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Article

Importance of Considering Enzyme Degradation for Interpreting the Response of Soil Enzyme Activity to Nutrient Addition: Insights from a Field and Laboratory Study

by
Taiki Mori
1,2,3,
Senhao Wang
1,2,
Cheng Peng
1,2,4,
Cong Wang
1,2,5,
Jiangming Mo
1,2,
Mianhai Zheng
1,2 and
Wei Zhang
1,2,*
1
Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
2
South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, China
3
Kyushu Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kurokami 4-11-16, Kumamoto 860-0862, Japan
4
College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
5
State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Forests 2023, 14(6), 1206; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14061206
Submission received: 11 May 2023 / Revised: 31 May 2023 / Accepted: 8 June 2023 / Published: 11 June 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Cycling in Forest Ecosystems under Environmental Changes)
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Abstract

:
Soil enzyme activity can be affected by both production and degradation processes, as enzymes can be degraded by proteases. However, the impact of nutrient addition on enzyme activity is often solely attributed to changes in enzyme production without fully considering degradation. In this study, we demonstrate that the activities of β-1,4-glucosidase (BG), β-D-cellobiohydrolase (CBH), β-1,4-xylosidase (BX), and β-1,4-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG) in two tropical plantations exhibited comparable levels between nitrogen (N)- and phosphorus (P)-fertilized soils and the unfertilized control under field conditions. However, it was observed that the reduction in enzymatic activity was significantly higher in the fertilized soils during short-term laboratory incubation in the acacia plantation. Additionally, the eucalyptus plantation exhibited a similar tendency, although statistical significance was not achieved due to the high variance of the data. The results show that the interruption of the natural, continuous supply of organic matter or non-soil microbial-derived enzymes, which typically occurs under field conditions, leads to a more significant reduction in soil enzyme activities in fertilized soils compared to unfertilized control. This may be attributed to the higher abundance of protease in fertilized soils, resulting in faster enzyme degradation. Interestingly, P fertilization alone did not have a similar effect, indicating that N fertilization is likely the main cause of the larger decreases in enzyme activity during incubation in fertilized soils compared to unfertilized control soils, despite our study site being poor in P and rich in N. These findings highlight the importance of considering enzyme degradation when investigating material dynamics in forest ecosystems, including the impact of nutrient addition on enzyme activity, as enzyme production alone may not fully explain changes in soil enzyme activity.

