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Article

Thioether-Linked Liquid Crystal Trimers: Odd–Even Effects of Spacers and the Influence of Thioether Bonds on Phase Behavior

by
Yuki Arakawa
*,
Kenta Komatsu
,
Yuko Ishida
,
Takuma Shiba
and
Hideto Tsuji
Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2022, 15(5), 1709; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15051709
Submission received: 31 January 2022 / Revised: 18 February 2022 / Accepted: 20 February 2022 / Published: 24 February 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Liquid Crystals)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
We report the synthesis, phase-transition behavior, and mesophase structures of the first homologous series of thioether-linked liquid crystal (LC) trimers, 4,4′-bis[ω-(4-cyanobiphenyl-4′-ylthio)alkoxy]biphenyls (CBSnOBOnSCB with a wide range of spacer carbon numbers, n = 3–11). All CBSnOBOnSCB homologs exhibited LC phases. Interestingly, even-n and odd-n homologs showed monotropic layered smectic A (SmA) and pseudo-layered twist-bend nematic (NTB) phases, respectively, below a nematic (N) phase. This alternate formation, which depends on spacer chain parity, is attributed to different average molecular shapes, which are associated with the relative orientations of the biphenyl moieties: linear and bent shapes for even-n and odd-n homologs, respectively. In addition, X-ray diffraction analysis indicated a strong cybotactic N phase tendency, with a triply intercalated structure. The phase-transition behavior and LC phase structures of thioether-linked CBSnOBOnSCB were compared with those of the all-ether-linked classic LC trimers CBOnOBOnOCB. Overall, thioether linkages endowed CBSnOBOnSCB with a monotropic LC tendency and lowered phase-transition temperatures, compared to those of CBOnOBOnOCB, for the same n. This is attributed to enhanced flexibility and bending (less molecular anisotropy) of the molecules, caused by the greater bond flexibility and smaller inner bond angles of the C–S–C bonds, compared to those of the C–O–C bonds.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Liquid crystal (LC) dimers, trimers, and higher oligomers have been widely investigated [1]. They consist of more than two rigid mesogenic groups linked linearly via flexible alkylene spacers, as shown in Figure 1. A fascinating feature of LC oligomers is the odd–even effect of the number of spacer-atoms on various LC properties, associated with the relative orientation of rigid mesogenic groups, or different molecular geometries. In simple dimers, even-number spacers roughly direct the mesogenic groups to a parallel alignment, forming a relatively straightened stretched Z-like shape, whereas odd-number spacers form bent shapes, as shown in Figure 1. This contrast generates odd–even oscillations in various physical properties associated with the orientational order parameter [1,2,3,4,5,6].
The average geometrical differences influence the types of LC phases induced [7,8]. The discovery of a heliconical twist-bend nematic (NTB) phase for bent LC dimers with odd-number spacers has provided a strong impetus to explore oligomeric LC materials in the last decade [9,10,11,12]. The NTB phase has nanoscopic heliconical structures with pitches ranging from several nanometers to tens of nanometers [13,14,15]. Interestingly, chiral helical structures develop from achiral bent molecules, with the degeneracy of right- and left-handed helical structures. These helical structures cause the NTB phase to apparently involve layered smectic (Sm) phase-like behavior, which is pseudo-layered in nature [16,17,18,19,20]. Physical properties of twist-bend nematogens have been extensively studied for basic scientific reasons as well as potential applications [21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32]. However, the phase identification and nanoscopic structures of the NTB phase require further investigation [33,34,35].
Intensive studies have confirmed that many LC dimers [36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49] and some oligomers [50,51,52,53,54], polymers [55], and bent-core molecules [56,57] exhibit the NTB phase. Higher oligomers that have more mesogenic units are less likely to form an NTB phase [55]. In contrast to the many reports on dimer homologs containing the same mesogenic cores and different alkylene spacers, only one homologous series of LC trimers has been studied as twist-bend nematogenic higher oligomer homologs [58]. This is a homologous series of the all-ether-linked biphenyl-based LC trimers, 4,4′-bis[ω-(4-cyanobiphenyl-4′-yloxy)alkoxy]biphenyls (CBOnOBOnOCB with spacer carbon numbers, n = 4–11, where B, CB, and O denote central 4,4′-linked biphenyl, bilateral cyanobiphenyl groups, and ether linkages, respectively), which are the classic LC trimer homologs [59,60,61]. It has been reported that the CBOnOBOnOCB homologs alternately form layered smectic A (SmA) and pseudo-layered NTB phases for even-n and odd-n, respectively [58]. Furthermore, their outer thioether-linked analogs, CBSnOBOnSCB with odd n = 7 and 9 (Figure 2a) also exhibit the NTB phase below the N phase [62,63]. Flexible C–S–C bonds have smaller bond angles (~103°) than ethers (C–O–C; ~118°). This generally reduces the ability of calamitic molecules to form LCs, by providing greater conformational and steric bulkiness [62,63,64,65,66,67]. In contrast, the smaller bond angle of the flexible C–S–C bond synergistically contributes to NTB phase induction and stabilization [62,63,68,69,70,71,72,73,74] by enhancing the bent shape and flexibility of LC oligomers with odd-n spacers, as shown in Figure 1. This is also the case for the higher chalcogen selenoether C–Se–C bond [75]. To date, other CBSnOBOnSCB homologs including even-n have not been synthesized, so the influences of thioether linkages on the phase-transition behavior, its odd–even effects, and LC phase structures of a homologous series of LC trimers have not been studied.
In this context, we developed a homologous series of the thioether-linked CBSnOBOnSCB trimers possessing a wide variety of odd and even numbers of carbon atoms in the alkylene spacers (n = 3–11), of which n = 7 and 9 have been previously reported [62,63]. Their phase transitions and structures were investigated by polarized optical microscopy (POM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and compared with those of the corresponding all-ether-linked trimers, CBOnOBOnOCB [58].
Materials 15 01709 g001 550
Figure 1. Molecular geometries (shapes) imposed by spacer parity of semi-flexible spacers, and schematic model of the NTB phase formed by bent molecules. The model of the NTB phase was reproduced from ref. [70] with permission from Wiley.
Figure 1. Molecular geometries (shapes) imposed by spacer parity of semi-flexible spacers, and schematic model of the NTB phase formed by bent molecules. The model of the NTB phase was reproduced from ref. [70] with permission from Wiley.
Materials 15 01709 g001
Materials 15 01709 g002 550
Figure 2. Molecular structures of (a) all-ether-linked biphenyl-based 4,4′-bis[ω-(4-cyanobiphenyl-4′-yloxy)alkoxy]biphenyl homologs (CBOnOBOnOCB, n = 4–11) (previously reported) [58,59,60,61], and (b) their outer thioether-linked homologs (CBSnOBOnSCB, n = 3–11) (the present study), in which n = 7 and 9 have been previously reported [62,63].
Figure 2. Molecular structures of (a) all-ether-linked biphenyl-based 4,4′-bis[ω-(4-cyanobiphenyl-4′-yloxy)alkoxy]biphenyl homologs (CBOnOBOnOCB, n = 4–11) (previously reported) [58,59,60,61], and (b) their outer thioether-linked homologs (CBSnOBOnSCB, n = 3–11) (the present study), in which n = 7 and 9 have been previously reported [62,63].
Materials 15 01709 g002

2. Materials and Methods

Synthetic schemes and procedures for CBSnOBOnSCB are described in the Supplementary Material. Molecular structures were determined by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, using a JNM-ECX500 (500 MHz for 1H, and 125 MHz for 13C NMR) or a JNM-ESC400 (400 MHz for 1H, and 100 MHz for 13C NMR) instrument (JEOL, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). 1H and 13C NMR data are provided in the Supplementary Material, excluding 13C NMR data of even-n homologs. Their spectra could not be obtained because they had poor solubility similar to ether-linked CBOnOBOnOCB trimers [58]. Phase identification was determined by POM using an Olympus polarizing microscope (BX50, Tokyo, Japan), equipped with a Linkam temperature controller (LK-600PM, Surrey, UK). POM observations were carried out for the samples that were placed between non-treated thin glass cells. The obtained POM microphotographs are shown in the main text and Supplementary Material. Phase-transition temperatures for crystal (Cr)–N or Cr–isotropic (I) phase transitions upon heating (melting point: Tm), crystallization upon cooling (TCr), N–I phase transitions upon heating and cooling (TNI and TIN, respectively), monotropic N–SmA and N–NNTB phase transitions upon cooling (TNS and TNNTB, respectively), and associated entropy changes (ΔS) scaled by the gas constant (R) on Tm, TCr, TNI, and TIN (ΔSm/R, ΔSCr/R, ΔSNI/R, and ΔSIN/R, respectively), were determined by DSC, using a DSC-60 Plus instrument (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan), which was calibrated using indium. DSC measurements were conducted upon heating-to-cooling-to-heating cycles at a rate of 10 °C min−1 under a flow of nitrogen gas. Samples (3–4 mg) weighed accurately in aluminum pans were used for the DSC measurements. The obtained DSC curves are shown in the Supplementary Material, except for those of the previously reported CBSnOBOnSCB (n = 7 and 9) [62,63]. In addition, the phase-transition temperatures for the elusive monotropic LC phases were determined by POM. The N phases of CBS9OBO9SCB and CBO9OBO9OCB were analyzed by XRD measurements, using a D8 DISCOVER diffractometer, with a Cu Kα radiation source, equipped with a Vantec-500 detector (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA). Capillary glass tubes with 1.5 mm diameter (WJM-Glass Müller GmbH, Berlin, Germany), in which the material was kept, were sandwiched between permanent magnets in a homemade folder. Measurements were carried out at different temperatures upon cooling from each I phase, to remove the thermal history of the materials.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Phase-Transition Behavior of CBSnOBOnSCB

The phase-transition results obtained upon first heating and cooling CBSnOBOnSCB are listed in Table 1. The different Tm and phase transitions, which could be associated with the existence of crystal polymorphs, were observed depending on the thermal courses and conditions. For simplicity, these are not discussed in this paper. All CBSnOBOnSCB trimers exhibited the conventional N phases. More specifically, the N phases of n = 4, 7–9, and 11 were enantiotropic, while those of n = 3, 5, 6, and 10 were monotropic. Notably, even-n and odd-n CBSnOBOnSCB trimers (for n = 5–11) exhibited monotropic layered Sm and pseudo-layered NTB phases, respectively, below the N phase temperature, as reported for the all-ether-linked CBOnOBOnOCB trimers [58]. This is a part of the odd–even effect on the phase-transition behavior of LC trimers. Considering that the NTB phase is induced only by bent molecules, this alternate formation of Sm and NTB phases could be ascribed to the dependence of the average molecular shapes on the parity of n for the LC trimer (straightened and bent shapes for even-n and odd-n homologs, respectively). Even-n homologs (n = 6, 8, and 10) exhibited fan-shaped textures of layered Sm phases. These Sm textures were observed in the supercooled N phase domains or droplets after crystallization of major parts, as shown in Figure 3a,b, Figures S4 and S5, for n = 6, 8, and 10, respectively. Therefore, these monotropic Sm phases were unsuitable for further characterization using XRD. Considering the homeotropic dark textures reported for the Sm phases of all-ether-linked CBOnOBOnOCB homologs with even-n [58,61], those of thioether-linked CBSnOBOnSCB could be characterized as orthogonal SmA phases. POM microphotographs of the NTB phase of CBS11OBO11SCB are shown in Figure 3c,d, where blocky and focal conic-like textures were observed in a non-treated glass cell. These textures are characteristic of the NTB phase, and are caused by the undulations of the pseudo-periodic layers of the helical structures [14,17,19]. The N–NTB phase transitions for CBS5OBO5SCB were observed in small, supercooled N domains and droplets by POM (Figure S3). The results for n = 7 and 9 have been previously reported [62,63]. In this study, however, the above-mentioned optical textural changes, which indicate the presence of monotropic SmA or NTB phases, were not observed for the shortest even/odd CBSnOBOnSCB homologs (n = 3 and 4), which exhibited only the N phase, as shown in Figures S1 and S2.
To analyze the spacer-length dependency of phase-transition behavior, TNS, TNNTB, TIN, and ΔSIN/R upon cooling are plotted as a function of n for the CBSnOBOnSCB trimers (Figure 4). Because of the monotropic LC natures for the N (for n = 3, 5, 6, and 10) and SmA or NTB phases (for n = 5–11), the cooling data are discussed here. As shown in Figure 4, CBSnOBOnSCB homologs exhibited clear odd–even oscillations for TIN and ΔSIN/R, with much higher values for even-n than for odd-n. Such oscillation, depending on the parity of n, is also observed for Tm upon heating. These odd–even effects on phase transitions are generally attributed to the different average molecular shapes imposed by spacer parity. Even-n and odd-n make the molecular shapes of LC trimers linear and bent, respectively. It is typically observed that, with increasing n, although the odd–even oscillation magnitude for TIN decreased (or attenuated), the odd–even oscillation for ΔSIN/R was unattenuated. Interestingly, the TNS and TNNTB of LC trimers visually resembled odd–even oscillations for successive n values, as shown in Figure 4a, despite the different types of LC phases involved. With increasing n, the TNS for even-n decreased sharply, whereas the TNNTB for odd-n slightly increased. Similar trends have been reported for CBOnOBOnOCB [58]. Even-n homologs formed Sm phases, which are ascribable to their roughly linear shapes and the lengthening of their alkylene spacers that caused a significant separation of parallel oriented biphenyls. The significant decline in TNS with increasing n could be attributed to the C–S–C bond linkage causing high conformational and steric bulkiness of the two rotatable terminal cyanobiphenyls. In contrast, the NTB phase was driven only by bent molecular shapes. The molecular anisotropy of bent LC oligomers, which have an odd number of spacers, increased with the number of spacers. Therefore, the TNNTB increased upon increasing n, and vice versa. The TNNTB values of the biphenyl-based LC trimers (>110 °C) are clearly higher than those of usual biphenyl-based dimers (<100 °C). Increased intermolecular interactions, e.g., higher oligomers [58,76] and extended π-conjugation [70], lead to increasing TNNTB.

