Longitudinal Analysis of Work-to-Family Conflict and Self-Reported General Health among Working Parents in Germany
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Work–Family Conflicts and Health
1.2. The Role of Social Determinants
1.3. Contribution and Research Questions
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Dependent Variable
2.3. Independent Variable
2.4. Control Variables
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Sample Description
3.2. Work-to-Family Conflicts and Health at T1
3.3. Work-to-Family Conflicts and Health over Time
3.4. The Role of Education
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Mothers | Fathers | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low WTFC (n = 532) | High WTFC (n = 259) | Low WTFC (n = 429) | High WTFC (n = 294) | n = 1514 | |
Self-Reported General Health | |||||
Good to very good | 395 (74.2%) | 133 (51.4%) | 338 (78.8%) | 187 (63.6%) | 1053 (69.6%) |
Satisfying to bad | 137 (25.8%) | 126 (48.6%) | 91 (21.2%) | 107 (36.4%) | 461 (30.4%) |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Age Group | |||||
18–35 | 153 (28.8%) | 73 (28.2%) | 139 (32.4%) | 81(27.6%) | 446 (29.5%) |
36–45 | 379 (71.2%) | 186 (71.8%) | 290 (67.6%) | 213 (72.4%) | 1068 (70.5%) |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Area of Residence | |||||
West Germany | 340 (63.9%) | 158 (61.0%) | 263 (61.3%) | 186 (63.3%) | 947(62.5%) |
East Germany | 192 (36.1%) | 101 (39.0%) | 166 (38.7%) | 108 (36.7%) | 567 (37.5%) |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Net Household Income | |||||
High | 122 (25.4%) | 76 (32.6%) | 118 (28.9%) | 85 (31.0%) | 401 (28.7%) |
Middle/low | 359 (74.6%) | 157 (67.4%) | 291 (71.1%) | 189 (69.0%) | 996 (71.3%) |
Missing | 51 | 26 | 20 | 20 | 117 |
Education (Highest Vocational Degree) | |||||
High | 211 (39.7%) | 120 (46.3%) | 186 (43.4%) | 145 (49.3%) | 662 (43.7%) |
Middle/low | 321 (60.3%) | 139 (53.7%) | 243 (56.6%) | 149 (50.7%) | 852 (56.3%) |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Number of Children Under 18 Living in Household | |||||
1 | 178 (33.5%) | 101 (39.0%) | 131 (30.5%) | 70(23.8%) | 480 (31.7%) |
2 | 276 (51.9%) | 130 (50.2%) | 221 (51.5%) | 160 (54.4%) | 787 (52.0%) |
>2 | 78 (14.7%) | 28 (10.8%) | 77 (17.9%) | 64 (21.8%) | 247 (16.3%) |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Age of the Youngest Child | |||||
0–4 | 51 (9.6%) | 32 (12.4%) | 149 (34.7%) | 88(29.9%) | 320 (21.1%) |
5–13 | 358 (67.3%) | 166 (64.1%) | 231 (53.8%) | 169 (57.5%) | 924 (61.0%) |
14–17 | 123 (23.1%) | 61 (23.6%) | 49 (11.4%) | 37 (12.6%) | 270 (17.8%) |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Marital Status | |||||
Never married | 85 (16.0%) | 43 (16.7%) | 47 (11.0%) | 25 (8.5%) | 200 (13.2%) |
Married/civil union | 385 (72.4%) | 182 (70.8%) | 362 (84.4%) | 257 (87.7%) | 1186 (78.5%) |
Divorced/widowed | 62 (11.7%) | 32 (12.5%) | 20 (4.7%) | 11 (3.8%) | 125 (8.3%) |
Missing | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
Partner Living in Household | |||||
No | 100 (18.8%) | 41 (15.8%) | 19 (4.4%) | 10 (3.4%) | 170 (11.2%) |
Yes | 432 (81.2%) | 218 (84.2%) | 410 (95.6%) | 284 (96.6%) | 1344 (88.8%) |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Division of Labor Between Anchor Person and Partner in Childcare | |||||
Anchor person | 355 (68.3%) | 155 (61.5%) | 28 (6.6%) | 16 (5.5%) | 384 (25.8%) |
50/50 | 162 (31.2%) | 86 (34.1%) | 174 (41.0%) | 89 (30.5%) | 511 (34.3%) |
Partner | 3 (0.6%) | 11 (4.4%) | 222 (52.4%) | 187 (64.0%) | 423 (28.4%) |
Missing | 12 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 26 |
Employment Status | |||||
Full time | 147 (27.6%) | 113 (43.6%) | 379 (88.3%) | 242 (82.3%) | 881 (58.2%) |
Part time | 331 (62.2%) | 120 (46.3%) | 12 (2.8%) | 7 (2.4%) | 470 (31.0%) |
