species that are sclerite-free and lack free pinnules, Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov. and Acrossota amboinensis. Photograph credit: in situ image RMNH Coel. 40798 Acrossota amboinensis, by Daniel Knop (modified from [52]; reproduced with permission from copyright holder).
Figure 4. Phylogenetic reconstruction using a four-marker concatenated dataset (28S rDNA + COI + mtMutS + ND6) among Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov., closest sister species Phenganax spp. and outgroup specimens Rhodelinda sp. and Telesto sp. (total n = 12). The best maximum likelihood tree is shown, with values at branches representing bootstrap probabilities in percentages (top/left) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (bottom/right). In situ photographs are shown for the two octocoral species that are sclerite-free and lack free pinnules, Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov. and Acrossota amboinensis. Photograph credit: in situ image RMNH Coel. 40798 Acrossota amboinensis, by Daniel Knop (modified from [52]; reproduced with permission from copyright holder).
Diversity 11 00176 g004
Table
Table 1. Overview of information on octocoral specimens collected from mesophotic coral reef ecosystems (MCEs) at Iriomote and Okinawa Islands, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, including GenBank accession numbers and locality. Catalogue number: NSMT = National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan; n.a. = not available.
Table 1. Overview of information on octocoral specimens collected from mesophotic coral reef ecosystems (MCEs) at Iriomote and Okinawa Islands, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, including GenBank accession numbers and locality. Catalogue number: NSMT = National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan; n.a. = not available.
Family SpeciesCatalogue NumberLocality/GPS (DMS)Symbiodiniaceae Genus GenBank Accession Numbers
28S rDNACOImtMutSND6ITS
ClavulariidaeHadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov.NSMT-Co 1681
(holotype)		NE Uchibanare, Iriomote Isl./24.370413 N, 123.736428 ECladocopiumMN488601MN488603MN488605n.a.MN488607
Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov.NSMT-Co 1682
(paratype)		Entrance Hedo Dome, Cape Hedo, Okinawa Isl./26.856412 N, 128.245093 ECladocopiumMN488602MN488604n.a.MN488606MN488608

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Lau, Y.W.; Reimer, J.D. Zooxanthellate, Sclerite-Free, and Pseudopinnuled Octocoral Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Anthozoa, Octocorallia) from Mesophotic Reefs of the Southern Ryukyus Islands. Diversity 2019, 11, 176. https://doi.org/10.3390/d11100176

AMA Style

Lau YW, Reimer JD. Zooxanthellate, Sclerite-Free, and Pseudopinnuled Octocoral Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Anthozoa, Octocorallia) from Mesophotic Reefs of the Southern Ryukyus Islands. Diversity. 2019; 11(10):176. https://doi.org/10.3390/d11100176

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lau, Yee Wah, and James Davis Reimer. 2019. "Zooxanthellate, Sclerite-Free, and Pseudopinnuled Octocoral Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Anthozoa, Octocorallia) from Mesophotic Reefs of the Southern Ryukyus Islands" Diversity 11, no. 10: 176. https://doi.org/10.3390/d11100176

APA Style

Lau, Y. W., & Reimer, J. D. (2019). Zooxanthellate, Sclerite-Free, and Pseudopinnuled Octocoral Hadaka nudidomus gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Anthozoa, Octocorallia) from Mesophotic Reefs of the Southern Ryukyus Islands. Diversity, 11(10), 176. https://doi.org/10.3390/d11100176

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop