Melatonin Prescription in Children and Adolescents in Relation to Body Weight and Age
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Maximum Dose of Melatonin
2.2. Maximum Dose per Kg of Body Weight
2.3. Prescriptions According to Sex, Psychiatric and Neuropsychiatric Co-Morbidities
2.4. Prediction of Dose and Dose per Kg
2.5. Dosing in Individuals According to Ideal Body Weight
3. Discussion
4. Methods
4.1. Exposures
4.2. Outcomes
4.3. Statistical Analyses
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cohort Descriptives | Mean (SD) | Range |
---|---|---|
Age at prescription (years) | 11.7 (3.5) | 1.1–17.9 |
Height (cm) (n = 1552) | 149.9 (19.7) | 81.0–200.5 |
Weight (kg) | 45.6 (19.0) | 10.0–128.4 |
BMI (kg/m2) (n = 1552) | 19.4 (4.5) | 12.0–41.8 |
N (%) | ||
Males | 975 (62.7) | |
Age below 9 years | 416 (26.8) | |
First prescription | 1007 (64.8) | |
Overweight and obesity (n = 1551) | 385 (24.8) | |
Obesity (n = 1551) | 119 (7.7) | |
Any psychiatric diagnosis | 1272 (81.9) | |
Neuropsychiatric diagnosis | 1011 (65.1) | |
Pharmacological treatment for depression | 306 (19.7) | |
Pharmacological treatment for ADHD | 777 (50.0) | |
Pharmacological treatment with neuroleptics | 151 (9.7) | |
Pharmacological treatment with anxiolytics | 397 (25.5) | |
Pharmacological treatment with sedatives # | 89 (5.7) | |
Any ## drug treatment (other than melatonin) | 1157 (74.5) | |
Comorbidity (psychiatric diagnosis or drug treatment ##) | 1408 (90.6) | |
Prescription Descriptives | Mean (SD) | Range |
Prescribed maximum dose (mg) | 3.9 (2.6) | 1.0–25.0 |
Prescribed dose per kg (mg/kg) | 0.10 (0.11) | 0.01–1.53 |
N (%) | ||
Prescribed tablet any strength | 1480 (95.2) | |
Prescribed maximum dose 5 mg or below | 1200 (77.2) | |
Prescribed tablet 1 mg | 82 (5.3) | |
Prescribed tablet 2 mg | 882 (56.8) | |
Prescribed tablet 3 mg | 398 (25.6) | |
Prescribed tablet 4 mg | 14 (0.9) | |
Prescribed tablet 5 mg | 104 (6.7) | |
Prescribed oral solution 1 mg/mL | 74 (4.8) |
First Prescription | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Not Overweight or with Obesity (n = 773) Mean (SD) | Overweight or with Obesity (n = 234) Mean (SD) | Difference between Groups Mean (SE) 95% CI | Effect Size Cohen’s d | |
Maximum total dose (mg) | 3.5 (2.1) | 3.6 (2.3) NS | 0.13 (0.16) −0.20; 0.46 | 0.061 |
Maximum total dose per kg of body weight (mg/kg) | 0.10 (0.08) | 0.07 (0.05) *** | −0.031 (0.004) −0.040; −0.023 | −0.44 |
Age 9 or younger (n = 252) | Above age 9 (n = 755) | |||
Maximum total dose (mg) | 3.4 (2.0) | 3.6 (2.2) | 0.12 (0.15) −0.18; 0.42 | 0.05 |
Maximum total dose per kg of body weight (mg/kg) | 0.14 (0.09) | 0.08 (0.06) *** | −0.06 (0.006) −0.074; −0.050 | −0.90 |
Iterated Prescription | ||||
Not Overweight or with Obesity (n = 395) | Overweight or with Obesity (n = 151) | Difference between Groups Mean (SD) 95% CI | Effect Size Cohen’s d | |
Maximum total dose (mg) | 4.5 (3.2) | 4.7 (3.0) NS | 0.26 (0.3) −0.32; 0.84 | 0.08 |
Maximum total dose per kg of body weight (mg/kg) | 0.14 (0.16) | 0.10 (0.11) *** | −0.039 (0.01) −0.063; −0.015 | −0.27 |
Age 9 or younger (n = 164) | Above age 9 (n = 383) | |||
Maximum total dose (mg) | 5.0 (3.8) | 4.4 (2.9) | −0.63 (0.3) −1.28; 0.015 | −0.20 |
Maximum total dose per kg of body weight (mg/kg) | 0.22 (0.22) | 0.09 (0.07) *** | −0.13 (0.02) −0.16; −0.09 | −0.93 |
First Prescription Mean (SD) | ||
---|---|---|
Boys (n = 635) | Girls (n = 372) | |
Maximum total dose (mg) | 3.6 (2.2) | 3.5 (2.2) NS |
Maximum total dose per kg of body weight (mg/kg) | 0.09 (0.07) | 0.09 (0.08) NS |
Without psychiatric comorbidity (n = 107) | With psychiatric comorbidity (n = 900) | |
Maximum total dose (mg) | 3.4 (2.2) | 3.6 (2.2) NS |
Maximum total dose per kg of body weight (mg/kg) | 0.09 (0.08) | 0.09 (0.07) NS |
Without neuro-psychiatric diagnosis (n = 381) | With neuro-psychiatric diagnosis (n = 626) | |
Maximum total dose (mg) | 3.6 (2.3) | 3.5 (2.1) NS |
Maximum total dose per kg of body weight (mg/kg) | 0.08 (0.07) | 0.09 (0.07) * |
Iterated Prescription Mean (SD) | ||
Boys (n = 340) | Girls (n = 207) | |
Maximum total dose (mg) | 4.6 (3.1) | 4.5 (3.3) NS |
Maximum total dose per kg of body weight (mg/kg) | 0.13 (0.15) | 0.12 (0.15) NS |
Without psychiatric comorbidity (n = 39) | With psychiatric comorbidity (n = 508) | |
Maximum total dose (mg) | 4.1 (2.9) | 4.6 (3.2) |
Maximum total dose per kg of body weight (mg/kg) | 0.12 (0.13) | 0.13 (0.15) NS |
Without neuro-psychiatric diagnosis (n = 162) | With neuro-psychiatric diagnosis (n = 385) | |
Maximum total dose (mg) | 5.0 (4.0) | 4.4 (2.7) * |
Maximum total dose per kg of body weight (mg/kg) | 0.16 (0.23) | 0.12 (0.09) * |
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Kimland, E.E.; Dahlén, E.; Martikainen, J.; Célind, J.; Kindblom, J.M. Melatonin Prescription in Children and Adolescents in Relation to Body Weight and Age. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16030396
Kimland EE, Dahlén E, Martikainen J, Célind J, Kindblom JM. Melatonin Prescription in Children and Adolescents in Relation to Body Weight and Age. Pharmaceuticals. 2023; 16(3):396. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16030396
Chicago/Turabian StyleKimland, Elin E., Elin Dahlén, Jari Martikainen, Jimmy Célind, and Jenny M. Kindblom. 2023. "Melatonin Prescription in Children and Adolescents in Relation to Body Weight and Age" Pharmaceuticals 16, no. 3: 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16030396
APA StyleKimland, E. E., Dahlén, E., Martikainen, J., Célind, J., & Kindblom, J. M. (2023). Melatonin Prescription in Children and Adolescents in Relation to Body Weight and Age. Pharmaceuticals, 16(3), 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16030396