Self employed | 54 (10.2%) | 26 (10.0%) | 38 (8.9%) | 45 (15.3%) | 163 (10.8%) |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Shiftwork | |||||
No shiftwork | 432 (81.4%) | 186 (71.8%) | 336 (78.5%) | 235 (79.9%) | 1189 (78.6%) |
Shiftwork | 99 (18.6%) | 73 (28.2%) | 92 (21.5%) | 59 (20.1%) | 323 (21.4%) |
Missing | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Employment Status of Partner | |||||
Not working | 16 (3.2%) | 13 (5.2%) | 98 (23.5%) | 66 (22.9%) | 193 (13.3%) |
Full time/self employed | 396 (80.0%) | 191 (76.7%) | 129 (30.9%) | 89 (30.9%) | 805 (55.6%) |
Part-time | 19 (3.8%) | 14 (5.6%) | 179 (42.9%) | 128 (44.4%) | 340 (23.5%) |
No partner in household | 64 (12.9%) | 31 (12.4%) | 11 (2.6%) | 5 (1.7%) | 111 (7.7%) |
Missing | 37 | 10 | 12 | 6 | 65 |
WTFC T0:T1 | Crude Model | Health at T0 | Socio-Demographics | Family Characteristics | Work Characteristics | Full Model |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(0) | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
n | 791 | 791 | 714 | 770 | 743 | 653 |
WTFC T0:T1 | ||||||
Low:Low | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
High:High | 3.23 | 2.80 | 3.24 | 2.95 | 2.54 | 2.94 |
(2.17, 4.80) | (1.86, 4.22) | (2.09, 5.05) | (1.92, 4.53) | (1.65, 3.92) | (1.81, 4.80) | |
Low:High | 2.54 | 2.38 | 2.44 | 2.34 | 2.10 | 2.13 |
(1.67, 3.87) | (1.54, 3.68) | (1.54, 3.88) | (1.48, 3.69) | (1.39, 3.44) | (1.29, 3.51) | |
High:Low | 1.38 | 1.25 | 1.28 | 1.28 | 1.01 | 1.03 |
(0.82, 2.31) | (0.72, 2.11) | (0.72, 2.23) | (0.72, 2.21) | (0.56, 1.78) | (0.54, 1.89) | |
AIC | 974.64 | 930.12 | 839.23 | 906.63 | 888.59 | 786.98 |
WTFC T0:T1 | Crude Model | Health at T0 | Socio-Demographics | Family Characteristics | Work Characteristics | Full Model |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(0) | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
n | 723 | 723 | 683 | 715 | 705 | 661 |
WTFC T0:T1 | ||||||
Low:Low | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
High:High | 2.39 | 2.03 | 2.15 | 2.05 | 2.14 | 2.21 |
(1.63, 3.51) | (1.36, 3.02) | (1.41, 3.27) | (1.37, 3.09) | (1.42, 3.23) | (1.42, 3.45) | |
Low:High | 1.81 | 1.78 | 1.84 | 1.91 | 1.84 | 1.96 |
(1.07, 3.07) | (1.03, 3.04) | (1.04, 3.19) | (1.09, 3.29) | (1.05, 3.17) | (1.09 3.47) | |
High:Low | 1.22 | 1.01 | 1.11 | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.11 |
(0.69, 2.15) | (0.55, 1.79) | (0.59, 2.02) | (0.55, 1.84) | (0.55, 1.88) | (0.57, 2.07) | |
AIC | 836.30 | 803.81 | 749.90 | 810.51 | 791.94 | 746.98 |
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Borgmann, L.-S.; Rattay, P.; Lampert, T. Longitudinal Analysis of Work-to-Family Conflict and Self-Reported General Health among Working Parents in Germany. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3966. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113966
Borgmann L-S, Rattay P, Lampert T. Longitudinal Analysis of Work-to-Family Conflict and Self-Reported General Health among Working Parents in Germany. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(11):3966. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113966
Chicago/Turabian StyleBorgmann, Lea-Sophie, Petra Rattay, and Thomas Lampert. 2020. "Longitudinal Analysis of Work-to-Family Conflict and Self-Reported General Health among Working Parents in Germany" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11: 3966. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113966
APA StyleBorgmann, L. -S., Rattay, P., & Lampert, T. (2020). Longitudinal Analysis of Work-to-Family Conflict and Self-Reported General Health among Working Parents in Germany. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 3966. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113966