Next Article in Journal
Network Analysis Using Markov Chain Applied to Wildlife Habitat Selection
Next Article in Special Issue
New Records of the Alien Chinese Ricefish (Oryzias sinensis) and Its Dispersal History across Eurasia
Previous Article in Journal
Projections of the Net Primary Production of Terrestrial Ecosystem and Spatiotemporal Responses to Climate Change in the Yangtze River Economic Belt
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Diversity
Volume 14
Issue 5
10.3390/d14050328
diversity-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Flora of Algae and Cyanobacteria of Continental Waters of Israel in the XXI Century: Taxonomy, Autecology and Water Quality Indicators

by
Sophia Barinova
1,* and
Thomas Smith
2
1
Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Abba Khoushi Ave, 199, Mount Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel
2
Division of Math and Science 1000 W Iowa St, Arkansas State University Beebe, Beebe, AR 72012, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diversity 2022, 14(5), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14050328
Submission received: 25 March 2022 / Revised: 20 April 2022 / Accepted: 21 April 2022 / Published: 22 April 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aquatic Organisms Diversity and Bio-Indication of Water Resources—2nd Edition)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The article presents a list of algal species and cyanobacteria found in the continental waters of Israel in 1898–2022. Research progressed in 2000–2022 by increasing the list from 1261 to 1628 species belonging to fourteen phyla. Taxonomic analysis shows that diatoms, cyanobacteria, and green algae predominated. The first-time data has been synthesized to identify the indicator properties of Israel’s aquatic flora carried out on algae and cyanobacteria, which can be used to monitor water quality. The species’ ecological preferences are given for ten environmental variables: substrate preference, temperature, oxygen saturation with water mobility, water pH preferences, water salinity, organic pollution according to Watanabe and Sládeček with species-specific index of saprobity S, trophic state, and type of nutrition (autotrophic or heterotrophic). This list of species with indicator values for each species is used to characterize the water properties in Israel. In addition, it can be applied to assess the state of aquatic ecosystems and monitor water quality based on bioindication methods.

1. Introduction

Studying the diversity of algae is not an easy task. The list of species of the so-called alpha diversity can be compiled as a result of many years of research in a particular region and habitat characterization. At the same time, identified species of algae can be indicators of water quality if we know the ecological preferences of each species [1,2]. Thus, the identification of the diversity of organisms in aquatic habitats is not only the task of floristic research but also the basis for subsequent ecological conclusions, because algae and cyanobacteria react quickly to changes in the environment in the aquatic ecosystem, and also, due to their high diversity, they are used worldwide as bioindicators for assessing water quality [1,2,3]. In some cases, floristic works compile only a list of species [4,5], but most often the authors provide limited information about the ecological preferences of specific species [6,7,8], which can be used as indicators of some parameters of the environment or give descriptive results for some parameters of the studied flora [1,8]. The most developed ideas are about the indicator properties of diatoms [9,10]. However, diatoms represent only about half of the species composition in aquatic communities. There are still very few such publications, which simultaneously include a list of both diatom and non-diatom species, as well as all possible indicator properties of algae and cyanobacteria [6,7].
One of the main tasks of the monitoring system is not only to assess water quality but also to identify sources of pollution. Most water comes from natural sources, including rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. Consequently, the quality of water in them should be assessed and predicted, taking into account changes in anthropogenic pressure and climate. Water quality is formed in natural conditions and depends on the river basin and the reservoir ecosystem. Considering that water quality assessment requires high costs, the development of rapid methods is an urgent task.
Determination of water quality using bioindicators is based on the conformity of the ecology of species in the community to the environment in which they exist. The relationships between different levels of organisms are based on the hierarchical organization of the biotic community and are described by the trophic pyramid model [11,12]. The distribution of organisms or species groups over the intervals of environmental factors is of paramount importance in bioindication. Assessing contamination of freshwater sources is challenging, and appropriate methods must be selected carefully. Methods and indicators that can be used to evaluate the impact of pollution on natural water bodies can be both chemical and biological [13,14]. The latter, in turn, are divided into bioindication and biotesting [15]. Suppose the biotest method evaluates the influence of the environment on the test organism in which it is placed. Consequently, the indicator method is based on the ecological character of the relationship between water and biota in an ecosystem [16].
The adaptation level of species determines the species composition in a given aquatic environment [17]. Therefore, with the help of the species composition that exists in a given environment, the environmental variables intervals can be defined by the bioindication method. However, determining the role of specific environmental variables and predicting the community’s response to changes in the environment is, in any case, a complex problem. Therefore, it is necessary to collect information on the chemical parameters of water, the species composition, and the abundance of organisms inhabiting it. These two sets of data should then be classified and used in assessing water quality.
Two different aspects of using the information on algae species and their ecology in this article may be helpful to researchers and in monitoring practice. The first aim was data that were collected on the diversity of algae and cyanobacteria inhabiting the reservoirs of Israel, which represents a list of aquatic flora in the current state. Secondly, the established ecological properties of the identified species can be used as bioindicators of water quality in the monitoring system.
This work aimed to compile a list of species from available publications and our recent articles and books on algae and cyanobacteria found in the continental waters of Israel. Based on this list of species and their ecological preferences, we aim to provide not only modern floristic checklist, but also a list of water quality indicators for ten ecological variables.
Highlights
  • The algae and cyanobacteria flora of continental in Israel are represented.
  • First study representing bioindicator data for algae and cyanobacteria in Israel.
  • All revealed species of algae and cyanobacteria are indicators of freshwater quality.
  • Species list with ecological preferences can be used for monitoring water quality.

2. Material and Methods

The first step was to compile the species list from previous publications in 1898–2000 and recent research results in Israel from 2001–2022. The second step was unifying all taxa names under the modern system, especially for the lists of species published in previous periods, to exclude synonyms and double species names. Finally, the third step was creating a system of algae indicators of the continental waters of Israel by combining the list of identified species with the known ecological properties of the species.
Data on the species of algae and cyanobacteria found in the continental waters of Israel were collected from articles published from 1898 to 2000 and summarized with some additions in the book [18].
The recent publications come from algae floristic research [19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77].
The lists of species were also excavated from hydrobiological studies of continental waters [37,41,56,61,62,73,74,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92].
We summarized information about algal and cyanobacterial species’ ecological preferences from more than one hundred published articles and monographs and presented it in a series of published books [7,20,34] according to major indicator systems for assessment of water pH [93], salinity [94], organic pollution [10,95], nutrition type, and trophic state [9] recommended by EU for biological monitoring [96,97].
The old names of taxa in the lists of Israeli algae species, which were published in different years according to the taxonomy of the publication period, were unified according to the modern system using algaebase.org [97] to compile a complete list of species, excluding synonyms. Then, according to the combined data, the species richness of each taxonomic phylum was analyzed. The ecological properties of identified algae and cyanobacteria in Israel were added to the list of species. The ranges of ecological preferences of each species were divided into categories of bioindicators for the following water variables: pH, salinity, temperature, mobility, and oxygenation of water masses, trophic state, preference for the type of feeding (autotrophic or heterotrophic), and saprobity in two different systems. The distribution of indicator taxa number in each ecological group was ordered to increase the indicated variable value. The standard deviation (STDEV) was calculated for each distribution to identify the richest taxonomic and ecological groups since the STDEV line cuts off more than 50% of the species of the distribution. This can identify successful ecological groups and indicator species in Israel’s climatic and anthropogenic conditions. Checking the identified species composition of Israel algae for completeness of the study was carried out by plotting the Willis curve [98], where the distribution of the number of species by the number of genera can be conformed to a logarithmic trend line in the case of completeness of the species list.

3. Results and Discussion

As a result, the list of Israel’s algae and cyanobacteria was enriched by about four hundred species during the last twenty years. Therefore, floristic species content raised from 1261 species (in 2000, before modern taxonomy update) [11] to 1628 species (in 2022 with modern taxonomy) (Table 1; Table S1). Table 1 does not include eight species with the unclear taxonomic position in the present time, and some mentioned in the references generic names without species definition. As can be seen, diatom species prevail with cyanobacteria and green algae, which cut off by standard deviation line (Figure 1a).
The species list completeness analysis was carried out for this large number of species identified in such small area as Israel, where there are a small number of lakes and small streams due to the peculiarities of the climate. To achieve this, we calculated the distribution of the number of species by the number of genera [98] according to Willis’s law (Figure 1b). Since the trend line practically coincides with the distribution line, this suggests that the revealed diversity of algae and cyanobacteria in the aquatic environment of Israel is close to saturation.
Species distribution in Figure 1 and Supplementary Table S1 show that in continental flora of algae and cyanobacteria of Israel, three phyla significantly prevail: Bacillariophyta, with 535 species, Cyanobacteria, with 431, and Chlorophyta, with 341 species, of a total 1628 species and 14 phyla (Table 1).
The most species-rich genera of algae and cyanobacteria (Table 2) contain 338 species (about 20% of the total species list) and characterize a flora face. Most of the richest genera belonged to diatoms (162), but next are euglenoids with 75 species (Table 2), contrary to total species richness distribution (Table 1; Table S1). The species-rich genera in Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyta, and Charophyta are significantly less represented in the flora of Israel.
The ecological preferences of algae and cyanobacteria species inhabiting the water bodies of Israel are presented in Table 3 and Table S1. Each group of indicators was considered separately to assess the significance of water quality bioindication in Israel. Species that predictably and similarly respond to environmental variables are used as bioindicators of these variables to reflect the response of aquatic ecosystems to eutrophication, pH (acidification), salinity, and organic pollution [14,88]. In this study, the collected indicator data were used for the ecological analysis [89,99] of water bodies in Israel as a whole (Table S1). Now we can assess the total number of indicator species distribution over ecological groups to reveal water quality in the waterbodies of Israel as a whole due to a response to climatic and anthropogenic stress influence. Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4 show that STDEV line cut off indicator groups of benthic, planktonic–benthic, and planktonic inhabitants (Figure 2a) preferred mainly temperate temperature waters but survive in a wide range of temperatures (Figure 2b), saturated by oxygen (Figure 2c), low alkaline (Figure 2d), and the broad spectrum of water pH (Figure 3a) with medium salinity (Figure 3b). Waters of Class 2 and 3 prevailed in Israel (Figure 4a,b), where algae and cyanobacteria species prefer an autotrophic type of nutrition (Figure 4c). As a whole, waters in Israel are inhabited by species that are indicators of two types of trophic state: (1) oligo- to oligo-mesotraphentic, and (2) meso-eutraphentic to eutraphentic (Figure 4d).
The experience of assessing the impact of pollution on fresh and brackish water bodies in Israel was represented in a recent study [20]. Furthermore, indicator algae have been used to assess water quality in many continental water bodies in Israel due to regional climate change [56]. Therefore, revealed algae and cyanobacteria flora with species bioindicator properties can be used in the Israeli water quality monitoring as implemented in the EU [11,12], but now in Israel, the chemical variables are monitored only. In any case, the experience of using bioindicators to assess water quality in continental water bodies of Israel is rather large [20]. It can help assess the ecosystems state and reveal pollution sources in each aquatic object [56] and future water quality monitoring.
In closely related regions such as Turkey [4], with 2030 taxa, and Iraq, with 2647 species [5], and Georgia [6], the algal floras are, as a whole, enriched by non-diatom algae. The well-studied flora of Ukraine contains 6583 algae and cyanobacteria taxa with prevailing diatoms, and half of the list were indicators of the environmental variables [7], which can be used in the study of evolutionary dynamics and as indicators of climate change [56,100]. Algae and cyanobacteria floras of close related regions to Israel, such as Lebanon, Egypt, and Jordan, do not yet have the checklists and they stay in the initial stage of biodiversity research. We collect the biodiversity lists from Western Eurasia, and comparative floristic analysis will be the next research stage.

4. Conclusions

The list of algae and cyanobacteria in the continental waters of Israel not only summarized its diversity with advances in XXI century research, but also first represented each species’ ecological preferences. We conclude that species diversity during the past 20 years has raised from 1261 to 1628 species, which belong to 14 taxonomic phyla. All identified species can be used as bioindicators of water quality. The ecological properties of indicators are associated with ten environmental variables. In addition, the change in the ecological state affected many of the water bodies mentioned in the published articles, and some of the water bodies were either rebuilt or destroyed. The impact of pollution on freshwater and brackish water ecosystems of Israel can be assessed with the help of modern bioindication methods in the water quality monitoring system that now represents the chemical data only.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/d14050328/s1, Table S1. List of algae and cyanobacteria in continental waterbodies of Israel (1898–2022) with species ecological preferences.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, S.B.; methodology, S.B.; software, S.B.; validation, S.B. and T.S.; formal analysis, S.B.; investigation, S.B. and T.S.; resources, S.B.; data curation, S.B. and T.S.; writing—original draft preparation, S.B. and T.S.; writing—review and editing, S.B. and T.S.; visualization, S.B.; supervision, S.B.; project administration, S.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

This work was partly supported by the Israeli Ministry of Aliyah and Integration. We are also thankful to Olena Cherniavska for technical assistance.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Wehr, J.D.; Sheath, R.G.; Kociolek, J.P. (Eds.) Freshwater Algae of North America: Ecology and Classification; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2015. [Google Scholar]
  2. Bellinger, E.G.; Sigee, D.C. Freshwater Algae: Identification, Enumeration and Use as Bioindicators; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2015. [Google Scholar]
  3. Dokulil, M.T. Algae as ecological bio-indicators. In Trace Metals and Other Contaminants in the Environment; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2003; Volume 6, pp. 285–327. [Google Scholar]
  4. Aysel, V. Check-List of the freshwater algae of Turkey. J. Black Sea/Mediterr. Environ. 2005, 11, 1–124. [Google Scholar]
  5. Checklist of Algal Flora in Iraq. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271841408_Checklist_of_Algal_Flora_in_Iraq (accessed on 11 August 2021).
  6. Barinova, S.S.; Kukhaleishvili, L.; Nevo, E.; Janelidze, Z. Diversity and ecology of algae in the Algeti National Park as a part of the Georgian system of protected areas. Turk. J. Bot. 2011, 35, 729–774. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Barinova, S.; Bilous, O.; Tsarenko, P.M. Algae Indication of Waterbodies in Ukraine: Methods and Perspectives; Haifa University Pub-lishing House: Haifa, Kiev, 2019. [Google Scholar]
  8. John, D.M.; Whitton, B.A.; Brook, A.J. (Eds.) The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles: An Identification Guide to Freshwater and Terrestrial Algae; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2011. [Google Scholar]
  9. Van Dam, H.; Mertens, A.; Sinkeldam, J. A coded checklist and ecological indicator values of freshwater diatoms from The Netherlands. Neth. J. Aquat. Ecol. 1994, 28, 117–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Sládeček, V. Diatoms as Indicators of Organic Pollution. Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol. 1986, 14, 555–566. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. UNEP/IPCS. Training Module No. 3. Section C, Ecological Risk Assessment, Prepared by The Edinburgh Centre for Toxicology. Available online: http://www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/Publications/riskasse/C2text.pdf (accessed on 12 December 2006).
  12. Whitton, B.A. Algae. In River Ecology; Whitton, B.A., Ed.; Blackwell Sci. Publ.: Oxford, UK, 1975; pp. 81–105. [Google Scholar]
  13. Szilágyi, F.; Ács, E.; Borics, G.; Halasi-Kovács, B.; Juhász, P.; Kiss, B.; Kovács, T.; Müller, Z.; Lakatos, G.; Padisák, J.; et al. Application of water framework directive in Hungary: Development of biological classification systems. Water Sci. Technol. 2008, 58, 2117–2125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Porter, S.D. Algal Attributes: An Autecological Classification of Algal Taxa Collected by the National Water-Quality Assessment Pro-gram. U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 2008. Available online: http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/ds329/ (accessed on 11 March 2022).
  15. Barinova, S. Essential and practical bioindication methods and systems for the water quality assessment. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Nat. Resour. 2017, 2, 555588. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Odum, E.P. The Strategy of Ecosystem Development. Science 1969, 164, 262–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  17. Barinova, S. On the Classification of Water Quality from an Ecological Point of View. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Nat. Resour. 2017, 2, 555581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Nevo, E.; Wasser, S.P. (Eds.) Biodiversity of cyanoprocaryotes, algae and fungi of Israel. In Cyanoprocaryotes and Algae of Continental Israel; A. R. A. Gantner Verlag, K.-G.: Ruggell, Leichtenstein, 2000. [Google Scholar]
