Prevalence and Work-Related Factors Associated with Lower Back Musculoskeletal Disorders in Female Shellfish Gatherers in Saubara, Bahia-Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample and Area
2.2. Measures
2.3. Definition of Lower Back MSD
2.4. Exposure Definition
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Strengths and Limitations
4.2. Recommendations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Criteria Used | Risk | Non Risk |
---|---|---|---|
Marital status (PBA *) | Lives alone/with someone | Married, lives with partner. | Single, separated |
Schooling (PBA) | Schooling level | <High School | ≥High School |
BMI [40] | Weight and height measured by anthropometric scale (kg/m2). | BMI ≥ 25 | BMI < 25 |
AC [41,42] | Average point between the last costal arch and the upper iliac crest. | AC > 80 cm | AC ≤ 80 cm |
Alcohol [4] | Frequency of consumption | ≥1 time/week | <1 time/week |
Smoking [3] | Smoker or non-smoker | Yes | No |
Current work [4] | Have other job | Yes | No |
Previous work [4] | Worked in another field. | Yes | No |
Daily work (PBA) | Dichotomized through the median (p50) | >9 h | ≤9 h |
Weekly housework (PBA) | Dichotomized through percentile 75 (p75) | >24.75 h | ≤24.75 h |
Years working (PBA) | Dichotomized through p50. | >26 years | ≤26 years |
Physical activity [23,43] | 1. ≥(3 times a week; 30 min) 2. <(3 times a week; 30 min) 3. Does not do | Options 2 or 3 | Option 1 |
Age (PBA) | Dichotomized through p50 | >38 years-old | ≤38 years-old |
Children (PBA) | Children ≤ 2 two years old | Yes | No |
Physical demands [44] | A factor analysis was performed with the most significant variables for each stage of the process (collection, transport and shucking). | ||
Collection (PBA) | Factor 1: Load Handling; physical pressure with hands on tool; muscle strength with arms. | >p50 (−0.07) | ≤p50 ( −0.07) |
Factor 2: Squatting; trunk flexion and trunk rotation. | >p50 (0.13) | ≤p50 (0.13) | |
Factor 3: Standing; walking | >p50 (−0.07) | ≤p50 (−0.07) | |
Factor 4: Repetitive, precise and fine hand movements. | >p50 (0.11) | ≤p50 (0.11) | |
Transport (PBA) | Factor 1: Load lifting; arms above shoulders height; muscle strength with arms. | >p75 (0.75) | ≤p75 (0.75) |
Factor 2: Physical pressure with hands on tool; pulling load. | >p75 (−0.76) | ≤p75 (−0.76) | |
Factor 3: Standing, walking. | >p75 (−0.76) | ≤p75 (−0.76) | |
Shucking (PBA) | Factor 1: Trunk flexion; load handling, physical pressure with hands on tool; muscle strength with arms. | >p25 (−0.77) | ≤p25 (−0.77) |
Factor 2: Repetitive, precise and fine hand movements. | >p75 (0.73) | ≤p75 (0.73) | |
Factor 3: Seated, trunk flexion. | >p50 (−0.23) | ≤p50 (−0.23) | |
Psychosocial demands [39] | Dichotomized through the median calculation of each criterion. The fulfilling of at least two criteria characterizes the high demand. | ||
Psychological demand | >34 | ≤34 | |
Control | ≤66 | >66 | |
Social support | ≤13 | >13 |
Variables | Total | |
---|---|---|
Mean | ±DP | |
Age (years) | 39.6 | 11.5 |
Monthly income (U.S. $) | 67.69 | 51.69 |
Variables | N | % |
Race | ||
Black | 125 | 59.8 |