1. Introduction

In forest ecosystems, soil extracellular enzymes play essential roles in nutrient cycling and carbon (C) dynamics [1,2,3,4]. Litters deposited on the forest floor provide nutrients to the soil, but it is the enzymes that break down the organic matter, allowing organisms to reuse the nutrients. Soil extracellular enzymes are predominantly synthesized by soil microorganisms and plant roots, but leaf litter [5] or throughfall [6,7,8] can also contribute to the pool of soil extracellular enzymes. In ecosystems where multiple enzymes coexist, the activity of soil extracellular enzymes (i.e., Vmax) can serve as an indicator of enzyme abundance [9,10]. This enzyme abundance reflects the net result of both enzyme production and degradation processes, as soil extracellular enzymes can be degraded by proteases [11,12].
However, the degradation of these enzymes is rarely measured, despite the fact that the degradation rate of enzymes is often used in ecosystem models. Allison [13] measured the degradation of enzymes by monitoring changes in enzyme activity using gamma-irradiated soils where enzyme production by microorganisms was halted. Schimel et al. [11], on the other hand, used chloroform fumigation to halt microbial enzyme production and observed enzyme decay ratios. Both studies reported a significant decrease in enzyme activity during the incubation period, typically within a few weeks, but the degree of decrease varied among different enzymes. Assuming dynamic equilibrium, these results suggest that a similar amount of enzymes is being continuously produced in the field to the amount that is degraded. In field conditions, plants continuously supply resources such as C and nutrients through litters and root exudates. Additionally, plants also provide enzymes to soils through litter layers [5] or throughfall [6,8]. However, the degree to which these resources or enzyme supplies contribute to the soil enzyme pool remains unknown. The first objective of this study is to investigate the extent to which enzyme activity decreases in an incubation conducted under laboratory conditions where these resource supplies are disrupted.
Changes in the availability of nutrients, such as phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N), strongly influence soil enzyme activity, as well as other ecosystem processes such as primary production [14,15], soil respiration [16,17,18], and litter decomposition [19,20,21]. Therefore, numerous studies have investigated the effect of nutrient addition on soil enzyme activity, and multiple meta-analyses have been published demonstrating this impact [22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29]. For example, a meta-analysis has shown that N fertilization can stimulate enzymes related to N acquisition [26], whereas it has also been demonstrated that protein- and chitin-degrading enzymes may be suppressed by N fertilization due to a reduced need for N acquisition [30,31]. Phosphorus addition has generally been found to suppress phosphatase activity [23,24]. On the other hand, it has been observed that phosphatase activity is often stimulated by N addition, which is attributed to the increased N supply available for synthesizing phosphatase [28,32,33]. Oxidative enzymes have been shown to be suppressed by N fertilization [23,25], but the precise mechanisms are still under discussion [34,35]. Thus, the impact of nutrient addition on enzyme activity has been extensively investigated to better understand material dynamics in forest ecosystems.
However, it is important to note that the effects of nutrient addition on enzyme activity have often been attributed solely to changes in enzyme production without fully considering degradation [3]. For instance, the enzymatic stoichiometry hypothesis [36,37] posits that the activity of enzymes serves as a reliable indicator of microbial resource allocation. In other words, this hypothesis is grounded in the concept that enzyme production, arising from the allocation of resources by microorganisms, is manifested and quantified through measurable enzyme activity. The assumption that changes in enzyme activity account for the impacts of nutrient addition on soil enzyme production can lead to a serious misinterpretation. Therefore, the second objective of our study is to demonstrate that the impact of nutrient addition on soil enzyme activity cannot be solely attributed to changes in enzyme production.
To achieve these objectives, we first tested how enzyme activity changes during incubation when there is a disruption in the continuous supply of organic matter or non-soil microbial-derived enzymes. Second, we compared the changes in enzyme activity during incubation in fertilized and unfertilized soils.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Site

The study was conducted at the Heshan National Field Research Station of Forest Ecosystems (112°50′ E, 23°34′ N), which is located in the middle of Guangdong Province, South China. The region has a tropical monsoon climate with a distinct wet and dry season. The annual precipitation and air temperature are 1580.4 mm and 21.7 °C, respectively [38,39]. Two 33-year-old plantation forests were chosen for the experiment, namely a leguminous acacia plantation (AA), dominated by Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Beth. with the occasional occurrence of Acacia mangium Willd., and a non-leguminous eucalyptus plantation (EU), dominated by Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake. Experimental plots were established in both forests. The soil type of both plantations is acrisols [38]. This site has a high N deposition rate through rainfall, with an average of 43.1 ± 3.9 kg N ha−1yr−1 from July 2010 to June 2012 [39]. Table 1 shows the basic information of the study site.

2.2. Experimental Design

In July 2010, a fertilization experiment was initiated with seven different treatments that involved the addition of N and/or P as amendments [39]: control with no fertilization (Con), medium-N-fertilized (MN, 50 kg N ha−1yr−1), high-N-fertilized (HN, 100 kg N ha−1yr−1), medium-P-fertilized (MP, 50 kg P ha−1yr−1), high-P-fertilized (HP, 100 kg P ha−1yr−1), medium-NP-fertilized (MNP, 50 kg P ha−1yr−1 and 50 kg N ha−1yr−1), and high-NP-fertilized (HNP, 100 kg P ha−1yr−1 and 100 kg N ha−1yr−1). Each plot consisted of three replicates and was 10 m × 10 m in size. P-fertilized plots were treated with sodium biphosphate (NaH2PO4) spray, and N-fertilized plots were treated with ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). Both NaH2PO4 and NH4NO3 were dissolved in water and treated bimonthly. Con-plots received commensurable water spray only. Nutrient addition began in August 2010 and is still ongoing. For this study, we focused on three treatments only: Con (hereafter Con-plots), HP (hereafter P-plots), and HNP (hereafter NP-plots).The basic chemical and biological properties in these three plots are shown in Table 2.