  19. Alster, A.; Kaplan-Levy, R.N.; Sukenik, A.; Zohary, T. Morphology and phylogeny of a non-toxic invasive Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii from a Mediterranean Lake. Hydrobiologia 2009, 639, 115–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Barinova, S. Algal Diversity Dynamics, Ecological Assessment, and Monitoring in the River Ecosystems of the Eastern Mediterranean; Nova Science Publishers: New York, NY, USA, 2011. [Google Scholar]
  21. Barinova, S. Diversity, Ecology and Survivor of Freshwater Red Algae in Israel. Nat. Resour. Conserv. 2013, 1, 21–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Barinova, S.; Nevo, E. Animal Biodiversity in the Middle East. In Proceedings of the First Middle Eastern Biodiversity Congress, Aqaba, Jordan, 20–23 October 2008; p. 136. [Google Scholar]
  23. Barinova, S.; Nevo, E. Effects of climate change and anthropogenic pollution on the algal species diversity in the rivers of Israel. Isr. J. Ecol. Evolut. 2008, 54, 259. [Google Scholar]
  24. Barinova, S.S.; Nevo, E. The Upper Jordan River Algal Communities are Evidence of Long-Term Climatic and Anthropogenic Impacts. J. Water Resour. Prot. 2010, 2, 507–526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  25. Barinova, S.; Nevo, E. Algal Diversity of the Akko Park Wetlands in the Bahai Gardens (Haifa, Israel). Transylv. Rev. Syste. Ecol. Res. 2012, 14, 55–80. [Google Scholar]
  26. Barinova, S.S.; Anissimova, O.V.; Nevo, E.; Wasser, S.P. Algae new for Israel from the Upper Nahal Oren River. Flora Mediterr. 2003, 13, 273–296. [Google Scholar]
  27. Barinova, S.; Anissimova, O.; Nevo, E.; Jarygin, M.; Wasser, S. Diversity and ecology of algae from the Nahal Qishon river, northern Israel. Plant Biosyst. Int. J. Deal. Asp. Plant Biol. 2004, 138, 245–259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Barinova, S.S.; Tsarenko, P.; Nevo, E. Algae from experimental pools on the Dead Sea coast, Israel. Isr. J. Plant Sci. 2004, 52, 265–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Barinova, S.S.; Anissimova, O.V.; Nevo, E.; Wasser, S.P. Diversity and ecology of phytoplankton and periphyton of the Nahal Oren, Alon Natural Park, Northern Israel. In Algological Studies/Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement Volumes; Schweizerbart science Publishers: Stuttgart, Germany, 2005; Volume 116, pp. 171–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Barinova, S.S.; Anissimova, O.V.; Nevo, E.; Wasser, S.P.; Jarygin, M. Fresh and brackish water algae new for Israel found in Nahal Qishon (N-Israel). Flora Mediterr. 2006, 15, 73–98. [Google Scholar]
  31. Barinova, S.S.; Tavassi, M.; Nevo, E. Algal indicator system of environmental variables in the Hadera River basin, central Israel. Plant Biosyst. Int. J. Deal. Asp. Plant Biol. 2006, 140, 65–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Barinova, S.S.; Tavassi, M.; Nevo, E. Diversity and ecology of algae from Alexander River (Central Israel). Flora Mediterr. 2006, 16, 111–132. [Google Scholar]
  33. Barinova, S.S.; Tavassi, M.; Nevo, E. Biotechnology of water quality assessment in the coastal rivers of Israel. Isr. J. Ecol. Evolut. 2006, 52, 163–164. [Google Scholar]
  34. Barinova, S.S.; Medvedeva, L.A.; Anissimova, O.V. Biodiversity of Algae Indicators in Environmental Assessment; Pilies Studio: Tel Aviv, Israel, 2006. [Google Scholar]
  35. Barinova, S.; Medvedeva, L.; Nevo, E. Regional influences on algal biodiversity in two polluted rivers of Eurasia (Rudnaya River, Russia, and Qishon River, Israel) by bioindication and canonical correspondence analysis. Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res. 2008, 6, 29–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Barinova, S.; Bragina, T.; Nevo, E. Algal species diversity of arid region lakes in Kazakhstan and Israel. Community Ecol. 2009, 10, 7–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Barinova, S.; Lipkovsky, E.; Teltsch, B.; Nevo, E. Seasonal influences on algal biodiversity in the Upper Jordan River by bio-indication and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Isr. J. Ecol. Evolut. 2007, 53, 199. [Google Scholar]
  38. Barinova, S.; Tavassi, M.; Glassman, H. Diversity and ecology of algae from the Lower Jordan River, Israel. Plant Biosyst. Int. J. Deal. Asp. Plant Biol. 2009, 143, 340–360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Barinova, S.; Tavassi, M.; Nevo, E. Algal communities of the Hadera River (Israel) under dramatic niche changes. Open Life Sci. 2010, 5, 507–521. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Barinova, S. Algal Indication of Pollution in the Low Er Jordan River, Israel. Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res. 2010, 8, 19–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Barinova, S.; Petrov, A.; Nevo, E. Comparative analysis of algal biodiversity in the rivers of Israel. Open Life Sci. 2011, 6, 246–259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Barinova, S.; Romanov, R. Unique locality with charophytes in the Mount Arbel National Park, Israel. Elixir Bio Divers. 2014, 77, 28932–28936. [Google Scholar]
  43. Barinova, S.; Romanov, R. The new high mountain locality Ein Qinia with charophytes in the Northern Israel. Univers. J. Plant Sci. 2015, 3, 109–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Barinova, S.; Romanov, R. How a New Locality of Algal Community in the Negev Desert, Israel was Formed. Expert Opin. Environ. Biol. 2014, 4, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Barinova, S.; Romanov, R. Unique charophytes locality in the Borot Loz Natural Reserve, Negev Desert, Israel. Discov. Nat. 2015, 9, 33–41. [Google Scholar]