Brown | 76 | 36.4 |
White | 8 | 3.8 |
Schooling | ||
Did not study/primary education | 48 | 23 |
Elementary school complete/incomplete | 94 | 45 |
Incomplete secondary education | 14 | 6.7 |
Secondary education | 53 | 25.4 |
Collection Stage | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Transport Stage | 1 | 2 | 3 | Shucking Stage | 1 | 2 | 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Standing | −0.039 | −0.006 | 0.883 | −0.090 | Standing | −0.112 | 0.311 | 0.838 | Seated | −0.147 | 0.206 | 0.332 |
Walking | 0.077 | 0.038 | 0.735 | 0.033 | Walking | 0.385 | −0.276 | 0.717 | Trunk flexion | 0.599 | −0.314 | 0.714 |
Squatting | 0.026 | 0.677 | −0.052 | −0.230 | Arms above shoulders height | 0.741 | −0.140 | 0.081 | Trunk rotation | 0.671 | −0.081 | 0.036 |
Trunk flexion | −0.005 | 0.509 | 0.006 | 0.084 | Repetitive hand movements | −0.104 | 0.444 | 0.220 | ||||
Trunk rotation | 0.099 | 0.652 | 0.036 | 0.438 | Muscle strength with arms | 0.694 | 0.230 | 0.107 | ||||
Precise and fine hand movements | 0.196 | 0.138 | 0.069 | 0.894 | Precise and fine hand movements | 0.222 | 0.758 | 0.106 | ||||
Physical pressure with hands | 0.473 | 0.646 | 0.003 | |||||||||
Muscle strength with arms | 0.465 | 0.014 | −0.067 | 0.157 | Muscle strength with arms | 0.735 | 0.428 | 0.012 | ||||
Load Handling | ||||||||||||
Physical pressure with hands | 0.571 | −0.051 | −0.090 | 0.081 | Pull | 0.001 | 0.832 | 0.074 | Physical pressure with hands | 0.724 | 0.371 | −0.093 |
Lift | 0.723 | 0.182 | −0.006 | |||||||||
Load Handling | Load Handling | |||||||||||
Push | 0.494 | 0.460 | 0.190 | 0.012 | Push | 0.683 | −0.243 | −0.346 | ||||
Pull | 0.755 | 0.431 | 0.018 | −0.034 | Pull | 0.705 | −0.321 | −0.420 | ||||
Lift | 0.710 | −0.086 | 0.239 | 0.042 | Lift | 0.720 | 0.070 | −0.080 |
Variables | Risk | Non Risk | PR | 95% CI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Prevalence (%) | N | Prevalence (%) | |||
Age | 83 | 82.2 | 101 | 69.0 | 1.19 | 1.02–1.40 |
Schooling | 114 | 77.0 | 38 | 71.6 | 1.08 | 0.89–1.31 |
Marital status | 99 | 75.5 | 53 | 75.7 | 1.00 | 0.85–1.18 |
Children | 14 | 70.0 | 138 | 76.2 | 0.92 | 0.68–1.24 |
Smoking | 7 | 70.0 | 145 | 75.9 | 0.92 | 0.61–1.40 |
Alcohol | 32 | 74.0 | 120 | 76.0 | 0.98 | 0.81–1.19 |
Physical activity | 96 | 75.0 | 55 | 77.5 | 0.97 | 0.82–1.14 |
Daily work | 69 | 78.4 | 82 | 74.5 | 1.05 | 0.90–1.22 |
Weekly housework | 40 | 81.6 | 111 | 75.5 | 1.06 | 0.84–1.20 |
Years working | 86 | 84.3 | 66 | 66.7 | 1.26 | 1.08–1.49 |
AC | 109 | 75.7 | 38 | 76.0 | 1.00 | 0.83–1.19 |
BMI | 101 | 75.4 | 47 | 77.0 | 0.98 | 0.81–1.18 |
Current work | 43 | 71.7 | 109 | 77.3 | 0.93 | 0.78–1.11 |
Previous work) | 89 | 76.7 | 63 | 74.1 | 1.04 | 0.88–1.22 |
Psychological demand | 54 | 73.9 | 98 | 76.6 | 0.97 | 0.82–1.41 |
Physical Demands | N | Prevalence (%) | N | Prevalence (%) | PR | 95% CI |
Collection Stage | ||||||
Factor 1. Muscle strength, physical pressure with hands and load handling | 83 | 81.4 | 69 | 69.7 | 1.17 | 1.001–1.37 |
Factor 2. Squatting, trunk flexion and trunk rotation | 97 | 78.9 | 55 | 70.5 | 1.12 | 0.94–1.33 |