2.3. Soil Sampling

In December 2016, six years after the commencement of the experiment, 0-5 cm soil samples were collected from ten randomly selected points in each plot (Con-plots, P-plots and NP-plots of AA and EU stands, respectively) using a soil corer (inner diameter 3.5 cm). The collected soil samples were then processed by passing them through a 2 mm sieve, with the removal of stone and large organic matter. Soil pH was measured using a pH meter (METTLER TOLEDO FE20) according to a soil:water ratio of 1:2.5, and already reported by Wang et al. (2020) [38]. Soil pH values in Con-plots, P-plots, and NP-plots were 3.59 ± 0.035, 3.68 ± 0.082, and 3.59 ± 0.037, respectively in AA stands, and 3.56 ± 0.044, 3.69 ± 0.028, and 3.53 ± 0.032, respectively in EU stands [38]. Water contents of the soil samples in Con-plots, P-plots, and NP-plots were 0.23 ± 0.004, 0.22 ± 0.004, and 0.22 ± 0.007, respectively in AA stands, and 0.23 ± 0.017, 0.22 ± 0.007, and 0.22 ± 0.007, respectively in EU stands [38].

2.4. Enzyme Assay of the Sampled Soils

Enzyme assays of β-1,4-glucosidase (BG), β-1,4-xylosidase (XYL), cellobiohydrolase (CBH), and β-1,4-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG) performed using the fluorescence enzyme assay described by Bell et al. [42] with minor modifications have already been reported by Wang et al. [38]. Briefly, 1.5 g of fresh soil was added to 91 mL of acetate buffer (50 mM, pH 5.0) and blended for 1 min until well homogenized. Two-hundred microliters of the substrates labeled with 4-methylumbelliferone (MUB) (Table 3) were added to 800 μL of the homogenized sample solution in deep 96-well plates. The plates were incubated in the dark at 20 °C for 4 h, followed by centrifugation at 2090× g. Then, 250 μL of the supernatant from the incubated mixture of sample and substrates were transferred into black 96-well plates. We measured the fluorescence of the incubated solution using a microplate spectrophotometer (Infinite M200 PRO) with a 365 nm excitation filter and a 450 nm emission filter. Enzyme activity was then calculated using standard lines prepared for each sample.

2.5. Incubation and Enzyme Assay of the Incubated Soils

Soil samples from Con-plots, P-plots, and NP-plots (3.0 g each) were placed in plastic bottles. After the addition of 0.9 mL deionized water, the bottles were covered with polyethylene rap for preventing the evaporation of water [43] and put into the incubator. Soils were incubated for 7.5 days at 25 °C in the dark. After the end of the incubation, soils were frozen at −20 °C until the enzyme assay. Enzyme activity of the incubated soils was measured using the same methodology as the enzyme assay of the sampled soils (i.e., measurement of soil enzyme activity at the field condition), but with a different amount of soil (3.0 g).

2.6. Calculation and Statistics

The apparent enzyme decay rate was determined using first-order fitting, as shown by the equation:
Eaft = Ebef × e-k×t
where Eaft represents enzyme activity after incubation, Ebef represents enzyme activity before incubation, k is the apparent decay rate constant, and t is the incubation time (i.e., 7.5 days). It is important to note that the calculated k does not indicate the true decay rate constant of the enzyme, as enzymes are continually produced during incubation. Therefore, k should be smaller than the actual decay rate constant of the enzyme. We used a linear mixed-effects model to examine the effect of incubation time (before vs. after)and fertilization on enzyme activity, with subplot as a random effect. We calculated the changes in enzyme activities before and after incubation and compared the values among Con-plots, P-plots, and NP-plots using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s HDS. All statistical analyses were performed using R version 4.2.2 [44].

