The Association between Utilization of Media Information and Current Health Anxiety Among the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster Evacuees
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Survey Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Respondent Characteristics
3.3. Utilization of Media Relating to Nuclear Exposure
3.4. Specifics of Current Strong Anxiety
3.5. Association between Current Strong Health Anxiety and Utilization of Media Information
4. Discussion
4.1. Utilization of Media Information
4.2. Specific Aspects of Current Strong Health Anxiety
4.3. Association between Current Strong Health Anxiety and Utilization of Media Information: Considerations for Effective Disaster Communication
4.4. Limitations and Strengths
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Fukushima Prefectural Government. Fukushima Revitalization Station. 2017. Available online: http://www.pref.fukushima.lg.jp/site/portal-english/ (accessed on 17 May 2020).
- Yamashita, S. Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Accident and Comprehensive Health Risk Management—Global radiocontamination and information disaster. Trop. Med. Healt. 2014, 42, S14–S107. [Google Scholar]
- Suzuki, Y.; Yabe, H.; Yasumura, S.; Ohira, T.; Niwa, S.; Ohtsuru, A.; Mashiko, H.; Maeda, M.; Abe, M.; Mental Health Group of the Fukushima Health Management Survey. Psychological distress and the perception of radiation risks: The Fukushima health management survey. Bull. World Health Organ. 2015, 93, 598–605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gallego, E.; Cantone, M.C.; Oughton, D.H.; Perko, T.; Prezelj, I.; Tomkiv, Y. Mass Media Communication of Emergency Issues and Countermeasures in a Nuclear Accident: Fukushima Reporting in European Newspapers. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 2017, 173, 163–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Aitsi-Selmi, A.; Murray, V. The Chernobyl Disaster and Beyond: Implications of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. PLoS Med. 2016, 13, e1002017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Jung, J.Y.; Moro, M. Multi-level functionality of social media in the aftermath of the Great East Japan Earthquake. Disaster 2014, 38 (Suppl. 2), S123–S143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pfefferbaum, B.; Newman, E.; Nelson, S.D.; Nitiéma, P.; Pfefferbaum, R.L.; Rahman, A. Disaster media coverage and psychological outcomes: Descriptive findings in the extant research. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 2014, 16, 464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bui, E.; Rodgers, R.F.; Herbert, C.; Franko, D.L.; Simon, N.M.; Birmes, P.; Brunet, A. The impact of internet coverage of the March 2011 Japan earthquake on sleep and posttraumatic stress symptoms: An international perspective. Am. J. Psychiatry 2012, 169, 221–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Umeda, M.; Sekiya, Y.; Kawakami, N.; Miyamoto, K.; Horikoshi, N.; Yabe, H.; Yasumura, S.; Ohtsuru, A.; Akiyama, T.; Suzuki, Y. Reliability and validity of radiation anxiety scale developed for Fukushima community residents. In Proceedings of the 24th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japan Epidemiological Association, Sendai, Japan, 23–25 January 2014. (In Japanese). [Google Scholar]
- Fukasawa, M.; Kawakami, N.; Umeda, M.; Miyamoto, K.; Akiyama, T.; Horikoshi, N.; Yasumura, S.; Yabe, H.; Bromet, E.J. Environmental radiation level, radiation anxiety, and psychological distress of non-evacuee residents in Fukushima five years after the Great East Japan Earthquake: Multilevel analyses. SSM Popul. Health 2017, 19, 740–748. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nakayama, C.; Sato, O.; Sugita, M.; Nakayama, T.; Kuroda, Y.; Orui, M.; Iwasa, H.; Yasumura, S.; Rudd, R.E. Lingering health-related anxiety about radiation among Fukushima residents as correlated with media information following the accident at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0217285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sugimoto, A.; Nomura, S.; Tsubokura, M.; Matsumura, T.; Muto, K.; Sato, M.; Gilmour, S. The relationship between media consumption and health-related anxieties after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e65331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hino, Y.; Murakami, M.; Midorikawa, S.; Ohtsuru, A.; Suzuki, S.; Tsuboi, K.; Ohira, T. Explanatory Meetings on Thyroid Examination for the “Fukushima Health Management Survey” after the Great East Japan Earthquake: Reduction of Anxiety and Improvement of Comprehension. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 2016, 239, 333–343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Midorikawa, S.; Tanigawa, K.; Suzuki, S.; Ohtsuru, A. Psychosocial Issues Related to Thyroid Examination after a Radiation Disaster. Asia Pac. J. Public Health 2017, 29, 63s–73s. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Takeda, S.; Orita, M.; Fukushima, Y.; Kudo, T.; Takamura, N. Determinants of intention to leave among non-medical employees after a nuclear disaster: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2016, 6, e011930. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Yoshii, H.; Saito, H.; Kikuchi, S.; Ueno, T.; Sato, K. Report on maternal anxiety 16 months after the great East Japan earthquake disaster: Anxiety over radioactivity. Glob. J. Health Sci. 2014, 6, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Orita, M.; Hayashida, N.; Nakayama, Y.; Shinkawa, T.; Urata, H.; Fukushima, Y.; Endo, Y.; Yamashita, S.; Takamura, N. Bipolarization of Risk Perception about the Health Effects of Radiation in Residents after the Accident at Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0129227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Takebayashi, Y.; Lyamzina, Y.; Suzuki, Y.; Murakami, M. Risk Perception and Anxiety Regarding Radiation after the 2011 Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Accident: A Systematic Qualitative Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Radiation Medical Science Center for the Fukushima Health Management Survey. Fukushima Medical University Fukushima Health Management Survey. Available online: https://www.pref.fukushima.lg.jp/site/portal/kenkocyosa-kokoro.html (accessed on 18 May 2020). (In Japanese).
