Journal Description
Diversity
Diversity
is a peer-reviewed, open access journal on the science of biodiversity from molecules, genes, populations, and species, to ecosystems and is published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubAg, GEOBASE, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Biodiversity Conservation) / CiteScore - Q2 (Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous))
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 18.3 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 4.4 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Diversity is a companion journal of Fossil Studies.
Impact Factor:
2.1 (2023);
5-Year Impact Factor:
2.3 (2023)
Latest Articles
The Pond Snails of the Genus Radix (Gastropoda, Lymnaeidae) in Issyk-Kul Lake (Central Asia), with a Review of Radix in Ancient Tectonic Lakes of the World
Diversity 2025, 17(2), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17020112 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025
Abstract
Lake Issyk-Kul, situated in the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, is one of the largest lakes in Central Asia. Though this brackish-water basin holds only a species-poor fauna of molluscs, the number of species inhabiting Issyk-Kul and their true taxonomic position remain unsatisfactorily studied. Most
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Lake Issyk-Kul, situated in the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, is one of the largest lakes in Central Asia. Though this brackish-water basin holds only a species-poor fauna of molluscs, the number of species inhabiting Issyk-Kul and their true taxonomic position remain unsatisfactorily studied. Most nominal species of Mollusca reported from Issyk-Kul are known from empty shells only and have never been studied molecularly. This study reports the results of a revision of the genus Radix (Gastropoda:Hygrophila:Lymnaeidae) based on the integrated approach. We revealed that only two species of this genus inhabit Issyk-Kul Lake: Radix auricularia (Linnaeus, 1758) and R. obliquata (von Martens, 1864). The former species is widespread in the Palearctic and has an enormous range, whereas the latter is considered here to be endemic to Issyk-Kul Lake. All records of R. obliquata from waterbodies other than Issyk-Kul Lake are, most probably, based on misidentification. To date, no molecular evidence of the presence of R. obliquata outside Issyk-Kyl is available. The third species of Radix discussed in this paper, R. subdisjuncta (Nevill, 1878) sensu Kruglov and Starobogatov, 1993, is identical to R. obliquata and represents, most probably, an ecological morph (“race”) of the latter. The paper provides a review of Radix species recorded in other ancient tectonic lakes of the world (Baikal, Victoria, Ohrid, etc.). Though the lymnaeid snails are generally scarce in such lakes, the genus Radix represents an exception, with several species being endemics of various tectonic lakes (Issyk-Kul, Lugu, Skadar, Trichonis, and Biwa).
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2024 Feature Papers by Diversity’s Editorial Board Members)
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Open AccessCommunication
From Sand to Bell: Novel Predation of Scyphozoans by the Giant Caribbean Sea Anemone Condylactis gigantea (Weinland, 1860) from the Western Atlantic
by
Ramón D. Morejón-Arrojo, Natalia B. López-Figueroa, Joán I. Hernández-Albernas, Leandro Rodriguez-Viera and Elizabeth W. Stoner
Diversity 2025, 17(2), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17020111 - 3 Feb 2025
Abstract
Predation is a fundamental ecological process that shapes marine ecosystem dynamics. This study reveals a novel predator–prey interaction between the giant Caribbean sea anemone Condylactis gigantea and the two jellyfish species Cassiopea sp. and Aurelia sp., challenging traditional understanding of sea anemone feeding
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Predation is a fundamental ecological process that shapes marine ecosystem dynamics. This study reveals a novel predator–prey interaction between the giant Caribbean sea anemone Condylactis gigantea and the two jellyfish species Cassiopea sp. and Aurelia sp., challenging traditional understanding of sea anemone feeding habits. Observations from citizen science platforms and field recordings documented C. gigantea successfully capturing and consuming these gelatinous marine organisms. The research highlights the trophic plasticity of C. gigantea, demonstrating its ability to prey on larger gelatinous organisms beyond its traditionally known diet. This predation event represents a possible benthic–pelagic coupling mechanism and underscores the value of citizen science in capturing rare ecological interactions.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Paleoecology of Atlantic and Caribbean Coral Reefs)
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Open AccessCommunication
Invasion of the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea by a Large Benthic Foraminifer in the Little Ice Age
by
Edward Robinson and Thera Edwards
Diversity 2025, 17(2), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17020110 - 2 Feb 2025
Abstract
The larger benthic foraminifera is a group of marine protists harbouring symbiotic algae, that are geographically confined to shallow tropical and subtropical waters, often associated with coral reefs. The resulting controls on availability of habitat and rates of dispersion make these foraminifers, particularly
