Psychometric Characteristics of a Commuting-to-School Behaviour Questionnaire for Families
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. The “Family Commuting-to-School Behaviour” Questionnaire
- (1)
- firstly, a deep review of the scientific literature was performed in order to find the family variables that may be associated with ACS;
- (2)
- in the second phase, a search through specialized literature was conducted and the relevant papers focused on questionnaires about the mode of commuting were selected. Systematic research was conducted [35] to analyse different studies that used questionnaires in children, adolescents and both. In addition, several questionnaires [25,36,37] were analysed to elaborate the first version of the “Family commuting-to-school behaviour” questionnaire;
- (3)
- in the next phase, independent active commuting experts were selected to evaluate the questionnaire. The experts focused mainly on the correct formulation of each item and the answers, in order to make it fully understandable. Finally, the questions were elaborated according to the experts’ ideas (questions on the mode of commuting of children and parents, questions on the distance and time to school, questions on the accompaniment of children in the journey to school and also questions on the acceptable distance to go to school on foot or by bike);
- (4)
- in this phase, a pilot administration with parents was conducted. Suggestions made by parents were registered by researchers to improve the legibility of the items;
- (5)
- the final version of the questionnaire was developed. It included nine questions divided into five categories (mode of commuting, accompaniment, distance, time, and permission for ACS) (Table 1).
2.3. The “Mode and Frequency of Commuting to and from School” Questionnaire
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- WHO. Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health 2015. Available online: http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/childhood/en/ (accessed on 7 October 2018).
- Hallal, P.C.; Andersen, L.B.; Bull, F.C.; Guthold, R.; Haskell, W.; Ekelund, U.; Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group. Global physical activity levels: Surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Lancet 2012, 380, 247–257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rhodes, R.E.; Janssen, I.; Bredin, S.S.D.; Warburton, D.E.R.; Bauman, A. Physical activity: Health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions. Psychol. Health 2017, 32, 942–975. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ramos, P.; Jimenez-Iglesias, A.; Rivera, F.; Moreno, C. Physical activity trends in spanish adolescents. Rev. Int. Med. Cienc. Act. Fis. Deporte 2016, 16, 335–353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- WHO. World Recommendattions of Physical Activity. Available online: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789243599977_spa.pdf?ua=1 (accessed on 7 December 2018).
- Jalali-Farahani, S.; Amiri, P.; Karimi, M.; Vahedi-Notash, G.; Amirshekari, G.; Azizi, F. Perceived social support and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in Tehranian adults: Tehran lipid and glucose study. Health Qual. Life Outcomes 2018, 16, 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Janssen, I.; LeBlanc, A.G. Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2010, 7, 40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Conde, M.A.; Sánchez, P.T. La actividad física, la educación física y la condición física pueden estar relacionadas con el rendimiento académico y cognitivo en jóvenes. Revisión sistemática. Arch. Med. Deporte Rev. Fed. Española Med. Deporte Confed. Iberoam. Med. Deporte 2015, 166, 100–109. [Google Scholar]
- Sallis, J.E.; Cervero, R.B.; Ascher, W.; Henderson, K.A.; Kraft, M.K.; Kerr, J. An ecological approach to creating active living communities. Annu. Rev. Public Health 2006, 27, 297–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chillon, P.; Gottrand, F.; Ortega, F.B.; Gonzalez-Gross, M.; Ruiz, J.R.; Ward, D.S.; De Bourdeaudhuij, I.; Moreno, L.A.; Martinez-Gomez, D.; Castillo, M.J.; et al. Active Commuting and Physical Activity in Adolescents from Europe: Results From the HELENA Study. Pediatr. Exerc. Sci. 2011, 23, 207–217. [Google Scholar]