  46. Barinova, S.; Romanov, R. The Ein El Balad Charophyte Locality in the Mount Carmel Biosphere Reserve, Israel. Int. J. Adv. Res. Bot. (IJARB) 2015, 1, 1–12. [Google Scholar]
  47. Barinova, S.; Romanov, R. Charophyte Community in the Lowermost Locality in the World Near the Dead Sea, Israel. Int. J. Plant Soil Sci. 2015, 6, 229–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Barinova, S.; Romanov, R. Charophyte Communities in the Ein Afeq Natural Reserve, Israel. Nat. Resour. Conserv. 2015, 3, 31–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Barinova, S.; Romanov, R. The Charophytes (Charophyta) Locality in the Milkha Stream, Lower Jordan, Israel. Nat. Resour. Conserv. 2015, 3, 19–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Barinova, S.; Romanov, R. Charophytes Locality in the Ga’aton River, Lower Galilee, Israel. J. Biol. Life Sci. 2015, 7, 94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  51. Barinova, S.; Romanov, R. The Ancient Locality Syndianna with Charophytes in the Northern Israel. Nat. Resour. Conserv. 2016, 4, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  52. Barinova, S.; Tavassi, M. Study of seasonal influences on algal biodiversity in the River Yarqon (central Israel) by bio-indication and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Turk. J. Bot. 2009, 33, 353–372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Barinova, S.S.; Tavassi, M.; Nevo, E. Microscopic Algae in Monitoring of the Yarqon River (Central Israel); LAP Lambert Academic Publishing: Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010. [Google Scholar]
  54. Barinova, S.S.; Alster, A. Dynamic of algal species diversity in the Lake Kinneret (Israel) over the last century. In Proceedings of the III International Symposium “Lakes Ecosystems: Biological Processes, Anthropogenic Transformation, Water Quality”, Naroch, Belarus, 17–22 September 2007; pp. 8–9. [Google Scholar]
  55. Barinova, S.; Tsarenko, P. Taxonomic and ecological changes of the algal community in the Hula Lake Natural Reserve, Northern Israel during last century. In Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference “The Success of Formation and Functioning of a Network of Specially Protected Natural Territories and the Study of Biological Diversity”, Kostanay, Kazakhstan, 26–27 February 2014; pp. 56–59. (In Russian). [Google Scholar]
  56. Barinova, S.; Krassilov, V.A. Algal diversity and bio-indication of water resources in Israel. Int. J. Environ. Resour. 2012, 1, 62–72. [Google Scholar]
  57. Kidron, G.J.; Barinova, S.; Vonshak, A. The effects of heavy winter rains and rare summer rains on biological soil crusts in the Negev Desert. CATENA 2012, 95, 6–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Kidron, G.J.; Vonshak, A.; Dor, I.; Barinova, S.; Abeliovich, A. Properties and spatial distribution of microbiotic crusts in the Negev Desert, Israel. CATENA 2010, 82, 92–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Krakhmalny, A.F.; Wasser, S.P.; Nevo, E.; Boltovskoy, A.; Barinova, S.S.; Krakhmalny, A.M. A new form of Dinophyta from fresh waters of northern Israel. Int. J. Algae 2004, 6, 116–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. Lipkovsky, E.; Barinova, S.; Nevo, E. Algal vegetative activity in Upper Jordan River (Northern Israel): An in vitro glass slide experiment. Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res. 2011, 9, 231–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Lipkovsky, E.; Barinova, S.S.; Nevo, E. Application of ecological mapping in the biotechnology of water-quality assessment in the upper Jordan River basin. Isr. J. Ecol. Evolut. 2006, 52, 179–180. [Google Scholar]
  62. Pollingher, U.; Zohary, T.; Hadas, O.; Yacobi, Y.Z.; Berman, T. Aphanizomenon ovalisporum (Forti) in Lake Kinneret, Israel. J. Plankton Res. 1998, 20, 1321–1339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  63. Pollingher, U.; Zohary, T.; Fishbein, T. Algal Flora in the Hula Valley—Past and Present. Isr. J. Plant Sci. 1998, 46, 155–168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  64. Romanov, R.E.; Barinova, S.S. The Charophytes of Israel: Historical and contemporary species richness, distribution, and ecology. Biodivers. Res. Conserv. 2012, 25, 67–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  65. Romanov, R.E.; Barinova, S.S. Species of Nitella (Charophyceae, Charales) from Israel: Low species richness and rare occur-rence. Bot. Serb. 2016, 40, 217–227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  66. Romanov, R.E.; Gontcharov, A.A.; Barinova, S.S. Chara globata Mig. (Streptophyta: Charales): Rare species revised. Fottea 2015, 15, 39–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  67. Romanov, R.E.; Barinova, S.S.; Nikulin, V.Y.; Gontcharov, A.A. Chara lipkinii (Charales, Charophyceae): A new dioecious Mediterranean species under risk of extinction in the wild and some implications for the taxonomy of the genus Chara. Fottea 2022, 22, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  68. Tavassi, M.; Barinova, S.S.; Anissimova, O.V.; Nevo, E.; Wasser, S.P. Algal indicators of environment in the Nahal Yarqon basin, Central Israel. Int. J. Algae 2004, 6, 355–382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  69. Tavasi, M.; Barinova, S.S.; Nevo, Y.; Wasser, S.P. Assessment of Water Quality in the Yarqon River (the Central Israel) in terms of the Methods of Bioindication and Bioassay. Hydrobiol. J. 2008, 44, 16–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  70. Tavassi, M.; Barinova, S.S.; Nevo, E. Examination of water quality from the Yarqon River (Central Israel) using the glass slide method to define algal vegetative activity (in vitro). Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res. 2008, 6, 113–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  71. Tavassi, M.; Barinova, S.; Glassman, H. Algal communities in the polluted lower Jordan River, Israel. Isr. J. Plant Sci. 2008, 56, 111–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  72. Tavassi, M.; Barinova, S.S.; Nevo, E. Assessment of water quality along the Yarqon River based on algal assemblages, including a bioassay based on luminescent bacterium. Isr. J. Ecol. Evolut. 2006, 52, 197. [Google Scholar]
