The Influence of the Geometry of Movement during the Friction Process on the Change in the Tribological Properties of 30CrNiMo8 Steel in Contact with a G40 Steel Ball
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Roughness and Hardness of Materials
3.2. Coefficient of Friction and Wear
3.3. Wear Mechanisms
3.4. Microhardness of the Surface after Wear
4. Conclusions
- The pressure G40 steel ball is an ideal material for wear testing because it resists wear more effectively compared to the experimental 30CrNiMo8 steel due to its ability to act as an effective friction wedge;
- In the ball on disc method, the material achieved an 8% lower friction coefficient compared to the linear test due to a more uniform distribution of O and C on the surface of the friction groove, while these elements function as solid microlubricants;
- Changing the movement of the pressure friction ball led to a significant change in the width or shape of the friction groove. The ball on disc method achieved a higher maximum friction groove depth (108 µm) compared to the linear test method (71 µm), which significantly affected the overall wear of the material;
- With the ball on disc method, an average wear of 1.53 mm³ was achieved, which represents an increase of 147% compared to the linear test (0.62 mm³). The coefficient of increase in op-ordering was approximately 2.468;
- The hollowed-out grooves of the G40 pressure balls showed shallow grooves in the ball on disc method and deeper parallel grooves in the linear test. Both surfaces showed the presence of oxidative wear. In the linear test, small pits were observed, characteristic of the rolling of abrasive particles during three-body wear;
- Combined wear including adhesive and abrasive wear was observed in the ball on disc method. The process was accompanied by the formation of microcracks due to higher plastic deformation of the friction surface. In contrast, in the linear test method, mainly abrasive wear prevailed with the formation of deep grooves and significant areas of oxidative wear;
- Oxidative wear was observed with both test methods. With the ball on disc method, this wear was less common than with the linear test. In this method, oxidative wear occurred in larger concentrated areas, as evidenced by the EDS analysis;
- Even distribution of the main alloying elements on the surface (Cr, Ni, Mo, Mn) did not significantly affect the friction process. The distribution of Fe was uniform, with the exception of small spherical islands in the ball on disc method, where compounds based on Si + O were formed. These islands, representing small abrasive particles, can increase the wear of friction pairs in the further process, which was also observed in the linear test methods, but to a lesser extent;
- Microhardness results showed that the linear test method caused a greater depth of the formed subsurface layer (0.28 mm) due to plastic deformation of the material compared to the ball on disc method, where the depth of the affected area was only 0.19 mm. In the ball on disc method, defects were created in the form of microcracks, which resulted in a decrease in the microhardness values.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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30CrNiMo8 | C | Mn | P | S | Si | Ni | Cr | Mo |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Standardized material composition [%] | 0.26–0.34 | 0.3–0.6 | max. 0.035 | max. 0.035 | 0–0.40 | 1.8–2.2 | 1.8–2.2 | 0.3–0.5 |
Material certificate [%] | 0.32 | 0.54 | 0.016 | 0.026 | 0.22 | 1.98 | 2.11 | 0.377 |
Spectral analysis [%] | 0.34 | 0.52 | 0.002 | 0.024 | 0.21 | 1.86 | 2.08 | 0.42 |
Average [mm] | To 16 | 16–40 | 40–100 | 100–160 | 160–250 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rm [MPa] (Q + T) | 1250–1450 | 1250–1450 | 1000–1300 | 1000–1200 | 850–1100 |
Re [MPa] (Q + T) | 1050 | 1050 | 900 | 800 | 700 |
KV [J] (Q + T) + 20 °C | 30–45 | ||||
A [min. %] (Q + T) | 8–14 | ||||
Z [%] (Q + T) | 40 | 40 | 45 | 50 | 50 |
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Kohutiar, M.; Krbata, M.; Escherova, J.; Eckert, M.; Mikus, P.; Jus, M.; Polášek, M.; Janík, R.; Dubec, A. The Influence of the Geometry of Movement during the Friction Process on the Change in the Tribological Properties of 30CrNiMo8 Steel in Contact with a G40 Steel Ball. Materials 2024, 17, 127. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010127
Kohutiar M, Krbata M, Escherova J, Eckert M, Mikus P, Jus M, Polášek M, Janík R, Dubec A. The Influence of the Geometry of Movement during the Friction Process on the Change in the Tribological Properties of 30CrNiMo8 Steel in Contact with a G40 Steel Ball. Materials. 2024; 17(1):127. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010127
Chicago/Turabian StyleKohutiar, Marcel, Michal Krbata, Jana Escherova, Maros Eckert, Pavol Mikus, Milan Jus, Miroslav Polášek, Róbert Janík, and Andrej Dubec. 2024. "The Influence of the Geometry of Movement during the Friction Process on the Change in the Tribological Properties of 30CrNiMo8 Steel in Contact with a G40 Steel Ball" Materials 17, no. 1: 127. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010127
APA StyleKohutiar, M., Krbata, M., Escherova, J., Eckert, M., Mikus, P., Jus, M., Polášek, M., Janík, R., & Dubec, A. (2024). The Influence of the Geometry of Movement during the Friction Process on the Change in the Tribological Properties of 30CrNiMo8 Steel in Contact with a G40 Steel Ball. Materials, 17(1), 127. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010127