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The larger benthic foraminifera is a group of marine protists harbouring symbiotic algae, that are geographically confined to shallow tropical and subtropical waters, often associated with coral reefs. The resulting controls on availability of habitat and rates of dispersion make these foraminifers, particularly the genus Amphistegina, useful proxies in the study of invasive marine biota, transported through hull fouling and ballast water contamination in modern commercial shipping. However, there is limited information on the importance of these dispersal mechanisms for foraminifers in the Pre-Industrial Era (pre-1850) for the Atlantic and Caribbean region. This paper examines possible constraints and vectors controlling the invasion of warm-water taxa from the Indo-Pacific region to the Atlantic and Caribbean region. Heterostegina depressa, first described from St. Helena, a remote island in the South Atlantic, provides a test case. The paper postulates that invasions through natural range expansion or ocean currents were unlikely along the possible available routes and hypothesises that anthropogenic vectors, particularly sailing ships, were the most likely means of transport. It concludes that the invasion of the Atlantic by H. depressa was accomplished within the Little Ice Age (1350–1850 C.E.), during the period between the start of Portuguese marine trade with east Africa in 1497 and the first description of H. depressa in 1826. This hypothesis is likely applicable to other foraminifers and other biota currently resident in the Atlantic and Caribbean region. The model presented provides well-defined parameters that can be tested using methods such as isotopic dating of foraminiferal assemblages in cores and genetic indices of similarity of geographic populations.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Paleoecology of Atlantic and Caribbean Coral Reefs)
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Open AccessReview
The Ural Owl as a Keystone Species in Interspecific Interactions Among Avian Predators—A Review
by
Łukasz Kajtoch
Diversity 2025, 17(2), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17020109 - 1 Feb 2025
Abstract
Ural owls are one of the largest owls in Europe, exhibiting known aggressive behaviour toward other raptors. They are known to interact with nearly all sympatric owls and many diurnal raptors. To summarise these interactions, a literature search was undertaken in the Web
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Ural owls are one of the largest owls in Europe, exhibiting known aggressive behaviour toward other raptors. They are known to interact with nearly all sympatric owls and many diurnal raptors. To summarise these interactions, a literature search was undertaken in the Web of Sciences and Scopus databases using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses methodology as well principal books on owl biology. The search revealed 22 relevant publications that (along with the book data) described the Ural owl’s relations with seven owls and six diurnal raptor species. The Ural owl is subordinate only to the largest predators like golden eagles and eagles, although only its chicks are known to be killed. Contrary to that, the Ural owls shape the distribution of numerous other species, mostly by strong competition (e.g., forcing tawny owls to breed in suboptimal habitats) or by predation (killing smaller owls and diurnal raptors). Their occurrence could be also protective for some species like boreal owls thanks to the removal of intermediate predators. The relations of Ural owls with goshawks are interesting, which seem to live in some balance—temporal avoidance of activity with frequent co-occurrence. Thanks to their association with old-growth forests and their impact on other predators in their territories, Ural owls act as keystone species in mountainous and boreal forests in Europe. Considering this ecosystem service, Ural owls should be effectively protected e.g., by designing forest-management-free zones around their nesting sites.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Birds in Temperate and Tropical Forests—2nd Edition)
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Open AccessArticle
Ecological Traits and Intraguild Competition Mediate Spatial and Temporal Overlaps Among Sympatric Mesocarnivores
by
Hiroshi Tsunoda, Stanislava Peeva, Evgeniy Raichev and Yayoi Kaneko
Diversity 2025, 17(2), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17020108 - 1 Feb 2025
Abstract
In terrestrial mammalian carnivore guilds, interspecific competitions (interferences and resource competitions) among sympatric species induce their ecological and behavioral patterns and population dynamics, thereby shaping community structures. Competitive species must partition their ecological niches for sympatry, while the extent of niche overlaps is
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In terrestrial mammalian carnivore guilds, interspecific competitions (interferences and resource competitions) among sympatric species induce their ecological and behavioral patterns and population dynamics, thereby shaping community structures. Competitive species must partition their ecological niches for sympatry, while the extent of niche overlaps is mediated by either the ecological traits (e.g., body size differences) or environmental features. We aimed to elucidate the patterns of spatial and temporal niche overlaps in mesocarnivore guilds, which are mediated by their ecological traits, regional environments, and anthropogenic disturbances. We investigated the spatial occurrence and diel activities of six mesocarnivore species and estimated their spatial and temporal overlap indices in various landscapes with different anthropogenic disturbances in central Bulgaria. Statistical modeling demonstrated that spatial overlap among mesocarnivores declined when mesocarnivore pairs were within the same family and when large carnivores (particularly wolves, Canis lupus) were present. Furthermore, we found that the extent of their temporal overlaps was associated with taxonomic and body size differences in mesocarnivore pairs as well as their trophic competitions. Our findings indicated that the intensity of interferences among mesocarnivore species was key for the decline of spatial or temporal niche overlap to relax antagonistic interactions.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conservation and Management of Wild-Living Carnivorous Mammals)
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Open AccessReview
Woodland Birds from Neolithic Settlements in Bulgaria
by
Zlatozar N. Boev
Diversity 2025, 17(2), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17020107 - 1 Feb 2025
Abstract
In this study, a first attempt was made to present a general composition of birds (with an emphasis on forest birds) found in Neolithic settlements in Bulgaria. Based on data from 29 settlements, 82 bird taxa have been identified. Of these, 72 species