  73. Sisma-Ventura, G.; Barinova, S.; Greenbaum, N.; Tavassi, M. The influence of low storm discharge on nutrients and algal pe-riphyton dynamics of a small Mediterranean, mountainous, ephemeral stream pond-Oren River Basin, Carmel Mountains (Israel). Transylv. Rev. Syst. Ecol. Res. 2010, 10, 149–162. [Google Scholar]
  74. Barinova, S.; Yehuda, G.; Nevo, E. Comparative analysis of algal communities in the rivers of northern and southern Israel as bearing on ecological consequences of climate change. J. Arid Environ. 2010, 74, 765–776. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  75. Yehuda, G.; Barinova, S.; Nevo, E. Algal species diversity of the Zin River basin in the Negev region, southern Israel. Isr. J. Ecol. Evolut. 2007, 53, 227–228. [Google Scholar]
  76. Yehuda, G.; Barinova, S.; Krugman, T.; Pavlicek, T.; Nov, Y.; Nevo, E. Microscale Adaptive Response of Charophytes of the Negev Desert, Israel: Species Divergences by AFLP. Nat. Resour. Conserv. 2013, 1, 55–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  77. Zohary, T.; Yacobi, Y.Z.; Alster, A.; Fishbein, T.; Lippman, S.; Tibor, G. Phytoplankton; Aquatic Ecology Series; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2014; Volume 6, pp. 161–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  78. Berman, T.; Pollingher, U.; Zohary, T. A Short History of Stability and Change in Phytoplankton Populations in Lake Kinneret. Isr. J. Plant Sci. 1998, 46, 73–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  79. Hambright, K.; Zohary, T. Lakes Hula and Agmon: Destruction and creation of wetland ecosystems in northern Israel. Wetl. Ecol. Manag. 1998, 6, 83–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  80. Ginzburg, B.; Chalifa, I.; Zohary, T.; Hadas, O.; Dor, I.; Lev, O. Identification of oligosulfide odorous compounds and their source in the Lake of Galilee. Water Res. 1998, 32, 1789–1800. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  81. Zohary, T.; Fishbein, T.; Kaplan, B.; Pollingher, U. Phytoplankton-metaphyton seasonal dynamics in a newly-created subtropical wetland lake. Wetl. Ecol. Manag. 1998, 6, 133–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  82. Zohary, T.; Pollingher, U.; Hadas, O.; Hambright, D. Bloom dynamics and sedimentation of Peridinium gatunense in Lake Kinneret. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1998, 43, 175–186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  83. Zohary, T. Changes to the phytoplankton assemblage of Lake Kinneret after decades of a predictable, repetitive pattern. Freshw. Biol. 2004, 49, 1355–1371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  84. Zohary, T.; Shlichter, M. Invasion of Lake Kinneret by the N2-fixing cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis cuspis Komarek & Kling. In Internationale Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie: Verhandlungen; SIL Proceedings, 1922–2010; Taylor & Francis: Oxfordshire, UK, 2009; Volume 30, pp. 1251–1254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  85. Kamenir, Y.; Dubinsky, Z.; Zohary, T. Phytoplankton size structure stability in a meso-eutrophic subtropical lake. Hydrobiologia 2004, 520, 89–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  86. Kamenir, Y.; Winder, M.; Dubinsky, Z.; Zohary, T.; Schladow, G. Lake Tahoe vs. Lake Kinneret phytoplankton: Comparison of long-term taxonomic size structure consistency. Aquat. Sci. 2008, 70, 195–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  87. Roelke, D.L.; Zohary, T.; Hambright, K.D.; Montoya, J.V. Alternative states in the phytoplankton of Lake Kinneret, Israel (Sea of Galilee). Freshw. Biol. 2007, 52, 399–411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  88. Barinova, S. The effect of altitude on distribution of freshwater algae in continental Israel. Plant Biol. 2011, 12, 89–95. [Google Scholar]
  89. Ostrovsky, I.; Rimmer, A.; Yacobi, Y.Z.; Nishri, A.; Sukenik, A.; Hadas, O.; Zohary, T. Long-term changes in the Lake Kinneret ecosystem: The effects of climate change and anthropogenic factors. In Climatic Change and Global Warming of Inland Waters: Impacts and Mitigation for Ecosystems and Societies, 1st ed.; Goldman, C.R., Kumagai, M., Robarts, R.D., Eds.; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2013; Chapter 16; pp. 271–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  90. Kaplan-Levy, R.N.; Alster-Gloukhovski, A.; Benyamini, Y.; Zohary, T. Lake Kinneret phytoplankton: Integrating classical and molecular taxonomy. Hydrobiologia 2015, 764, 283–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  91. Barinova, S.; Fahima, T. The Development of the a World Database of Freshwater Algae-Indicators. J. Environ. Ecol. 2017, 8, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  92. Ninio, S.; Lupu, A.; Viner-Mozzini, Y.; Zohary, T.; Sukenik, A. Multiannual variations in Microcystis bloom episodes—Temperature drives shift in species composition. Harmful Algae 2019, 92, 101710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  93. Hustedt, F. Die Diatomeenflora des Flußsystems der Weser im Gebiet der Hansestadt Bremen. Abh. Nat.-Senschaftlichen Ver. Brem. 1957, 34, 181–440. [Google Scholar]