- Perko, T.; Mays, C.; Valuch, J.; Nagy, A. Mass and New Media: Review of Framing, Treatment and Sources in Reporting on Fukushima. J. Mass Commun. Journalism. 2015, 5, 252. [Google Scholar]
- About Public Relations. Public Relations Society of America. Available online: https://www.prsa.org/all-about-pr/ (accessed on 18 May 2020).
- Murakami, M.; Sato, A.; Matsui, S.; Goto, A.; Kumagai, A.; Tsubokura, M.; Orita, M.; Takamura, N.; Kuroda, Y.; Ochi, S. Communicating With Residents About Risks Following the Fukushima Nuclear Accident. Asia Pac. J. Public Health 2017, 29, 74S–89S. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Imamura, K.; Sekiya, Y.; Asai, Y.; Umeda, M.; Horikoshi, N.; Yasumura, S.; Yabe, H.; Akiyama, T.; Kawakami, N. The effect of a behavioral activation program on improving mental and physical health complaints associated with radiation stress among mothers in Fukushima: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2016, 16, 1144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Public Relations of Iitate, Iitate Village, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. Available online: http://www.vill.iitate.fukushima.jp/life/5/19/73/ (accessed on 17 May 2020). (In Japanese).
- Murakami, M.; Nakatani, J.; Oki, T. Evaluation of Risk Perception and Risk-Comparison Information Regarding Dietary Radionuclides after the 2011 Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Accident. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0165594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fukushima Prefectural Office. The Fukushima Health Management Survey. Available online: https://www.pref.fukushima.lg.jp/uploaded/attachment/350326.pdf. (accessed on 16 May 2020). (In Japanese).
Total | Forced Evacuees | Voluntary Evacuees | p-Value (χ2) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 225) | (n = 156) | (n = 69) | ||||||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||||||
Age (as of August 2016) | ||||||||
<40 years | 32 | (14.2) | 16 | (10.3) | 16 | (23.2) | ||
40–64 years | 110 | (48.9) | 76 | (48.7) | 34 | (49.3) | 0.02 (χ2 = 7.99) | |
≥65 years | 83 | (36.9) | 64 | (41.0) | 19 | (27.5) | ||
Gender | ||||||||
Male | 89 | (39.6) | 61 | (39.1) | 28 | (40.6) | 0.83 (χ2 = 0.04) | |
Female | 136 | (60.4) | 95 | (60.9) | 41 | (59.4) | ||
Education | ||||||||
Junior/senior high school | 145 | (65.6) | 110 | (71.9) | 35 | (51.5) | <0.01 (χ2 = 8.70) | |
Vocational college, university, or graduate school | 76 | (34.4) | 43 | (28.1) | 33 | (48.5) | ||
Occupational category | ||||||||
Employed or owner | 105 | (47.5) | 58 | (37.9) | 47 | (69.1) | ||
Suspended from job | 7 | (3.2) | 7 | (4.6) | 0 | (0.0) | <0.01 (χ2 = 19.5) | |
Unemployed | 109 | (49.3) | 88 | (57.5) | 21 | (30.9) | ||
Living area as of March 11, 2011 | ||||||||
Evacuation areas | 156 | (69.3) | 156 | (100.0) | 0 | (0.0) | <0.01 | |
Non-evacuation areas | 69 | (30.7) | 0 | (0.0) | 69 | (100.0) | (χ2 = 220.3) | |
(Hama-Dori area) | 50 | (22.2) | - | - | 50 | (72.5) | ||
(Naka-Dori area) | 15 | (6.7) | - | - | 15 | (21.7) | ||
(Aizu area) | 4 | (1.8) | - | - | 4 | (5.8) |
Total | Forced Evacuees | Voluntary Evacuees | p-Value (χ2) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 225) | (n = 156) | (n = 69) | ||||||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||||||
Local media | ||||||||
Local newspapers | 140 | (62.2) | 102 | (65.4) | 38 | (55.1) | 0.14 (χ2 = 2.16) | |
Local broadcasting | 71 | (31.6) | 42 | (26.9) | 29 | (42.0) | 0.03 (χ2 = 5.05) | |
Any local media | 157 | (69.8) | 112 | (71.8) | 45 | (65.2) | 0.32 (χ2 = 9.81) | |
National media | ||||||||
National newspapers | 29 | (12.9) | 23 | (14.7) | 6 | (8.7) | 0.21 (χ2 = 1.56) | |
National broadcasting | 39 | (17.3) | 26 | (16.7) | 13 | (18.8) | 0.69 (χ2 = 0.16) | |
Any nationwide media | 63 | (28.0) | 46 | (29.5) | 17 | (24.6) | 0.46 (χ2 = 0.56) | |
Public broadcasting (NHK) | 102 | (45.3) | 76 | (48.7) | 26 | (37.7) | 0.13 (χ2 = 2.35) | |
Internet media | ||||||||
Internet news | 33 | (14.7) | 16 | (10.3) | 17 | (24.6) | 0.01 (χ2 = 7.91) | |
Other information on Internet | 21 | (9.3) | 8 | (5.1) | 13 | (18.8) | <0.01 (χ2 = 10.6) | |
Social networking sites (SNS) | 12 | (5.3) | 5 | (3.2) | 7 | (10.1) | 0.03 (χ2 = 4.56) | |
Any Internet media | 54 | (24.0) | 24 | (15.4) | 30 | (43.5) | <0.01 (χ2 = 20.7) | |
Public relations from local government | 99 | (44.0) | 79 | (50.6) | 20 | (29.0) | <0.01 (χ2 = 9.11) |
Total | Forced Evacuees | Voluntary Evacuees | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Current Strong Anxiety about Health due to Nuclear Disaster | Current Strong Anxiety about Health due to Nuclear Disaster | Current Strong Anxiety about Health due to Nuclear Disaster | |||||||||||||
(+) | (−) | p-Value (χ2) | (+) | (−) | p-Value (χ2) | (+) | (−) | p-Value (χ2) | |||||||
(n = 43) | (n = 178) | (n = 29) | (n = 124) | (n = 14) | (n = 54) | ||||||||||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||||||||||
Anxiety about delayed effects | 39 | (92.9) | 81 | (45.5) | <0.01 (χ2 = 30.7) | 25 | (89.3) | 54 | (43.5) | <0.01 (χ2 = 19.1) | 14 | (100.0) | 27 | (50.0) | <0.01 (χ2 = 11.6) |
Anxiety about unhealthy status | 26 | (63.4) | 34 | (19.2) | <0.01 (χ2 = 32.6) | 17 | (60.7) | 26 | (21.0) | <0.01 (χ2 = 17.8) | 9 | (69.2) | 8 | (15.1) | <0.01 (χ2 = 16.0) |
Anxiety about genetic effects | 39 | (92.9) | 84 | (47.2) | <0.01 (χ2 = 28.7) | 26 | (92.9) | 57 | (46.0) | <0.01 (χ2 = 20.3) | 13 | (92.9) | 27 | (50.0) | <0.01 (χ2 = 8.43) |
Anxiety from broadcasting about a nuclear event | 41 | (95.3) | 129 | (73.3) | <0.01 (χ2 = 9.68) | 27 | (93.1) | 85 | (69.7) | 0.01 (χ2=6.72) | 14 | (100.0) | 44 | (81.5) | 0.08 (χ2=3.04) |
Total | Forced Evacuees | Voluntary Evacuees | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Current Strong Anxiety about Health due to Nuclear Disaster | Current Strong Anxiety about Health due to Nuclear Disaster | Current Strong Anxiety about Health due to Nuclear Disaster | |||||||||||||
(+) | (−) | p-Value (χ2) | (+) | (−) | p-Value (χ2) | (+) | (−) | p-Value (χ2) | |||||||
(n = 43) | (n = 180) | (n = 29) | (n = 126) | (n = 14) | (n = 54) | ||||||||||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||||||||||
Any local media | 31 | (72.1) | 124 | (68.9) | 0.68 (χ2 = 0.17) | 22 | (75.9) | 89 | (70.6) | 0.57 (χ2 = 0.32) | 9 | (64.3) | 35 | (64.8) | 0.97 (χ2 = 0.01) |
Any national media | 14 | (32.6) | 49 | (27.2) | 0.49 (χ2 = 0.49) | 11 | (37.9) | 35 | (27.8) | 0.28 (χ2 = 1.16) | 3 | (21.4) | 14 | (25.9) | 0.73 (χ2 = 0.12) |
Public broadcasting (NHK) | 15 | (34.9) | 85 | (47.2) | 0.14 (χ2 = 2.13) | 11 | (37.9) | 64 | (50.8) | 0.21 (χ2 = 1.56) | 4 | (28.6) | 21 | (38.9) | 0.48 (χ2 = 0.51) |
Any Internet media | 13 | (30.2) | 40 | (22.2) | 0.27 (χ2 = 1.23) | 4 | (13.8) | 20 | (15.9) | 0.78 (χ2 = 0.08) | 9 | (64.3) | 20 | (37.0) | 0.07 (χ2 = 3.38) |
Public relations from local government | 12 | (27.9) | 87 | (48.3) | 0.02 (χ2 = 5.87) | 9 | (31.0) | 70 | (55.6) | 0.17 (χ2 = 5.67) | 3 | (21.4) | 17 | (31.5) | 0.46 (χ2 = 0.54) |
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Current Strong Anxiety (+/−) | Forced Evacuees Current Strong Anxiety (+/−) | Voluntary Evacuees Current Strong Anxiety (+/−) | ||||||||
(n = 219) | (n = 152) | (n = 67) | ||||||||
OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | |||||
Any local media | Yes | 1.11 | (0.90–1.36) | 0.35 | 1.11 | (0.86–1.44) | 0.42 | 1.07 | (0.72–1.57) | 0.75 |
No (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
Any national media | Yes | 1.01 | (0.82–1.25) | 0.90 | 1.04 | (0.81–1.34) | 0.74 | 0.89 | (0.57–1.38) | 0.60 |
No (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
Public broadcasting (NHK) | Yes | 0.85 | (0.69–1.04) | 0.11 | 0.83 | (0.65–1.05) | 0.12 | 0.88 | (0.59–1.31) | 0.53 |
No (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
Any Internet media | Yes | 1.11 | (0.88–1.43) | 0.36 | 0.96 | (0.68–1.35) | 0.81 | 1.56 | (0.99–2.43) | 0.05 |
No (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
Public relations from local government | Yes | 0.76 | (0.61–0.94) | 0.01 | 0.72 | (0.56–0.93) | 0.01 | 0.89 | (0.59–1.34) | 0.57 |
No (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Orui, M.; Nakayama, C.; Kuroda, Y.; Moriyama, N.; Iwasa, H.; Horiuchi, T.; Nakayama, T.; Sugita, M.; Yasumura, S. The Association between Utilization of Media Information and Current Health Anxiety Among the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster Evacuees. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3921. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113921
Orui M, Nakayama C, Kuroda Y, Moriyama N, Iwasa H, Horiuchi T, Nakayama T, Sugita M, Yasumura S. The Association between Utilization of Media Information and Current Health Anxiety Among the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster Evacuees. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(11):3921. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113921
Chicago/Turabian StyleOrui, Masatsugu, Chihiro Nakayama, Yujiro Kuroda, Nobuaki Moriyama, Hajime Iwasa, Teruko Horiuchi, Takeo Nakayama, Minoru Sugita, and Seiji Yasumura. 2020. "The Association between Utilization of Media Information and Current Health Anxiety Among the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster Evacuees" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11: 3921. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113921
APA StyleOrui, M., Nakayama, C., Kuroda, Y., Moriyama, N., Iwasa, H., Horiuchi, T., Nakayama, T., Sugita, M., & Yasumura, S. (2020). The Association between Utilization of Media Information and Current Health Anxiety Among the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster Evacuees. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 3921. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113921