3.2. Comparison of CBSnOBOnSCB and CBOnOBOnOCB

3.2.1. Phase-Transition Behavior

The phase-transition behavior of thioether-linked CBSnOBOnSCB and all-ether-linked CBOnOBOnOCB homologs were compared. Tm, TIN, TNS, TNNTB, N phase temperature range upon cooling (ΔTN), and ΔSIN/R of both the homologs are plotted as a function of n (Figure 5). The data for CBOnOBOnOCB is quoted from the literature [58].
As described above, the thioether-linked CBSnOBOnSCB (n = 4, 7–9, and 11) exhibited the enantiotropic N phase, whereas the homologs with n = 3, 5, 6, and 10 exhibited the monotropic N phase. This differs from the behavior of all-ether-linked CBOnOBOnOCB homologs, which exhibit enantiotropic N phases for all tested n values (4–12) [58,59,60,61]. Thus, the replacement of outer ether linkages with thioether reduced the ability of the trimer homologs to form LCs [63], which is similar to the behavior of thioether-containing calamitic LCs [64,65,66,67]. This is primarily ascribed to the large conformational flexibility, steric bulkiness, and lower molecular anisotropy (larger molecular width) that the C–S–C bond imparts because it is more flexible, shorter, and has a smaller angle (~100°) than the ether C–O–C bond.
Figure 5a shows that the Tm values of both homologs oscillated significantly with the parity of n. The Tm values of thioether-linked CBSnOBOnSCB homologs became lower than those of CBOnOBOnOCB, with increasing n. As shown in Figure 5b–d, the thioether-linked CBSnOBOnSCB homologs exhibited lower TIN, TNS, and TNNTB values than their CBOnOBOnOCB counterparts. Additionally, ΔTN was smaller (narrower) for thioether-linked CBSnOBOnSCB than for CBOnOBOnOCB, as shown in Figure 5e, primarily because of the lower TIN (or TNI) of CBSnOBOnSCB. In addition to the tendency to form monotropic LCs, the lower phase-transition temperatures and consequent narrower temperature LC phases for thioether-linked LC trimers are primarily ascribed to the greater conformational flexibility, steric bulkiness, and the low molecular anisotropy afforded by flexible C−S−C bonds with smaller inner angles than C−O−C bonds. For bent LC dimers, the thioether linkage causes the LC phases to be significantly supercooled and vitrified. This is a consequence of the synergy between the enhanced bent shape of the entire molecule and the flexibility of the C−S−C bond, which prevents crystallization [68,70,71,72,73,74]. However, such supercooling effects on LC phases were not observed for the thioether-linked trimers in this study, which all crystallized. Notably, Figure 5f reveals that the ΔSIN/R values of CBSnOBOnSCB were lower and slightly higher than those of CBOnOBOnOCB for odd-n and even-n, respectively. Therefore, the replacement of the outer ether with thioether caused a greater odd–even oscillation in ΔSIN/R. This trend is similar to the difference between methylene- and ether-linked cyanobiphenyl-based dimer homologs (CBnCB and CBOnOCB, respectively), in which the methylene linkages lead to the greater odd–even oscillation than the ether linkages [3]. More specifically, when the spacer has odd-n, ΔSIN/R is lower for a methylene-linked CBnCB dimer than for an ether-linked CBOnOCB counterpart. This is ascribed to more bent geometry or greater biaxiality for CBnCB, which could be the case for the present trimers that more bent CBSnOBOnSCB show lower ΔSIN/R than CBOnOBOnOCB. In contrast, when the spacer has even-n, ΔSIN/R is higher for CBnCB than for CBOnOCB, which is associated with the higher order parameters for CBnCB than for CBOnOCB [3]. This consideration may possibly be linked to the present thioether-linked CBSnOBOnSCB trimers for even-n to be higher ΔSIN/R than CBOnOBOnOCB.

3.2.2. Mesophase Structures

XRD measurements were performed for thioether-linked CBS9OBO9SCB and all-ether-linked CBO9OBO9OCB, which contain the same nonane spacers. For both these materials, prior crystallization upon cooling, unfortunately, prevented the determination of the diffraction patterns of the monotropic SmA and NTB phases. Therefore, only the data for the upper N phases are described.
Two-dimensional (2D) XRD patterns obtained for the N phases of both trimers showed two symmetric arc-shaped diffractions on the equatorial line in the wide-angle region, as shown in Figure 6a and Figure S13. These indicate the average orientation of the molecular long-axis along the magnetic field directions, denoted by a meridional arrow in Figure 6a. The wide-angle diffractions are associated with average lateral intermolecular correlations. The d-spacing values of the wide-angle diffractions (dWAX) of both trimers were estimated using the Bragg equation and are plotted in Figure 6b as a function of shifted temperature, ΔT = TIN − T, where T refers to measured temperature upon cooling. The dWAX values were in the range of 4.59−4.66 Å and 4.57−4.73 Å for CBS9OBO9SCB and CBO9OBO9OCB, respectively, and both decreased with a reduction in temperature. As shown in Figure 6b, the dWAX values were slightly smaller for thioether-linked CBS9OBO9SCB compared to the all-ether-linked CBO9OBO9OCB, indicating shorter lateral molecular correlations for the former. This tendency is similar to the behavior of thioether- and ether-containing LCs [65,66,68], and could be caused by two factors. The large dispersion forces provided by the more polarizable sulfur atom likely led to the shorter intermolecular lateral distances, while the electrostatic repulsion of electron-donating-ether-based LCs might lead to longer lateral distances [77].
Small-angle diffractions, symmetric on the meridional lines (Figure 6a and Figure S13), were observed at 2θ = ~5.1° for CBS9OBO9SCB and CBO9OBO9OCB, indicating a strong cybotactic N (NCyb) tendency with Sm-like clusters [78,79]. Such a pronounced NCyb trend is ascribable to the strong intermolecular interactions of LC trimers. The small-angle diffractions were not split on the meridional lines, indicating an NCyb nature consisting of orthogonal SmA-like clusters (namely, an NCybA phase), similar to CBOnOBOnOCB (n = 10, 11) [58] and fluorenone-based trimer analogs [63]. This could be correlated to SmA phase formation for even-n trimer homologs. The d-spacing values of the small-angle diffractions (dSAX) of CBS9OBO9SCB and CBO9OBO9OCB were ~17 Å (Figure 6c), which could be approximately one-third of the average molecular lengths of both trimers. This indicates that this type of LC trimer forms NCybA phases based on triply intercalated structures, irrespective of linkage type (thioether/ether) or spacer parity (even/odd) [58]. Strictly, the dSAX values of all-ether-linked CBO9OBO9OCB seem like becoming gradually smaller than those of thioether-linked CBS9OBO9SCB with increasing ΔT (or decreasing T).
The orientational order parameter (S) values of N phases were evaluated from wide-angle diffractions [6] and are plotted in Figure 6d as a function of ΔT. The S values were approximately 0.4–0.5 for CBS9OBO9SCB and 0.5–0.6 for CBO9OBO9OCB. These values, which are typical for N phases, gradually increased with increasing ΔT (or decreasing T). Over the entire N phase range, thioether-linked CBS9OBO9SCB exhibited lower S values than CBO9OBO9OCB (Figure 6d). This trend is similar to the difference between bis-thioether-linked CBSnSCB and mono-thioether-linked CBSnOCB dimers [68], indicating that replacement of ether with thioether leads to lower apparent S values. It is noted that apparent S values of bent LC dimers and oligomers based on wide-angle diffractions would not simply reflect orientational orders of the global molecular directors with rotational symmetry, which are strongly influenced by molecular biaxiality [3]. The thioether linkage enhances molecular biaxiality (or leads to more bending) due to the small C–S–C bond angle. Therefore, lower estimated apparent S values for thioether-linked dimers and oligomers mirror their more bent geometry in LC states than those of ether-linked analogs.