  94. Hustedt, F. Systematisch und Ökologische Untersuchungen über die Diatomeenflora von Java, Bali und Sumatra. Archiv. Hydrobiol. 1938–1939. Suppl. 15, pp. 131–177 pp. 393–506 pp. 638–790 Suppl. 16, pp. 1–155 pp. 274–394. [Google Scholar]
  95. Watanabe, T.; Asai, K.; Houki, A. Numerical estimation to organic pollution of flowing water by using the epilithic diatom assemblage—diatom assemblage index (DAIpo). Sci. Total Environ. 1986, 55, 209–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  96. European Parliament “Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for community action in the field of water policy. OJL 2000, 327, 1–72.
  97. Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. AlgaeBase. World-Wide Electronic Publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Available online: https://www.algaebase.org (accessed on 25 October 2021).
  98. Barinova, S. Systemic Criteria for the Analysis of Alpha- and Gamma-Diversity of Freshwater Algae. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Nat. Resour. 2017, 4, 555633. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  99. Multilevel Approach in Biodiversity Analysis of Freshwater Algae. Expert Opin. Environ. Biol. 2013, 2, 1–2. [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  100. Palamar-Mordvintseva, G.M.; Tsarenko, P.M.; Barinova, S. Phylogenesis, Origin and Kinship of the Charophytic Algae. Bot. Pac. 2015, 4, 59–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Diversity 14 00328 g001 550
Figure 1. Distribution of species richness of algae and cyanobacteria of Israel over taxonomic phyla with STDEV as standard deviation line (a), and in the Willis curve as number of genera over species number (b).
Figure 1. Distribution of species richness of algae and cyanobacteria of Israel over taxonomic phyla with STDEV as standard deviation line (a), and in the Willis curve as number of genera over species number (b).
Diversity 14 00328 g001
Diversity 14 00328 g002 550
Figure 2. Distribution of species-indicator in groups of preferences of habitat: (P—planktonic, P-B—plankto-benthic, B—benthic, Ep—epiphyte, S—soil) (a). Temperature: (cool—cool water, temp—temperate, eterm—eurythermic, warm—warm water) (b). Oxygen: (H2S—sulfides resistant; st—standing water, str—streaming water, st-str—low streaming water, aer—aerophiles; ae—aerophites) (c). Water pH: (alb—alkalibiontes; alf—alkaliphiles, ind—indifferent; acf—acidophiles; neu—neutrophiles as a part of pH-indifferent taxa) (d). STDEV: standard deviation line. Abbreviation also as in Table 3.
Figure 2. Distribution of species-indicator in groups of preferences of habitat: (P—planktonic, P-B—plankto-benthic, B—benthic, Ep—epiphyte, S—soil) (a). Temperature: (cool—cool water, temp—temperate, eterm—eurythermic, warm—warm water) (b). Oxygen: (H2S—sulfides resistant; st—standing water, str—streaming water, st-str—low streaming water, aer—aerophiles; ae—aerophites) (c). Water pH: (alb—alkalibiontes; alf—alkaliphiles, ind—indifferent; acf—acidophiles; neu—neutrophiles as a part of pH-indifferent taxa) (d). STDEV: standard deviation line. Abbreviation also as in Table 3.
Diversity 14 00328 g002
Diversity 14 00328 g003 550
Figure 3. Distribution of species-indicator in groups of preferences of water pH range in which species occurred (a). Salinity (hb—oligohalobes-halophobes, i—oligohalobes-indifferent, mh—mesohalobes, hl—halophiles; ph—polyhalobes; hlbnt-halobionts) (b). STDEV: standard deviation line. Abbreviation also as in Table 3.
Figure 3. Distribution of species-indicator in groups of preferences of water pH range in which species occurred (a). Salinity (hb—oligohalobes-halophobes, i—oligohalobes-indifferent, mh—mesohalobes, hl—halophiles; ph—polyhalobes; hlbnt-halobionts) (b). STDEV: standard deviation line. Abbreviation also as in Table 3.
Diversity 14 00328 g003
Diversity 14 00328 g004 550
Figure 4. Distribution of species-indicator in groups of preferences of water quality class in the EU FWD color ranges (a). Organic pollution according to Watanabe (sx—saproxenes; es—eurysaprobes; sp—saprophiles) (b). Nutrition type as nitrogen uptake metabolism (ats—nitrogen-autotrophic taxa, tolerating very small concentrations of organically bound nitrogen; ate—nitrogen-autotrophic taxa, tolerating elevated concentrations of organically bound nitrogen; hne—facultative nitrogen-heterotrophic taxa, needing periodically elevated concentrations of organically bound nitrogen; hce—obligate nitrogen-heterotrophic taxa, needing continuously elevated concentrations of organically bound nitrogen) (c). Trophic state (ot—oligotraphentic; o-m—oligomesotraphentic; m—mesotraphentic; me—mesoeutraphentic; e—eutraphentic; he—hypereutraphentic; o-e—oligo- to eutraphentic (hypereutraphentic)) (d). STDEV: standard deviation line. Abbreviation also as in Table 3.
Figure 4. Distribution of species-indicator in groups of preferences of water quality class in the EU FWD color ranges (a). Organic pollution according to Watanabe (sx—saproxenes; es—eurysaprobes; sp—saprophiles) (b). Nutrition type as nitrogen uptake metabolism (ats—nitrogen-autotrophic taxa, tolerating very small concentrations of organically bound nitrogen; ate—nitrogen-autotrophic taxa, tolerating elevated concentrations of organically bound nitrogen; hne—facultative nitrogen-heterotrophic taxa, needing periodically elevated concentrations of organically bound nitrogen; hce—obligate nitrogen-heterotrophic taxa, needing continuously elevated concentrations of organically bound nitrogen) (c). Trophic state (ot—oligotraphentic; o-m—oligomesotraphentic; m—mesotraphentic; me—mesoeutraphentic; e—eutraphentic; he—hypereutraphentic; o-e—oligo- to eutraphentic (hypereutraphentic)) (d). STDEV: standard deviation line. Abbreviation also as in Table 3.