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In this study, a first attempt was made to present a general composition of birds (with an emphasis on forest birds) found in Neolithic settlements in Bulgaria. Based on data from 29 settlements, 82 bird taxa have been identified. Of these, 72 species have been identified to the species level. They constitute 17.3% (almost one-sixth) of the 417 recorded bird species in the country. About one-third (23 species) are inhabitants of forest ecosystems. Two species (2.7%) no longer nest in Bulgaria (Lyrurus tetrix and Phasianus colchicus), and another rare winter migrant (Buteo lagopus) has been found in two Neolithic settlements in Southern Bulgaria. Today, the two locations of Tetrao urogallus are far outside the limits of the species’ current shortened range. A very high number of the uncovered Neolithic birds (33 species, 45.8%) are included in the national Red Data Book of Bulgaria. Summer migrants significantly outnumber winter migrants.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Birds in Temperate and Tropical Forests—2nd Edition)
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Open AccessArticle
Mating Frequencies of Eastern Honey Bee (Apis cerana) Queens Produced in Different Periods of Queen-Producing Season
by
Chunying Yuan, Jiao Tang, Guiling Ding and Jiaxing Huang
Diversity 2025, 17(2), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17020106 - 30 Jan 2025
Abstract
Polyandry is widespread among eusocial Hymenoptera, and the honey bee is a typical representative of this. It has been widely shown that polyandry can confer benefits to queens and their offspring, including enhanced productivity and fitness, stronger resistance to pathogens, and resilient division
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Polyandry is widespread among eusocial Hymenoptera, and the honey bee is a typical representative of this. It has been widely shown that polyandry can confer benefits to queens and their offspring, including enhanced productivity and fitness, stronger resistance to pathogens, and resilient division of labor, which promotes colony-level homeostasis. A previous study conducted in Australia demonstrated that 33.8% commercial Apis mellifera queens produced in autumn were not adequately mated. Beekeepers of Apis cerana in China also claimed that the queens reared in autumn are inferior to those reared in spring. To confirm whether the quality difference of queens produced in different periods is related to their mating frequency, we estimated the observed mating frequency (k) and the effective mating frequency (me) of A. cerana queens produced at the beginning and end of the queen production season in Liaoning Province. We found that all the queens were suitably mated and there was no significant difference in the mating frequency between early spring queens and late summer queens. In addition, our study indicated that the queens and their offspring workers owned a high level of heterozygosity and their inbreeding coefficients were universally low. Further studies on the queens’ performance and health are required to verify the statement that the queens reared in autumn are not as good as those reared in spring.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Diversity)
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Dynamics of Lingulodinium polyedra Development in the Bulgarian Part of Black Sea (1992–2022)
by
Daniela Klisarova, Dimitar Gerdzhikov, Petya Dragomirova, Nina Nikolova, Martin Gera and Petya Veleva
Diversity 2025, 17(2), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17020105 - 30 Jan 2025
Abstract
Long-term data on the phytoplankton of the Bulgarian Black Sea (BBS) coast describe three states for the ecosystem: a “pristine” reference phase (1954–1970 years); an intensive anthropogenic eutrophication (1970–1992 years) phase; and a post-eutrophication phase after the early 1990s of the 20th century.
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Long-term data on the phytoplankton of the Bulgarian Black Sea (BBS) coast describe three states for the ecosystem: a “pristine” reference phase (1954–1970 years); an intensive anthropogenic eutrophication (1970–1992 years) phase; and a post-eutrophication phase after the early 1990s of the 20th century. The eutrophication period is characterised by ecosystem degradation and intense phytoplankton blooms, some of which were formed by the potentially toxic species Lingulodinium polyedra. This warm-water species is a red tide former that is associated with fish and shellfish mortality events. In the 1980s, L. polyedra reached the highest biomass of 84.4 g.m−3 in Varna Bay, BBS. The aim of this study (1992–2022) was to provide an overview of the development of L. polyedra in the phytoplankton biocenosis in the Bulgarian part of the Black Sea, taking into account the influence of anthropogenic stress and the climatic variables NAO and SST on the development of the species population. An analysis of the distribution of the dinoflagellate L. polyedra is based on a total of 5126 phytoplankton samples collected during the period between 1992 and 2022 under projects led by the Institute of Fish Resources, Varna. The samples were analyzed using standard methods validated for the Black Sea, and phytoplankton abundance and biomass were determined. The species are most abundant in summer in the coastal marine areas exposed to anthropogenic influence. During the analyzed period, a decrease in the abundance and biomass of L. polyedra in Bulgarian Black Sea waters were observed. It was found that the influence of climatic factors such as NAO and SST on the species population is from weak to moderate, and the correlation with NAO cycles is better expressed.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 3rd International Electronic Conference on Biological Diversity, Ecology, and Evolution (IECD 2024))
Open AccessArticle
Identification, Localization, and Expression Analysis of 5-HT6 Receptor, and Primary Role in Sepiella japonica, Based on Sex and Life Stage
by
Wen-Bo Cui, Prisca John Issangya, Shuang Li, Xu Zhou, Li-Bing Zheng and Chang-Feng Chi
Diversity 2025, 17(2), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17020104 - 30 Jan 2025
Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) plays a vital role in the reproductive process of vertebrates and is also present in many invertebrates. The cDNA of the Sepiella japonica 5-HT6 receptor (Sj5-HT6r) was first cloned by RACE (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends).
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5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) plays a vital role in the reproductive process of vertebrates and is also present in many invertebrates. The cDNA of the Sepiella japonica 5-HT6 receptor (Sj5-HT6r) was first cloned by RACE (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends). The length was 1450 bp, and the predicted open reading frame (ORF) was 1116 bp, which encoded 371 amino acids. Sequence characteristics analysis showed that Sj5-HT6r shares a high degree of identity with 5-HT6r from other cephalopods and forms a sister branch to bivalves. Subcellular localization showed that Sj5-HT6r protein was localized on the HEK293T cell membrane surface. Quantitative Real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis demonstrated that Sj5-HT6r was highly expressed in reproductive organs of both sexes. In particular, transcripts with significant expression were observed at stage III of female gonadal development in tissues of the ovary and nidamental gland, and at stage IV in tissues of the accessory nidamental gland. In situ hybridization (ISH) experiment results indicated that Sj5-HT6r mRNA was primarily distributed in all regions of the optic lobes except the plexiform zone. These results may provide a basis for the future exploration of the reproductive regulation of 5-HT and 5-HT6 receptors in S. japonica.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Taxonomy, Biology and Evolution of Cephalopods)
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Urbanization Influences on the Song Diversity of the Eurasian Nuthatch (Sitta europaea) in Northeast China
by
Xueying Sun, Muhammad Suliman, Qingming Wu, Paiyizulamu Shaliwa, Hongfei Zou, Jingli Zhu and Muhammad Sadiq Khan
Diversity 2025, 17(2), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17020103 - 30 Jan 2025
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The continuous advancement of urbanization and the expansion of cities inevitably have certain impacts on urban wildlife. Birds are a highly visible group of urban wildlife, widely distributed and sensitive to environmental changes. Birds’ song is an important way of conveying information; the
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The continuous advancement of urbanization and the expansion of cities inevitably have certain impacts on urban wildlife. Birds are a highly visible group of urban wildlife, widely distributed and sensitive to environmental changes. Birds’ song is an important way of conveying information; the effective conveyance and transmission of bird songs are crucial for attracting mates and successful reproduction. However, the impact of urban development on the songs of many birds remains unknown. This study compared the differences in song characteristics (maximum frequency, minimum frequency, main frequency, and duration) of the Eurasian Nuthatch (Sitta europaea) at six different research sites with different levels of urbanization, in order to explore the song response patterns of birds to urbanization. The results indicate that urbanization leads to a reduction in avian song diversity and a convergence in song parameters. Birds in different life history stages show inconsistent responses to urbanization. During the overwintering period, there are no significant differences in the minimum frequency and duration of the Eurasian Nuthatch’s song, almost no significant differences in the maximum frequency, and the main frequency of the Eurasian Nuthatch’s song, as distributed in the Forest Botanical Garden (FBG) shows some differences compared to other study sites. During the breeding period, there are no significant differences in the main frequency of the Eurasian Nuthatch’s song, while other parameters exhibit varying degrees of differences. Comprehensive analysis reveals that urbanization has varying impacts on the song diversity of the Eurasian Nuthatch across different life history stages. During the overwintering period, there is a significant reduction in song diversity, with a pronounced homogenization effect; during the breeding period, the birds’ songs are more diverse, with only the main frequency showing a significant homogenization effect. It is speculated that birds may strike a certain balance between adapting to urbanization and survival reproduction.
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Open AccessArticle
Diversity and Elevational Levels of Lichens in Western Tianshan National Nature Reserve in Xinjiang, China
by
Anwar Tumur, Reyim Mamut and Mark R. D. Seaward
Diversity 2025, 17(2), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17020102 - 29 Jan 2025
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Western Tianshan National Nature Reserve in Xinjiang, China stands out for its uniqueness and high biodiversity, including lichens. This study aims to characterize lichen diversity and compare distribution patterns of different life forms, substratum affinities and photobiont types. Surveys were conducted from June
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Western Tianshan National Nature Reserve in Xinjiang, China stands out for its uniqueness and high biodiversity, including lichens. This study aims to characterize lichen diversity and compare distribution patterns of different life forms, substratum affinities and photobiont types. Surveys were conducted from June to August 2024 using stratified sampling methods at elevation ranging from 1100 m to 3400 m in the study area. Morphological, anatomical and chemical studies revealed 173 lichen species from 24 families and 58 genera, of which 100 species were identified as crustose, 46 as foliose and 27 as fruticose. Among the different habitat groups, strictly saxicolous lichens were dominant with 89 species, followed by corticolous lichens with 44 species and terricolous lichens with 40 species. The total species richness of lichens has a bimodal pattern: one peak appears at a low altitude (1701–2000 m) and the other at a high altitude (2901–3200 m). Among the three substratum categories studied, the species richness of terricolous lichens showed a unimodal relationship with elevation, and the saxicolous lichen had a bimodal pattern. The species richness of corticolous lichens was highest at lower and medium elevations and decreased at higher elevations. With respect to photobiont type, the species richness of cyanolichens showed a unimodal relationship with elevation. Maximum richness occurred at 2700 m, contrary to the chlorolichens, which had a bimodal pattern. Species richness of all three growth forms of lichens showed a bimodal pattern related to elevation. Among the three morphological types, crustose and foliose species richness had their highest values of 38 and 19, respectively, at 1701–2000 m, and fruticose lichens peaked with a maximum of 13 species at 2301–2600 m. The species richness of crustose lichens is lowest between altitudes 2300 and 2600 m, while the lowest species richness of fruticose and foliose lichens occurs at 2001–2300 m and elevations above 2900 m.
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Open AccessArticle
Bacterial Diversity and Composition in the Internal Organs of Taiga Bean Goose, Greater White-Fronted Goose and Willow Ptarmigan as a New Tools in the Arctic Biomonitoring System
by
Evdokia Durnova, Elena Karmanova, Tatiana Sorokina, Ksenia Mayorova and Andrey Aksenov
Diversity 2025, 17(2), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17020101 - 29 Jan 2025
Abstract
Birds, fish, and marine mammals consumed by indigenous people are included in Arctic biomonitoring. However, there are still many gaps in the data on the microbiota associated with these animals. In the current study, we used high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing to explore
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Birds, fish, and marine mammals consumed by indigenous people are included in Arctic biomonitoring. However, there are still many gaps in the data on the microbiota associated with these animals. In the current study, we used high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing to explore the bacterial diversity and composition in the intestines of willow ptarmigans, greater white-fronted geese, and taiga bean geese, which are widely consumed by indigenous people in the Arctic. For the first time, meta-taxonomic data have been obtained on the lungs of wild resident and migratory birds of the Russian North. The potentially pathogenic bacterial genera Helicobacter and Olsenella were found in the intestinal microbiomes of three bird species and in the lungs of willow ptarmigan. Bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus were individually identified in the intestines of willow ptarmigan, Campylobacter sp. in the intestines of taiga bean goose, and Sutterella sp. in the intestines of greater white-fronted goose as potential pathogens. The primary findings will be used to propose a next-generation sequencing scheme for monitoring both chemical and biological contaminants in the Arctic in line with One Health approach.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Avian Ecology and Diversity, Population Monitoring and Conservation II: Recent Advances and New Challenges)
Open AccessArticle
Pearl Mussel Population Dynamics in Estonia: A Study on the Interplay of Geology, Geomorphology, and Watershed Land Use
by
Katrin Kaldma, Marko Kohv, Tiit Hang, Joosep Aia, Argo Jõeleht, Raul Paat and Martin Kesler
Diversity 2025, 17(2), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17020100 - 29 Jan 2025
Abstract
Freshwater pearl mussels (Margaritifera margaritifera) are vital bioindicators in river ecosystems, with their population health reflecting broader environmental conditions. Mussel population declines are well documented across Europe, and in Estonia, Pudisoo River supports the last remaining population. Long-term monitoring also indicates
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Freshwater pearl mussels (Margaritifera margaritifera) are vital bioindicators in river ecosystems, with their population health reflecting broader environmental conditions. Mussel population declines are well documented across Europe, and in Estonia, Pudisoo River supports the last remaining population. Long-term monitoring also indicates a significant decline in Pudisoo River, but the causes remain underexplored. This study aimed to assess how geology, geomorphology, and land use changes could impact pearl mussel population trends and distribution. We conducted field surveys, bioindication tests, and hydrological and morphometric analyses to evaluate physicochemical and environmental parameters in the Pudisoo River. The study revealed a declining but stabilizing population, concentrated in river sections with higher gradients and coarser riverbed substrates. Sediment transport and accumulation, influenced by both natural and human-induced factors, significantly affect habitat suitability, especially for juvenile mussels. Positive correlations were found between mussel populations and river sinuosity, suggesting that the varied microhabitats created by sinuosity, such as gradients in flow velocity and sediment deposition, play an important role in supporting the species. This finding highlights the importance of directing in-channel restoration efforts towards enhancing channel morphology to create more diverse habitats. Research on sediment dynamics and hydrological connectivity will be crucial for developing effective habitat management strategies for the species, especially considering the impacts of land use and climate change.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Population Ecology and Protection of Freshwater Mussels)
Open AccessArticle
Remote Sensing-Based Assessment of the Long-Term Expansion of Shrimp Ponds Along the Coastal and Protected Areas of the Gulf of California
by
David A. González-Rivas, Alfredo Ortega-Rubio and Felipe-Omar Tapia-Silva
Diversity 2025, 17(2), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17020099 - 29 Jan 2025
Abstract
Shrimp farming has expanded over coastal areas in Mexico, particularly in the protected regions of Sonora and Sinaloa. Over the past 30 years, the economic activity associated with these farms has grown so much that the amount of shrimp produced in these ponds
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Shrimp farming has expanded over coastal areas in Mexico, particularly in the protected regions of Sonora and Sinaloa. Over the past 30 years, the economic activity associated with these farms has grown so much that the amount of shrimp produced in these ponds now exceeds that harvested from traditional shrimp fisheries. Establishing shrimp ponds has led to significant land changes. The construction of these ponds has fragmented local ecosystems, resulting in permanent alterations to areas such as floodplains, mangrove forests, and dunes, many of which are protected zones. This study aimed to investigate the long-term growth of shrimp farms from 1993 to 2022 and their impact on land-use changes in surrounding ecosystems, focusing on protected areas in the Sinaloa and Sonora coastal regions. We analyzed Landsat images using the Google Earth Engine platform. Our findings indicate that shrimp farm development over the past three decades has been extensive, with protected areas experiencing fragmentation and changes. Remote sensing and platforms like Google Earth Engine enable the effective monitoring of these spatiotemporal changes and their impacts, helping to identify the most affected areas.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial and Temporal Studies in Marine Protected Areas: Mexican Chapter)
Open AccessArticle
Halomonas kashgarensis sp. nov., a Novel Species Isolated from the Rhizosphere Soil of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud in Kashgar County, Xinjiang, China
by
Zhen-Pu Liang, Yi Wang, Xiao-Yue Chen, Rui Wang, Yan Xu, Jin-Ping Dai, Deepali Singh and Xiao-Xia Zhang
Diversity 2025, 17(2), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17020098 - 29 Jan 2025
Abstract
A novel Gram-negative, orange-colored, rod-shaped, oxidase and catalase-positive, non-spore-forming bacterium, designated as zp-37T, was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud in Kashgar County, Xinjiang, China. The phylogenetic analysis, based on the 16S rRNA genes, revealed
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A novel Gram-negative, orange-colored, rod-shaped, oxidase and catalase-positive, non-spore-forming bacterium, designated as zp-37T, was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud in Kashgar County, Xinjiang, China. The phylogenetic analysis, based on the 16S rRNA genes, revealed that strain zp-37T belongs to the genus Halomonas. Growth of strain zp-37T was observed at 10–43 °C, pH 6.0–11.0, and 0–20% NaCl (w/v). The principal fatty acids of strain zp-37T were summed feature 8 (C18:1ω7c and/or C18:1ω6c, 55.67%) and summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c, 20.16%). The polar lipid profile contained diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), unidentified phospholipids (UPL 1–3), unidentified aminophospholipids (UAPL 1–2), and unidentified lipid (UL). Its main respiratory quinone was ubiquinone Q-9 (100%). The genome of strain zp-37T was 3,489,967 bp in size, containing two plasmids with lengths of 18,112 bp and 4364 bp, respectively. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain zp-37T was 59.3%. By the genome annotation, various genes related to the function of saline-alkaline stress tolerance and plant growth promotion were predicted. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between strain zp-37T and its five closely related strains were 72.64–75.59% and 19.70–20.40%, respectively, which were lower than the threshold for species delineation (ANI: 95–96%, dDDH: 70%). Based on the phylogenetic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic analyses and genomic comparisons, strain zp-37T was suggested to represent a novel species within the genus Halomonas, for which the name Halomonas kashgarensis sp. nov. is proposed. The strain type was designated zp-37T (=CGMCC 1.62213T = JCM 37305T).