4. Conclusions

Herein, the development, phase-transition behavior, and mesophase structures of the homologous series of thioether-linked cyanobiphenyl-based trimers possessing a wide range of odd and even numbers of carbon atoms in the alkylene spacers, CBSnOBOnSCB (n = 3–11), have been reported for the first time. All CBSnOBOnSCB members exhibited LC phases. Odd–even oscillations in the phase-transition parameters were observed and were typically higher for even-n than for odd-n. Interestingly, even-n and odd-n homologs showed layered SmA and pseudo-layered heliconical NTB phases, respectively. The differences in phase-transition behaviors, depending on the spacer parity of the LC trimers, were attributed to their different average molecular shapes or relative orientations between the biphenyls: A straightened stretched Z-like shape for even-n homologs and an obliquely directed bent shape for the odd-n homologs. Their phase-transition behavior and mesophase structures were compared with those of previously reported all-ether-linked CBOnOBOnOCB homologs. It was revealed that the replacement of outer ether linkages with thioether linkages primarily caused the LC trimers to form monotropic LCs and lower phase-transition temperatures. These phenomena were caused by the enhanced flexibility and bent shape (lower molecular anisotropy) of C–S–C bonds. The XRD analyses revealed that the LC trimers formed a cybotactic NCybA phase with a triply intercalated structure, irrespective of the nature of the linkages (thioethers or ethers) or of spacer parity. This study provides new insights into the influence of thioether (C−S−C) bonds on the phase-transition properties of LC trimers.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ma15051709/s1, Scheme S1: Synthesis pathway of odd-n CBSnOBOnSCB members; Scheme S2: Synthesis pathway of even-n CBSnOBOnSCB members; Figure S1: POM image of small N domains (140 °C) of CBS3OBO3SCB, developed from its supercooled Iso phase domains in a non-treated glass cell; Figure S2: POM image of a N phase at 140 °C of CBS4OBO4SCB in a non-treated glass cell; Figure S3: POM images of CBS5OBO5SCB, showing (a) a supercooled N domain at 121 °C, (b) a changed texture reminiscent of the NTB phase at 171 °C, and (c) Cr phase at 105 °C in a non-treated glass cell; Figure S4: POM images of CBS8OBO8SCB showing (a) marble and schlieren textures (N phase) at 198 °C and (b) fan-shaped and focal conic textures (SmA phase) at 170 °C in a non-treated glass cell; Figure S5: POM image of fan-shaped and focal conic textures (SmA phase) at 133 °C of CBS10OBO10SCB in a non-treated glass cell; Figure S6: DSC curves of CBS3OBO3SCB; Figure S7: DSC curves of CBS4OBO4SCB; Figure S8: DSC curves of CBS5OBO5SCB; Figure S9: DSC curves of CBS6OBO6SCB; Figure S10: DSC curves of CBS8OBO8SCB; Figure S11: DSC curves of CBS10OBO10SCB; Figure S12: DSC curves of CBS11OBO11SCB; Figure S13: 2D-XRD pattern of the N phase 160 °C of CBO9OBO9OCB in a magnetic field denoted by a meridional arrow.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Y.A.; Methodology, Y.A.; Validation, Y.A.; Formal analysis, Y.A., K.K., Y.I., and T.S.; Investigation, Y.A., K.K, Y.I., and T.S.; Resources, Y.A. and H.T.; Data curation, Y.A.; Writing—original draft preparation, Y.A.; Writing—review and editing, Y.A., K.K, Y.I, T.S., and H.T.; Supervision, Y.A. and H.T.; Project administration, Y.A.; Funding acquisition, Y.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (KAKENHI grant numbers 17K14493 and 20K15351), the Naito Research Grant, the Toukai Foundation for Technology, and Toyohashi University of Technology.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data are presented in the article and Supplementary Materials.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Masatoshi Tokita for providing us the opportunity for conducting XRD measurements at Tokyo Institute of Technology.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Materials 15 01709 g003 550
Figure 3. POM images of CBS6OBO6SCB [(a,b)] and CBS11OBO11SCB [(c,d)]: (a) Marble and schlieren textures (N phase) at 210 °C; (b) Fan-shaped and focal conic textures (SmA phase) with a Cr region at 178 °C; (c) Marble and schlieren textures (N phase) at 130 °C; (d) Blocky texture (NTB phase) at 119 °C in a non-treated glass cell.
Figure 3. POM images of CBS6OBO6SCB [(a,b)] and CBS11OBO11SCB [(c,d)]: (a) Marble and schlieren textures (N phase) at 210 °C; (b) Fan-shaped and focal conic textures (SmA phase) with a Cr region at 178 °C; (c) Marble and schlieren textures (N phase) at 130 °C; (d) Blocky texture (NTB phase) at 119 °C in a non-treated glass cell.
Materials 15 01709 g003
Materials 15 01709 g004 550
Figure 4. (a) Phase-transition temperatures upon cooling: TIN (squares), TNS (triangles), and TNNTB (circles), and (b) ΔSIN/R upon cooling, as a function of n, for the CBSnOBOnSCB trimers.
Figure 4. (a) Phase-transition temperatures upon cooling: TIN (squares), TNS (triangles), and TNNTB (circles), and (b) ΔSIN/R upon cooling, as a function of n, for the CBSnOBOnSCB trimers.
Materials 15 01709 g004
Materials 15 01709 g005a 550Materials 15 01709 g005b 550
Figure 5. Comparisons of (a) Tm, (b) TIN, (c) TNS, (d) TNNTB, (e) ΔTN, and (f) ΔSIN/R, as a function of n, for the CBSnOBOnSCB and CBOnOBOnOCB trimer homologs.
Figure 5. Comparisons of (a) Tm, (b) TIN, (c) TNS, (d) TNNTB, (e) ΔTN, and (f) ΔSIN/R, as a function of n, for the CBSnOBOnSCB and CBOnOBOnOCB trimer homologs.
Materials 15 01709 g005aMaterials 15 01709 g005b
Materials 15 01709 g006 550
Figure 6. (a) The 2D-XRD pattern of the N phase (155 °C) of CBS9OBO9SCB in a magnetic field denoted by a meridional arrow, and (b) dWAX, (c) dSAX, and (d) S values, as a function of ΔT, for the CBS9OBO9SCB and CBO9OBO9OCB trimer homologs.
Figure 6. (a) The 2D-XRD pattern of the N phase (155 °C) of CBS9OBO9SCB in a magnetic field denoted by a meridional arrow, and (b) dWAX, (c) dSAX, and (d) S values, as a function of ΔT, for the CBS9OBO9SCB and CBO9OBO9OCB trimer homologs.
Materials 15 01709 g006
Table
Table 1. Thermal phase sequences, phase-transition temperatures, and associated entropy changes (ΔS/R) for the CBSnOBOnSCB trimers. Upper and bottom lines correspond to heating data (Tm, TNI, ΔSm/R, and ΔSNI/R) and cooling data (TCr, TNS, TNNTB, TIN, ΔSCr/R, and ΔSIN/R), respectively.
Table 1. Thermal phase sequences, phase-transition temperatures, and associated entropy changes (ΔS/R) for the CBSnOBOnSCB trimers. Upper and bottom lines correspond to heating data (Tm, TNI, ΔSm/R, and ΔSNI/R) and cooling data (TCr, TNS, TNNTB, TIN, ΔSCr/R, and ΔSIN/R), respectively.
nCrTm (°C)ΔSm/R --NTNI (°C)ΔSNI/RI
TCr (°C)ΔSCr/RMonotropic
SmA or NTB a		TNS or TNNTB (°C)TIN (°C)ΔSIN/R
3•186.420.9 •
•144.819.6 •142 a-•
4•235.312.5 •253.22.8•
•196.611.9 •249.53.1•
5•171.822.5 •
•133.619.7NTB117 a•154.20.4•
6•219.024.7 •
•200.914.9SmA180 a•217.44.0•
7 b•149.420.7 •162.40.8•
•130.020.6NTB126 a•160.20.7•
8•195.631.1 d •198.8- d•
•168.613.2SmA167 a•195.04.3•
9 c•131.321.5 •158.81.1•
•103.620.3NTB122.7•156.51.1•
10•184.832.8 •
•150.725.5SmA146 a•176.24.9•
11•135.429.2 •154.01.7•
•116.625.2NTB121 a•151.51.7•
a Determined by POM. b Ref. [62] c Ref. [63] d Total entropy of (ΔSm/R + ΔSNI/R) due to peak overlap.
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Arakawa, Y.; Komatsu, K.; Ishida, Y.; Shiba, T.; Tsuji, H. Thioether-Linked Liquid Crystal Trimers: Odd–Even Effects of Spacers and the Influence of Thioether Bonds on Phase Behavior. Materials 2022, 15, 1709. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15051709

AMA Style

Arakawa Y, Komatsu K, Ishida Y, Shiba T, Tsuji H. Thioether-Linked Liquid Crystal Trimers: Odd–Even Effects of Spacers and the Influence of Thioether Bonds on Phase Behavior. Materials. 2022; 15(5):1709. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15051709

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arakawa, Yuki, Kenta Komatsu, Yuko Ishida, Takuma Shiba, and Hideto Tsuji. 2022. "Thioether-Linked Liquid Crystal Trimers: Odd–Even Effects of Spacers and the Influence of Thioether Bonds on Phase Behavior" Materials 15, no. 5: 1709. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15051709

APA Style

Arakawa, Y., Komatsu, K., Ishida, Y., Shiba, T., & Tsuji, H. (2022). Thioether-Linked Liquid Crystal Trimers: Odd–Even Effects of Spacers and the Influence of Thioether Bonds on Phase Behavior. Materials, 15(5), 1709. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15051709

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