Diversity 14 00328 g004
Table
Table 1. Taxonomic content of algae and cyanobacteria flora in continental aquatic habitats of Israel.
Table 1. Taxonomic content of algae and cyanobacteria flora in continental aquatic habitats of Israel.
PhylumNo of Species
Bacillariophyta535
Cyanobacteria432
Chlorophyta342
Euglenozoa115
Charophyta112
Miozoa-Dinophyceae27
Ochrophyta-Xanthophyceae18
Ochrophyta-Chrysophyceae15
Cryptophyta10
Ochrophyta-Eustigmatophyceae9
Rhodophyta7
Haptophyta2
Choanozoa1
Eukaryota unassigned phylum3
Total:1628
Table
Table 2. Most species rich genera of algae and cyanobacteria flora in aquatic habitats of Israel.
Table 2. Most species rich genera of algae and cyanobacteria flora in aquatic habitats of Israel.
PhylumGenusSpecies
BacillariophytaNitzschia68
BacillariophytaNavicula49
BacillariophytaGomphonema27
BacillariophytaTryblionella18
Total162
EuglenozoaEuglena29
EuglenozoaPhacus24
EuglenozoaLepocinclis22
Total75
CyanobacteriaPhormidium26
Oscillatoria19
Total45
ChlorophytaDesmodesmus32
Total32
CharophytaClosterium24
Total24
Total 338
Table
Table 3. The number of indicator species of algae and cyanobacteria in water habitats of Israel by ecological groups for the indicated environmental variables (bold). The ecological groups in each indicated parameter of the environment are arranged in order of increasing value of the indicated variable.
Table 3. The number of indicator species of algae and cyanobacteria in water habitats of Israel by ecological groups for the indicated environmental variables (bold). The ecological groups in each indicated parameter of the environment are arranged in order of increasing value of the indicated variable.
VariableNo of SpeciesVariableNo of Species
Habitat Saprobity indices
P348Class 149
P-B476Class 2351
B603Class 3470
Ep59Class 499
S74Class 511
Temperature Saprobity groups
cool23x–0.025
temp64x-o–0.427
eterm48o-x–0.629
warm56x-b–0.835
Oxygenation o–1.0179
H2S9o-b–1.4105
st314x-a–1.552
st-str521b-o–1.674
str79o-a–1.887
aer51b–2.0254
ae12b-a–2.455
pH a-ο–2.660
acf45b-p–2.83
neu6a–3.037
ind221a-b–3.67
alf282p-a–4.01
alb15i > 4.01
Salinity Trophy
hb34ot98
i495o-m112
hl106m58
mh86me130
ph23e109
hlbnt2o-e25
Type of Nutrition he8
ats75Watanabe
ate102sx73
hne16es149
hce8sp30
Note. Substrate preferences (P—planktonic, P-B—plankto-benthic, B—benthic, Ep—epiphyte, S—soil); temperature preferences (cool—cool water, temp—temperate, eterm—eurythermic, warm—warm water); oxygenation and streaming (H2S—sulfides resistant; st—standing water, str—streaming water, st-str—low streaming water, aer—aerophiles; ae—aerophites); pH preferences groups (pH) according to Hustedt (1957) [79,93]: (alb—alkalibiontes; alf—alkaliphiles, ind—indifferent; acf—acidophiles; neu—neutrophiles as a part of pH-indifferent taxa); salinity ecological groups according to Hustedt (1938–1939) [80,94]: (hb—oligohalobes-halophobes, i—oligohalobes-indifferent, mh—mesohalobes, hl—halophiles; ph—polyhalobes; hlbnt—halobionts); self-purification zone with index of saprobity (x/0.0—xenosaprobe; x-o/0.4—xeno-oligosaprobe; o-x/0.6—oligo-xenosaprobe; o/1.0—oligosaprobe; o-b/1.4—oligo-betamesosaprobe; x-a/0.55—xeno- to alphamesosaprobe; b-o/1.6—beta-oligosaprobe; o-a/1.8—oligo-alphamesosaprobe; b/2.0—betamesosaprobe; b-a/2.4—beta-alphamesosaprobe; a-ο/2.6—alpha-oligosaprobe; b-p/2.8—betapolysaprobe; a/3.0—alphamesosaprobe; a-p/3.4—alphapolysaprobe; a-b/3.6—alpha-betamesosaprobe; p-a/4.0—poly-alphamesosaprobe; i/>4.0—i-eusaprobe); organic pollution indicators according to Watanabe et al. (1986) [95]: sx—saproxenes; es—eurysaprobes; sp—saprophiles; nitrogen uptake metabolism (Aut-Het) [9]: ats—nitrogen-autotrophic taxa, tolerating very small concentrations of organically bound nitrogen; ate—nitrogen-autotrophic taxa, tolerating elevated concentrations of organically bound nitrogen; hne—facultative nitrogen-heterotrophic taxa, needing periodically elevated concentrations of organically bound nitrogen; hce—obligate nitrogen-heterotrophic taxa, needing continuously elevated concentrations of organically bound nitrogen; trophic state indicators [9]: (ot—oligotraphentic; o-m—oligomesotraphentic; m—mesotraphentic; me—mesoeutraphentic; e—eutraphentic; he—hypereutraphentic; o-e—oligo- to eutraphentic (hypereutraphentic)).
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Barinova, S.; Smith, T. Flora of Algae and Cyanobacteria of Continental Waters of Israel in the XXI Century: Taxonomy, Autecology and Water Quality Indicators. Diversity 2022, 14, 328. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14050328

AMA Style

Barinova S, Smith T. Flora of Algae and Cyanobacteria of Continental Waters of Israel in the XXI Century: Taxonomy, Autecology and Water Quality Indicators. Diversity. 2022; 14(5):328. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14050328

Chicago/Turabian Style

Barinova, Sophia, and Thomas Smith. 2022. "Flora of Algae and Cyanobacteria of Continental Waters of Israel in the XXI Century: Taxonomy, Autecology and Water Quality Indicators" Diversity 14, no. 5: 328. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14050328

APA Style

Barinova, S., & Smith, T. (2022). Flora of Algae and Cyanobacteria of Continental Waters of Israel in the XXI Century: Taxonomy, Autecology and Water Quality Indicators. Diversity, 14(5), 328. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14050328

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop