Riverine Microplastic Pollution: Insights from Cagayan de Oro River, Philippines
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Microplastic Extraction and Identification
2.3. Quality Control
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sampling Station | Sampling Point | Coordinates | Characteristics | No. of MPs | Mean Concentration (Items/m3 ± SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | P1 P2 P3 | 8.429735 N, 124.638408 E 8.429853 N, 124.638133 E 8.430017 N, 124.637802 E | Fishing, Recreational | 2 4 0 | 200 ± 66.67 abc |
S2 | P1 P2 P3 | 8.446211 N, 124.640646 E 8.446159 N, 124.640544 E 8.446132 N, 124.640422 E | Fishing, Recreational | 1 3 4 | 266.7 ± 50.92 abc |
S3 | P1 P2 P3 | 8.455706 N, 124.634622 E 8.455736 N, 124.634365 E 8.455706 N, 124.634140 E | Non-residential | 0 1 1 | 66.7 ± 19.25 c |
S4 | P1 P2 P3 | 8.470570 N, 124.64066 E 8.470710 N, 124.64024 E 8.470918 N, 124.63982 E | Non-residential | 0 0 3 | 100 ± 57.74 bc |
S5 | P1 P2 P3 | 8.488010 N, 124.64183 E 8.488176 N, 124.64121 E 8.488471 N, 124.64058 E | Fishing, Residential | 8 3 6 | 566.7 ± 83.89 ab |
S6 | P1 P2 P3 | 8.497271 N, 124.653097 E 8.427902 N, 124.652271 E 8.498613 N, 124.651289 E | Fishing, Residential | 7 7 4 | 600 ± 57.74 a |
Study Area | Mesh Size/Pore Size (mm) | MP Concentration (Items/m3) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Cagayan de Oro River (Philippines) | 0.3 | 300 | This study |
Cañas River (Philippines) | 0.075 | 1580 | Osorio et al. [62] |
Pasig River (Philippines) | 0.075 | 3405 | Osorio et al. [62] |
Parañaque River (Philippines) | 0.075 | 5015 | Osorio et al. [62] |
Tullahan River (Philippines) | 0.075 | 11,475 | Osorio et al. [62] |
Meycauayan River (Philippines) | 0.075 | 57,665 | Osorio et al. [62] |
Gave de Pau River (France) | 0.33 | 3.26 | Bruge et al. [90] |
Surabaya River (Indonesia) | 0.333 | 1.47–43.11 | Lestari et al. [91] |
Ofanto River (Italy) | 0.333 | 0.9–13 | Campanale et al. [92] |
Pearl River Delta (China) | 0.33 | 0.005–0.7 | Mai et al. [88] |
Pearl River (China) | 0.02 | 379–7924 | Lin et al. [83] |
Yellow River (China) | 0.05 | 5358–595,270 | Liu et al. [93] |
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Gabriel, A.D.; Amparado, R.F., Jr.; Lubguban, A.A.; Bacosa, H.P. Riverine Microplastic Pollution: Insights from Cagayan de Oro River, Philippines. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 6132. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126132
Gabriel AD, Amparado RF Jr., Lubguban AA, Bacosa HP. Riverine Microplastic Pollution: Insights from Cagayan de Oro River, Philippines. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(12):6132. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126132
Chicago/Turabian StyleGabriel, Aiza D., Ruben F. Amparado, Jr., Arnold A. Lubguban, and Hernando P. Bacosa. 2023. "Riverine Microplastic Pollution: Insights from Cagayan de Oro River, Philippines" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 12: 6132. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126132
APA StyleGabriel, A. D., Amparado, R. F., Jr., Lubguban, A. A., & Bacosa, H. P. (2023). Riverine Microplastic Pollution: Insights from Cagayan de Oro River, Philippines. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(12), 6132. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126132