- Roman-Vinas, B.; Marin, J.; Sanchez-Lopez, M.; Aznar, S.; Leis, R.; Aparicio-Ugarriza, R.; Schroder, H.; Ortiz-Moncada, R.; Vicente, G.; Gonzalez-Gross, M.; et al. Results From Spain’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth. J. Phys. Act. Health 2016, 13, S279–S283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cooper, A.R.; Wedderkopp, N.; Wang, H.; Andersen, L.B.; Froberg, K.; Page, A.S. Active travel to school and cardiovascular fitness in Danish children and adolescents. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2006, 38, 1724–1731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hamer, M.; Chida, Y. Active commuting and cardiovascular risk: A meta-analytic review. Prev. Med. 2008, 46, 9–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Villa-Gonzalez, E.; Ruiz, J.R.; Mendoza, J.A.; Chillon, P. Effects of a school-based intervention on active commuting to school and health-related fitness. BMC Public Health 2017, 17, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ramirez-Velez, R.; Garcia-Hermoso, A.; Agostinis-Sobrinho, C.; Mota, J.; Santos, R.; Correa-Bautista, J.E.; Amaya-Tambo, D.C.; Villa-Gonzalez, E. Cycling to School and Body Composition, Physical Fitness, and Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents. J. Pediatr. 2017, 188, 57–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Berglund, E.; Lytsy, P.; Westerling, R. Active Traveling and Its Associations with Self-Rated Health, BMI and Physical Activity: A Comparative Study in the Adult Swedish Population. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Owen, C.G.; Nightingale, C.M.; Rudnicka, A.R.; van Sluijs, E.M.F.; Ekelund, U.; Cook, D.G.; Whincup, P.H. Travel to School and Physical Activity Levels in 9-10 Year-Old UK Children of Different Ethnic Origin; Child Heart and Health Study in England (CHASE). PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e30932. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van der Ploeg, H.P.; Merom, D.; Corpuz, G.; Bauman, A.E. Trends in Australian children traveling to school 1971–2003: Burning petrol or carbohydrates? Prev. Med. 2008, 46, 60–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- McDonald, N.C. Active transportation to school—Trends among US schoolchildren, 1969–2001. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2007, 32, 509–516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Black, C.; Collins, A.; Snell, M. Encouraging walking: The case of journey-to-school trips in compact urban areas. Urban Stud. 2001, 38, 1121–1141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chillon, P.; Martinez-Gomez, D.; Ortega, F.B.; Perez-Lopez, I.J.; Diaz, L.E.; Veses, A.M.; Veiga, O.L.; Marcos, A.; Delgado-Fernandez, M. Six-Year Trend in Active Commuting to School in Spanish Adolescents. Int. J. Behav. Med. 2013, 20, 529–537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mandic, S.; de la Barra, S.L.; Bengoechea, E.G.; Stevens, E.; Flaherty, C.; Moore, A.; Middlemiss, M.; Williams, J.; Skidmore, P. Personal, social and environmental correlates of active transport to school among adolescents in Otago, New Zealand. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2015, 18, 432–437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodriguez-Lopez, C.; Villa-Gonzalez, E.; Perez-Lopez, I.J.; Delgado-Fernandez, M.; Ruiz, J.R.; Chillon, P. Family factors influence active commuting to school in spanish children. Nutr. Hosp. 2013, 28, 756–763. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Timperio, A.; Ball, K.; Salmon, J.; Roberts, R.; Giles-Corti, B.; Simmons, D.; Baur, L.A.; Crawford, D. Personal, family, social, and environmental correlates of active commuting to school. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2006, 30, 45–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McDonald, N.C.; Dwelley, A.E.; Combs, T.S.; Evenson, K.R.; Winters, R.H. Reliability and validity of the Safe Routes to school parent and student surveys. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2011, 8, 56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pabayo, R.; Gauvin, L. Proportions of students who use various modes of transportation to and from school in a representative population-based sample of children and adolescents, 1999. Prev. Med. 2008, 46, 63–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chillon, P.; Ortega, F.B.; Ruiz, J.R.; Perez, I.J.; Martin-Matillas, M.; Valtuena, J.; Gomez-Martinez, S.; Redondo, C.; Rey-Lopez, J.P.; Castillo, M.J.; et al. Socio-economic factors and active commuting to school in urban Spanish adolescents: The AVENA study. Eur. J. Public Health 2009, 19, 470–476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rodriguez-Lopez, C.; Salas-Farina, Z.M.; Villa-Gonzalez, E.; Borges-Cosic, M.; Herrador-Colmenero, M.; Medina-Casaubon, J.; Ortega, F.B.; Chillon, P. The Threshold Distance Associated With Walking From Home to School. Health Educ. Behav. 2017, 44, 857–866. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahern, S. Individual and structural influences on parent’s transport choices for the school run: A qualitative interview study. In Proceedings of the UK Society for Behavioural Medicine 11th Annual Scientific Meeting Biology, Behaviour & Environment Newcastle, Newcastle, UK, 8–9 December 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Henne, H.M.; Tandon, P.S.; Frank, L.D.; Saelens, B.E. Parental factors in children’s active transport to school. Public Health 2014, 128, 643–646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Adams, E.J.; Goad, M.; Sahlqvist, S.; Bull, F.C.; Cooper, A.R.; Ogilvie, D.; iConnect, C. Reliability and Validity of the Transport and Physical Activity Questionnaire (TPAQ) for Assessing Physical Activity Behaviour. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e107039. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bere, E.; Bjorkelund, L.A. Test-retest reliability of a new self reported comprehensive questionnaire measuring frequencies of different modes of adolescents commuting to school and their parents commuting to work—The ATN questionnaire. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2009, 6, 1–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Huertas-Delgado, F.J.; Molina-Garcia, J.; Van Dyck, D.; Chinon, P. A questionnaire to assess parental perception of barriers towards active commuting to school (PABACS): Reliability and validity. J. Transp. Health 2019, 12, 97–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Monfort-Panego, M.; Molina-Garcia, J.; Minana-Signes, V.; Bosch-Bivia, A.H.; Gomez-Lopez, A.; Munguia-Izquierdo, D. Development and psychometric evaluation of a health questionnaire on back care knowledge in daily life physical activities for adolescent students. Eur. Spine J. 2016, 25, 2803–2808. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Herrador-Colmenero, M.; Perez-Garcia, M.; Ruiz, J.R.; Chillon, P. Assessing Modes and Frequency of Commuting to School in Youngsters: A Systematic Review. Pediatr. Exerc. Sci. 2014, 26, 291–341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Wit, B.; Loman, K.; Faithfull, K.; Hinckson, E.A. Reliability and Validity of the Hands-Up Survey in Assessing Commuting to School in New Zealand Elementary School Children. Health Promot. Pract. 2012, 13, 349–354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Forman, H.; Kerr, J.; Norman, G.J.; Saelens, B.E.; Durant, N.H.; Harris, S.K.; Sallis, J.F. Reliability and validity of destination-specific barriers to walking and cycling for youth. Prev. Med. 2008, 46, 311–316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chillon, P.; Herrador-Colmenero, M.; Migueles, J.H.; Cabanas-Sanchez, V.; Fernandez-Santos, J.R.; Veiga, O.L.; Castro-Pinero, J. Convergent validation of a questionnaire to assess the mode and frequency of commuting to and from school. Scand. J. Public Health 2017, 45, 612–620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Segura-Diaz, J.M.; Rojas-Jimenez, A.; Barranco-Ruiz, Y.; Murillo-Pardo, B.; Saucedo-Araujo, R.G.; Aranda-Balboa, M.J.; Herrador-Colmenero, M.; Villa-Gonzalez, E.; Chillon, P. Feasibility and Reliability of a Questionnaire to Assess the Mode, Frequency, Distance and Time of Commuting to and from School: The PACO Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5039. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Landis, J.R.; Koch, G.G. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 1977, 33, 159–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Van Dyck, D.; Cardon, G.; Deforche, B.; De Bourdeaudhuij, I. IPAQ interview version: Convergent validity with accelerometers and comparison of physical activity and sedentary time levels with the self-administered version. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 2015, 55, 776–786. [Google Scholar]
- Herrador-Colmenero, M.; Harrison, F.; Villa-Gonzalez, E.; Rodriguez-Lopez, C.; Ortega, F.B.; Ruiz, J.R.; Jones, A.P.; Chillon, P. Longitudinal associations between weather, season, and mode of commuting to school among Spanish youths. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2018, 28, 2677–2685. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Velde, S.J.T.; Haraldsen, E.; Vik, F.N.; De Bourdeaudhuij, I.; Jan, N.; Kovacs, E.; Moreno, L.A.; Dossegger, A.; Manios, Y.; Brug, J.; et al. Associations of commuting to school and work with demographic variables and with weight status in eight European countries: The ENERGY-cross sectional study. Prev. Med. 2017, 99, 305–312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bjorkelund, O.A.; Degerud, H.; Bere, E. Socio-demographic, personal, environmental and behavioral correlates of different modes of transportation to work among Norwegian parents. Arch. Public Health 2016, 74, 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Evenson, K.R.; Neelon, B.; Ball, S.C.; Vaughn, A.; Ward, D.S. Validity and Reliability of a School Travel Survey. J. Phys. Act. Health 2008, 5, S1–S15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Alexander, L.M.; Inchley, J.; Todd, J.; Currie, D.; Cooper, A.R.; Currie, C. The broader impact of walking to school among adolescents: Seven day accelerometry based study. Br. Med. J. 2005, 331, 1061–1062. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Philippaerts, R.M.; Matton, L.; Wijndaele, K.; Balduck, A.L.; De Bourdeaudhuij, I.; Lefevre, J. Validity of a physical activity computer questionnaire in 12-to 18-year-old boys and girls. Int. J. Sports Med. 2006, 27, 131–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
CATEGORIES | QUESTIONS |
---|---|
MODE OF COMMUTING |
|
ACCOMPANIMENT |
|
DISTANCE |
|
TIME |
|
PERMISSION TO ACS |
|
All | Mothers | Fathers | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Parents age (n = 417) | 43.28 ± 6.25 | 42.63 ± 6.35 | 45.19 ± 5.57 | <0.001 |
Study level (n = 207) | ||||
Non-University | 143 (69.1) | 111 (71.6) | 32(61.5) | 0.174 |
University | 64 (30.9) | 44 (28.4) | 20 (38.5) | |
Income (n = 190) | ||||
Low (<1999 €) | 127 (66.8) | 96 (69.1) | 31 (60.8) | 0.283 |
High (>1999 €) | 63 (33.2) | 43 (30.9) | 20 (39.2) | |
Commuting to/from school behaviours of children | ||||
Mode of commuting to school (n = 582) | 0.740 | |||
Active | 246 (42.3) | 186 (42.7) | 60 (41.1) | |
Passive | 336 (57.7) | 250 (57.3) | 86 (58.9) | |
Mode of commuting from school (n = 582) | 0.760 | |||
Active | 254 (43.6) | 191 (44) | 63 (42.6) | |
Passive | 328 (56.4) | 243 (56) | 85 (57.4) | |
Accompaniment to school (n = 392) | 0.909 | |||
Yes | 76 (19.4) | 56 (19.2) | 20 (20) | |
No | 299 (76.3) | 224 (76.7) | 75 (75) | |
Sometimes | 17 (4.3) | 12 (4.1) | 5 (5) | |
Accompaniment from school (n = 392) | 0.425 | |||
Yes | 86 (21.9) | 61 (21) | 25 (24.8) | |
No | 286 (73) | 213 (73.2) | 73 (72.3) | |
Sometimes | 20 (5.1) | 17 (5.8) | 3 (3) | |
Distance to school (n = 598) | 0.030 | |||
<2 km | 332 (55.5) | 258 (58.1) | 74 (48.1) | |
>2 km | 266 (44.5) | 186 (41.9) | 80 (51.9) | |
Time to school (n = 602) | 0.014 | |||
<15 min | 344 (57.1) | 269 (60) | 75 (48.7) | |
>15 min | 258 (42.9) | 179 (40) | 79 (51.3) | |
Parent’s mode of commuting to work (n = 194) | 0.001 | |||
Active | 139 (71.6) | 95 (65.5) | 44 (89.8) | |
Passive | 55 (28.4) | 50 (34.5) | 5 (10.2) | |
Acceptable distance to walk to school (n = 580) | ||||
On their own | N/A | |||
<2 km | 186 (95.9) | 136 (94.4) | 50 (100.0) | |
>2 km | 8 (4.1) | 8 (5.6) | 0 | |
With children <18 years old | N/A | |||
<2 km | 175 (91.6) | 129 (90.8) | 46 (93.9) | |
>2 km | 16 (8.4) | 13 (9.2) | 3 (6.1) | |
With an adult | 0.948 | |||
<2 km | 140 (71.8) | 105 (71.9) | 35 (71.4) | |
>2 km | 55 (28.2) | 41 (28.1) | 14 (28.6) | |
Acceptable distance to cycle to school (n = 570) | ||||
On their own | 0.753 | |||
<2 km | 161 (84.3) | 119 (83.8) | 42 (85.7) | |
>2 km | 30 (15.7) | 23 (16.2) | 7 (14.3) | |
With children <18 years old | 0.073 | |||
<2 km | 145 (77.5) | 113 (80.7) | 32 (68.1) | |
>2 km | 42 (22.5) | 27 (19.3) | 15 (31.9) | |
With an adult | 0.066 | |||
<2 km | (106) 55.2 | (85) 59 | 21 (43.8) | |
>2 km | (86) 44.8 | (59) 41 | 27 (56.3) |
Complete Sample (n = 563) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kappa | Rho | |||||
Mode of commuting to school | 0.865 | 0.882 ** | ||||
Mode of commuting from school | 0.839 | 0.860 ** | ||||
Children (n = 311) | Adolescents (n = 252) | |||||
n | Kappa | Rho | n | Kappa | Rho | |
Mode of commuting to school | 309 | 0.864 | 0.862 ** | 250 | 0.863 | 0.904 ** |
Mode of commuting from school | 304 | 0.806 | 0.839 ** | 248 | 0.867 | 0.879 ** |
Girls (n = 298) | Boys (n = 264) | |||||
n | Kappa | Rho | n | Kappa | Rho | |
Mode of commuting to school | 295 | 0.881 | 0.911 ** | 263 | 0.846 | 0.847 ** |
Mode of commuting from school | 292 | 0.870 | 0.908 ** | 259 | 0.799 | 0.798 ** |
All Participants | Mothers | Fathers | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Kappa | p | n | Kappa | p | n | Kappa | p | |
Commuting to/from school behaviours of children | |||||||||
To school | 130 | 0.951 | <0.001 | 104 | 0.939 | <0.001 | 26 | 1.000 | <0.001 |
From school | 221 | 0.930 | <0.001 | 175 | 0.929 | <0.001 | 46 | 0.931 | <0.001 |
Accompaniment to school | 137 | 0.780 | <0.001 | 110 | 0.724 | <0.001 | 27 | 1.000 | <0.001 |
Accompaniment from school | 137 | 0.793 | <0.001 | 109 | 0.753 | <0.001 | 28 | 1.000 | <0.001 |
Distance to school * | 224 | 0.893 | <0.001 | 177 | 0.889 | <0.001 | 47 | 0.912 | <0.001 |
Time to school * | 227 | 0.850 | <0.001 | 180 | 0.822 | <0.001 | 47 | 0.777 | <0.001 |
Parents’ mode of commuting | |||||||||
To work | 88 | 0.814 | <0.001 | 69 | 0.812 | <0.001 | 19 | 0.779 | <0.001 |
Acceptable distance to walk to school * | |||||||||
On their own | 74 | 0.771 | <0.001 | 58 | 0.856 | <0.001 | 16 | 0.478 | 0.103 |
With children <18 years old | 70 | 0.577 | <0.001 | 54 | 0.610 | <0.001 | 16 | 0.488 | 0.003 |
Adult | 77 | 0.538 | <0.001 | 60 | 0.532 | <0.001 | 17 | 0.547 | 0.005 |
Acceptable distance to cycle to school * | |||||||||
On their own | 73 | 0.692 | <0.001 | 57 | 0.733 | <0.001 | 16 | 0.558 | 0.008 |
With children <18 years old | 65 | 0.565 | <0.001 | 50 | 0.526 | <0.001 | 15 | 0.582 | 0.432 |
Adult | 71 | 0.490 | <0.001 | 55 | 0.455 | <0.001 | 16 | 0.595 | 0.017 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Aranda-Balboa, M.J.; Fernández, M.; Villa-González, E.; Murillo-Pardo, B.; Segura-Díaz, J.M.; Saucedo-Araujo, R.G.; Barranco-Ruiz, Y.; Herrador-Colmenero, M.; Huertas-Delgado, F.J.; Chillón, P. Psychometric Characteristics of a Commuting-to-School Behaviour Questionnaire for Families. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8584. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228584
Aranda-Balboa MJ, Fernández M, Villa-González E, Murillo-Pardo B, Segura-Díaz JM, Saucedo-Araujo RG, Barranco-Ruiz Y, Herrador-Colmenero M, Huertas-Delgado FJ, Chillón P. Psychometric Characteristics of a Commuting-to-School Behaviour Questionnaire for Families. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(22):8584. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228584
Chicago/Turabian StyleAranda-Balboa, María Jesús, Marina Fernández, Emilio Villa-González, Berta Murillo-Pardo, José Manuel Segura-Díaz, Romina Gisele Saucedo-Araujo, Yaira Barranco-Ruiz, Manuel Herrador-Colmenero, Francisco Javier Huertas-Delgado, and Palma Chillón. 2020. "Psychometric Characteristics of a Commuting-to-School Behaviour Questionnaire for Families" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22: 8584. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228584
APA StyleAranda-Balboa, M. J., Fernández, M., Villa-González, E., Murillo-Pardo, B., Segura-Díaz, J. M., Saucedo-Araujo, R. G., Barranco-Ruiz, Y., Herrador-Colmenero, M., Huertas-Delgado, F. J., & Chillón, P. (2020). Psychometric Characteristics of a Commuting-to-School Behaviour Questionnaire for Families. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(22), 8584. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228584