Factor 3. Standing and walking | 80 | 77.7 | 72 | 73.5 | 1.06 | 0.90–1.24 |
Factor 4. Repetitive hand movements and precise and fine hand movements | 77 | 79.4 | 75 | 72.1 | 1.01 | 0.94–1.29 |
Transport Stage | ||||||
Factor 1. Arms above shoulder height, muscle strength and load lifting | 42 | 84.0 | 110 | 72.8 | 1.15 | 0.99–1.35 |
Factor 2. Pressure and pulling load | 119 | 77.3 | 33 | 70.2 | 1.10 | 0.90–1.35 |
Factor 3. Standing and walking | 117 | 77.0 | 35 | 71.4 | 1.08 | 0.08–1.31 |
Shucking Stage | ||||||
Factor 1. Trunk rotation, physical pressure with hands, muscle strength with arms and load handling | 118 | 78.1 | 34 | 68.0 | 1.10 | 0.94–1.29 |
Factor 2. Repetitive hand movements and precise and fine hand movements | 41 | 73.2 | 111 | 76.6 | 0.90 | 0.74–1.10 |
Factor 3. Seated and trunk flexion | 84 | 81.6 | 68 | 69.4 | 1.18 | 1.01–1.38 |
Variables | PR Adjusted | 95% CI |
---|---|---|
Factor 1 of collection stage (Load handling, physical pressure with hands on tool and muscle strength with arms) | 1.18 | 1.01–1.39 |
Factor 3 of shucking stage (Seated and trunk flexion) | 1.24 | 1.08–1.42 |
Years working in shellfish gathering (>26 years) | 1.22 | 1.04–1.44 |
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Barreto Moreira Couto, M.C.; Rocha Falcão, I.; dos Santos Müller, J.; Batista Alves, I.; da Silva Viana, W.; Maria Cadena Lima, V.; Gilvane Lopes Pena, P.; Georgette Woods, C.; Franco Rego, R. Prevalence and Work-Related Factors Associated with Lower Back Musculoskeletal Disorders in Female Shellfish Gatherers in Saubara, Bahia-Brazil. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 857. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050857
Barreto Moreira Couto MC, Rocha Falcão I, dos Santos Müller J, Batista Alves I, da Silva Viana W, Maria Cadena Lima V, Gilvane Lopes Pena P, Georgette Woods C, Franco Rego R. Prevalence and Work-Related Factors Associated with Lower Back Musculoskeletal Disorders in Female Shellfish Gatherers in Saubara, Bahia-Brazil. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(5):857. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050857
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarreto Moreira Couto, Maria Carolina, Ila Rocha Falcão, Juliana dos Santos Müller, Ivone Batista Alves, Wendel da Silva Viana, Verônica Maria Cadena Lima, Paulo Gilvane Lopes Pena, Courtney Georgette Woods, and Rita Franco Rego. 2019. "Prevalence and Work-Related Factors Associated with Lower Back Musculoskeletal Disorders in Female Shellfish Gatherers in Saubara, Bahia-Brazil" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 5: 857. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050857
APA StyleBarreto Moreira Couto, M. C., Rocha Falcão, I., dos Santos Müller, J., Batista Alves, I., da Silva Viana, W., Maria Cadena Lima, V., Gilvane Lopes Pena, P., Georgette Woods, C., & Franco Rego, R. (2019). Prevalence and Work-Related Factors Associated with Lower Back Musculoskeletal Disorders in Female Shellfish Gatherers in Saubara, Bahia-Brazil. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(5), 857. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050857