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Early Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Development of the Microfluidic Inorganic Conductivity Detector for Europa and the Solenoid-Based Actuator Assembly for Impact Penetrators
 
 
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Sensors
Volume 25
Issue 3
10.3390/s25030775
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Polymer-Based Contactless Conductivity Detector for Europan Salts (PolyCoDES)

by
Chinmayee Govinda Raj
1,
Peyton Salyards
1,2,
Catherine McCoy
1 and
Amanda Stockton
1,2,*
1
School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
2
Wheeler High School, Marietta, GA 30068, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sensors 2025, 25(3), 775; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25030775
Submission received: 31 October 2024 / Revised: 6 January 2025 / Accepted: 16 January 2025 / Published: 27 January 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue (Electro)chemical and Optical (Bio)sensing Devices for Decentralized Cost-Effective (Bio)chemical Monitoring)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study presents the development of an innovative drop-stain-coat fabrication technique for creating high-quality PEDOT:PSS films, optimized for use in polymer-based electrodes within contactless conductivity detection (C4D) sensors. We detail the fabrication and thorough characterization of PEDOT films produced via the drop-stain-coat method, emphasizing its efficiency and reliability in electrode manufacturing. The resulting polymer electrodes were integrated into C4D sensors, which were rigorously characterized to assess their performance in detecting multiple salt types within real-world samples. This approach highlights the potential of drop-stain-coat fabrication to advance sensor applications in diverse analytical environments, offering a practical solution for accurate and adaptable conductivity detection.
Keywords: polymer electrodes; contactless conductivity detection; Europa; in situ analysis; planetary missions polymer electrodes; contactless conductivity detection; Europa; in situ analysis; planetary missions

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MDPI and ACS Style

Govinda Raj, C.; Salyards, P.; McCoy, C.; Stockton, A. Polymer-Based Contactless Conductivity Detector for Europan Salts (PolyCoDES). Sensors 2025, 25, 775. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25030775

AMA Style

Govinda Raj C, Salyards P, McCoy C, Stockton A. Polymer-Based Contactless Conductivity Detector for Europan Salts (PolyCoDES). Sensors. 2025; 25(3):775. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25030775

Chicago/Turabian Style

Govinda Raj, Chinmayee, Peyton Salyards, Catherine McCoy, and Amanda Stockton. 2025. "Polymer-Based Contactless Conductivity Detector for Europan Salts (PolyCoDES)" Sensors 25, no. 3: 775. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25030775

APA Style

Govinda Raj, C., Salyards, P., McCoy, C., & Stockton, A. (2025). Polymer-Based Contactless Conductivity Detector for Europan Salts (PolyCoDES). Sensors, 25(3), 775. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25030775

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