Lifelong Lung Sequelae of Prematurity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Lifelong Symptoms in Ex-Preterm Subjects
2.1. Respiratory Symptoms in Infancy and Preschool Age
2.2. Respiratory Symptoms in School Age
2.3. Respiratory Symptoms in Adolescence
2.4. Respiratory Symptoms in Adulthood
2.5. The Exercise Tolerance
3. Lifelong Lung Function in Ex-Preterm Subjects
3.1. The Relationship between Birth Weight and Lung Function
3.2. Lung Function in Infancy and Preschool Age
3.3. Lung Function in School Age and Adolescence
3.4. Lung Function in Adulthood
3.5. Gas Diffusion Impairment
3.6. Focus on Lung Function Impairment Related to Prematurity
3.7. Focus on Lung Function Impairment Related to Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
3.8. Focus on Lung Function Improvement over Time
4. Lifelong Lung Structural Abnormalities in Ex-Preterm Subjects
4.1. Lung Structural Abnormalities in Infancy and Preschool Age
4.2. Lung Structural Abnormalities in School Age
4.3. Lung Structural Abnormalities in Adolescence and Adulthood
4.4. Focus on the Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
5. Follow-Up of Ex-Preterm Children
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Symptoms | Lung Function | Structural Abnormalities | |
---|---|---|---|
Toddler | Wheezing | Tidal flow-volume technique Rapid thoraco-abdominal compression technique (RVRTC) ↓Respiratory System Compliance | HRCT Multifocal hyperlucent areas Subpleural opacities |
Preschool-age | Wheezing | Forced oscillation technique, multiple breath wash out tests, spirometry if compliant ↓FVC, FEV1, reactance and resistance | HRCT Air trapping Subpleural opacities Mosaic perfusion Peribronchial thickening Emphysema |
School-age | Wheezing Cough | Spirometry and DLCO ↑RV, RV/TLC ↓FEV1, FEF25-75, DLCO | |
Adolescence and adulthood | Breathlessness Wakening with cough Sedentary life Leg discomfort during exercise | Spirometry and DLCO, stress test ↓FEV1, FEF25-75, DLCO Fixed airflow obstruction | HRCT Air trapping Subpleural opacities Bullous disease |
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Di Filippo, P.; Dodi, G.; Ciarelli, F.; Di Pillo, S.; Chiarelli, F.; Attanasi, M. Lifelong Lung Sequelae of Prematurity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5273. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095273
Di Filippo P, Dodi G, Ciarelli F, Di Pillo S, Chiarelli F, Attanasi M. Lifelong Lung Sequelae of Prematurity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(9):5273. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095273
Chicago/Turabian StyleDi Filippo, Paola, Giulia Dodi, Francesca Ciarelli, Sabrina Di Pillo, Francesco Chiarelli, and Marina Attanasi. 2022. "Lifelong Lung Sequelae of Prematurity" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9: 5273. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095273
APA StyleDi Filippo, P., Dodi, G., Ciarelli, F., Di Pillo, S., Chiarelli, F., & Attanasi, M. (2022). Lifelong Lung Sequelae of Prematurity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(9), 5273. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095273