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue 15th Anniversary of Diversity—Biodiversity, Conservation and Ecology of Animals, Plants and Microorganisms)
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Mesopelagic Fish Biodiversity in the Ligurian Cetacean Sanctuary
by
Luca Lanteri, Cecilia Pinto, Giovanni Palandri, Chantal Cima, Matteo Dei, Giulio Relini, Lidia Orsi Relini and Fulvio Garibaldi
Diversity 2025, 17(2), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17020097 - 29 Jan 2025
Abstract
Mesopelagic fish belonging to the families Gonostomatidae, Phosichthyidae, Sternoptychidae, Stomiidae, Paralepididae, Myctophidae, Evermannellidae, Microstomatidae, and Nemichthyidae were sampled using an Isaacs Kidd Midwater Trawl (IKMT) in the Ligurian Sea, Northwestern Mediterranean, the core of the Cetacean Sanctuary established in 2001. In September–October 2002
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Mesopelagic fish belonging to the families Gonostomatidae, Phosichthyidae, Sternoptychidae, Stomiidae, Paralepididae, Myctophidae, Evermannellidae, Microstomatidae, and Nemichthyidae were sampled using an Isaacs Kidd Midwater Trawl (IKMT) in the Ligurian Sea, Northwestern Mediterranean, the core of the Cetacean Sanctuary established in 2001. In September–October 2002 and September 2003, 31 species of mesopelagic fish were captured in oblique hauls from 800 m depth to the surface. The mesopelagic fish fraction represented about 22% of the collected biomass, dominated by two main species of the genus Cyclothone, representing 93.8% of total abundance, followed by Argyropelecus hemigymnus and Lampanyctus crocodilus. The presence of Valenciennellus tripunctulatus was a new record for the study area. The family Myctophidae was the most represented in terms of number of species (n = 13). The abundance and biodiversity of mesopelagic fishes were influenced by the sampling period and oceanographic conditions, specifically temperature. While no diel vertical migrations could be observed, day and night samples revealed different compositions of juveniles and adults of Benthosema glaciale and Ceratoscopelus maderensis. The broad size range of specimens sampled confirmed that adult individuals of Chauliodus sloani and Lampanyctus crocodilus can inhabit and forage within the water column beyond the slope rather than exclusively near the bottom.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Ligurian Sea and the National Biodiversity Future Centre (NBFC): Biodiversity Conservation in a Temperate Marine Environment under Threat)
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New Mitogenomes of the Harnischia Generic Complex (Diptera: Chironomidae) and Their Implication in Phylogenetics
by
Wenbin Liu, Yaning Tang, Jiaxin Nie, Haoran Yan, Wentao Liang, Yanfei Zhang and Chuncai Yan
Diversity 2025, 17(2), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17020096 - 29 Jan 2025
Abstract
The Harnischia generic complex, a significant assemblage within the tribe Chi-ronomini, extensive global sampling and the integration of multi-characteristic data for comprehensive analysis are essential to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships within the Harnischia generic complex. We sequenced, assembled, and annotated the mitochondrial genomes
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The Harnischia generic complex, a significant assemblage within the tribe Chi-ronomini, extensive global sampling and the integration of multi-characteristic data for comprehensive analysis are essential to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships within the Harnischia generic complex. We sequenced, assembled, and annotated the mitochondrial genomes of a single species each from the genera Parachironomus Lenz, Robackia Saether and Saetheria Jackson. Additionally, we incorporated 26 previously published mitogenomes into our analysis to delve deeper into the characteristics of these mitogenomes. Our findings indicate the close affinity between (Cryptochironomus + Demicryptochironomus) and (Harnischia + Microchironomus), aligning consistently with previous research outcomes showing that the Harnischia generic complex and Chironomus are phylogenetically close, and their clade forms a sister group with the Polypedilum generic complex. Based on mitochondrial genome data, Robackia is identified as the basal taxon being relatively primitive, with Parachironomus and Saetheria also appearing as primitive within the complex.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Freshwater Zoobenthos Biodiversity, Evolution and Ecology)
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Lepidopteran Biodiversity in Madagascar’s Eastern Forests: Assessing Species Distribution Across Protected and Anthropized Landscapes
by
Robin Hannoteau, Finaritra Antra Tia Ravalison, Brayan Fenontsoa Randrianarivelo, Andrianjaka Ravelomanana, Naya Trolin, Rudy Caparros Megido, Arnaud Segers, Frédéric Francis and Grégoire Noël
Diversity 2025, 17(2), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17020095 - 28 Jan 2025
Abstract
Madagascar, renowned for its unique biodiversity, faces significant environmental threats. Despite their vital ecosystem services, invertebrates, such as Lepidoptera, remain understudied, especially within the Malagasy Island. Indeed, butterflies and moths often serve as biodiversity indicators. This study investigates lepidopteran community structure across different
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Madagascar, renowned for its unique biodiversity, faces significant environmental threats. Despite their vital ecosystem services, invertebrates, such as Lepidoptera, remain understudied, especially within the Malagasy Island. Indeed, butterflies and moths often serve as biodiversity indicators. This study investigates lepidopteran community structure across different habitat types: protected areas and anthropized areas, represented by forest edges and agroforestry through four expeditions to Madagascar’s moist eastern forests. Both sampling methods were employed including butterfly nets and fermented fruit-baited traps. While nets accounted for 90% of captures, highlighting operator bias, bait traps captured unique species, emphasizing the complementarity of these methods. With over 891 captured specimens, 418 macrolepidopterans were identified at the species level for a total of 50 species. Protected forests hosted 80% of endemic Lepidoptera reliant on specialized ecological niches, while anthropized zones were dominated by common generalist species which are resilient to habitat changes. While the species richness and composition of sampled microlepidoptera are similar, habitat fragmentation created diverse environmental conditions, hosting specific populations. Conservation challenges persist, particularly for endemic species vulnerable to poaching. It is crucial to continue sampling Madagascar’s lepidofauna, as this offers considerable potential for the sustainable maintenance of ecosystems and the long-term preservation of biodiversity of the Malagasy Island.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biogeography and Diversity of Butterflies and Moths)
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Exploring Endophytic Fungi from Humulus lupulus L. for Biocontrol of Phytopathogenic Fungi
by
Claudia Riccioni, Beatrice Belfiori, Maurizio Cenci and Andrea Rubini
Diversity 2025, 17(2), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17020094 - 28 Jan 2025
Abstract
Humulus lupulus L. (hop) is a crucial crop within the brewing industry and a rich source of bioactive compounds. Traditionally concentrated in northeast regions of Europe, hop cultivation has expanded towards southern territories such as Italy over recent decades. Managing phytosanitary threats in
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Humulus lupulus L. (hop) is a crucial crop within the brewing industry and a rich source of bioactive compounds. Traditionally concentrated in northeast regions of Europe, hop cultivation has expanded towards southern territories such as Italy over recent decades. Managing phytosanitary threats in Mediterranean climates poses challenges due to limited knowledge and registered agrochemicals. In pursuit of eco-friendly alternatives for disease management, we isolated 262 endophytic fungal strains from wild hop roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. Through phylogenetic analyses, we identified 51 operational taxonomic units. Dominant species such as Ilyonectria macrodidyma, Penicillium sp., Diaporthe columnaris, Plectosphaerella cucumerina, and Fusarium oxysporum were exclusive to roots. In contrast, Alternaria spp. and Epicoccum spp. were prevalent in other tissues, and Botrytis cinerea was exclusively detected in female flowers. We tested seven isolates—Epicoccum sp., Aureobasidium pullulans, Plectosphaerella cucumerina, Stemphylium vesicarium, Periconia byssoides, Talaromyces wortmannii, and Nigrospora sphaerica—against the four phytopathogenic fungi Alternaria sp., Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. All endophytes exhibited antagonistic effects against at least one pathogen, with Plectosphaerella cucumerina showing the strongest inhibition against Alternaria sp. This study marks the first exploration of endophytic fungi from various hop tissues. All isolated strains were ex situ conserved for future bioactivity assessments and biotechnological applications. Original data with a key relevance for the environmentally friendly management of plant diseases are provided.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungi, Ecology, and Global Change)
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The Status and Spatial Patterns of Poaching, Illegal Trade, and Human–Bear Conflict of Asiatic Black Bears in China, 2010–2020
by
Shuzhi Long and Sheng Li
Diversity 2025, 17(2), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17020093 - 27 Jan 2025
Abstract
Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) are a large carnivore, widely distributed in East, South, and Southeast Asia. However, they have experienced dramatic population decline across this range due to various anthropogenic threats. The great demand for bear parts in the black
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Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) are a large carnivore, widely distributed in East, South, and Southeast Asia. However, they have experienced dramatic population decline across this range due to various anthropogenic threats. The great demand for bear parts in the black market exposes this species to intense pressure of being poached and then illegally traded. Meanwhile, the continuous expansion of anthropogenic land use results in the sharpening of human–bear conflicts. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive search and collected information of the poaching, illegal trade, and human–bear conflict events related to Asiatic black bears reported in China during 2010–2020. By systematically searching judicial adjudicative documents and news reports, we identified 351 (64 poaching, 221 illegal trade, and 90 conflict) events across the country. The results showed that Southwest China was a hotspot across all categories (41, 149 and 40 events, respectively). Bear paws were the most common type of bear parts found in illegal trade (52.1%), and the most frequently reported human–bear conflict form was human injury from bear attacks (at least 52 people injured and another 7 killed). By determining the status of black bears being poached, traded, and their conflicts with humans in China, these results will provide important insights into the further research and conservation of this iconic species.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conflict and Coexistence Between Humans and Wildlife)
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