3. Results

The enzyme activities in AA stands tended to decrease, particularly for BG, as suggested by a linear mixed-effects model analysis (Figure 1). The apparent enzyme decay rates of BG, XYL, and NAG were 0.038, 0.00038, and 0.010, respectively, in Con-plots of AA stands. Meanwhile, the CBH activity in Con-plots of AA stands was elevated and the apparent decay rate could not be calculated (Figure 1). In NP-plots of AA stands, all four enzymes had significantly lower activity than in Con-plots or P-plots (Figure 1), resulting in higher apparent decay rates (0.083, 0.083, 0.16, and 0.12 for BG, XYL, CBH, and NAG, respectively). In contrast, lower enzyme activities compared to Con-plots were not observed in P-plots of AA stands. In P-plots of AA stands, the apparent decay rates were 0.014, 0.0043, and 0.045 for BG, XYL, and NAG, respectively, and CBH activity was elevated and the apparent decay rate was not calculable.
In EU stands, the decreases in enzyme activities tended to be larger compared to AA stands. In Con-plots of EU stands, the apparent enzyme decay rates of BG, XYL, CBH, and NAG were 0.047, 0.069, 0.10, and 0.053, respectively. However, due to the larger variability of data, these decreasing trends did not have statistical significance. Similar to AA stands, the decrease in enzyme activities during incubation tended to be higher in NP-plots, but the results were statistically insignificant due to large variances among the data (Figure 2). The apparent decay rates in NP-plots of EU stands were 0.096, 0.10, 0.23, and 0.11 for BG, XYL, CBH, and NAG, respectively, and 0.03, 0.03, 0.08, and 0.04, respectively, in P-plots of EU stands.
Differences in enzyme activity values before and after incubation were significantly larger in NP-plots in AA stands for all four enzymes: BG, XYL, CBH, and NAG (Figure 3a–d). In EU stands, the averages of the differences in enzyme activity values before and after incubation were consistently highest in NP-plots, but the differences were not statistically significant (Figure 3e–h).

4. Discussion

In our study, microorganisms continuously produced enzymes during incubation, because we did not inhibit soil microbial activity through gamma-irradiation [13] or chloroform fumigation [11]. However, we observed high decay rates of BG and NAG in Con-plots. The values were 0.038 and 0.047 in AA stands, and 0.010 and 0.053 in EU stands for BG and NAG, respectively, which were higher than those reported for most soils by Schimel et al. [11], where microbial activity had been excluded by chloroform fumigation. Our findings indicate that the activity of at least some enzymes could decrease significantly under laboratory conditions, despite the continuous production of enzymes by microorganisms during incubation. This decrease in enzyme activity in laboratory conditions could be attributed to the interruption of the natural, continuous supply of organic matter or enzymes provided by microorganisms in areas other than the soil, such as the litter layer [5] or phyllosphere [6], which occur in field conditions. This highlights the significance of a continuous supply of organic matter and non-soil microbial-derived enzymes in maintaining enzyme activity in forest soils.
In ecosystems where multiple enzymes coexist, the activity of soil extracellular enzymes (i.e., Vmax) can serve as an indicator of enzyme abundance [9,10]. Therefore, various studies have utilized the ratios of different enzyme activities as indicators of microbial resource allocation for nutrient acquisition [33,36,37,45,46,47] (it should be noted that several studies questioned this approach [48,49,50,51,52,53]). In these studies, accurately determining enzyme production by microorganisms, rather than enzyme activity, is essential because microbial resource allocation to obtain nutrients should be related to microbial resource allocation to produce enzymes.Our results demonstrate that enzyme activity (or enzyme pools) are not equal to enzyme production. Furthermore, as discussed below, impact of nutrient addition on enzyme activity (or enzyme pools) does not necessarily reflect that on enzyme production. Therefore, relying solely on soil enzyme activity measurements may lead to misleading conclusions regarding microbial resource allocation for nutrient acquisition.
Under field conditions in both AA and EU stands (i.e., before incubations as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2), the activities of BG, XYL, CBH, and NAG were similar between NP-plots and Con-plots. However, a significant reduction in activity was observed during short-term laboratory incubation in AA stands, with a higher reduction in NP-plots than in Con-plots (Figure 1 and Figure 3a–d). In EU stands, a similar trend was observed, although it was statistically insignificant due to high variability. These results show that the impact of interrupting the natural, continuous supply of organic matter or non-soil microbial-derived enzymes, which occurs under field conditions, on enzyme activities was higher in NP-plot soils compared to Con-plot soils. It is possible that the higher quantity of protease in NP-plot soils, as compared to the Con-plot soils, may have led to faster degradation of enzymes in the NP-plot soils. Because P fertilization alone did not produce a similar effect as in the NP-plot soils, it is likely that N fertilization is the main cause of the substantially larger decreases in enzyme activity during incubation in NP-plots compared to Con-plots. If this is the case, our findings challenge the assumption that the impacts of N fertilization are less crucial than those of P fertilization in tropical forest soils that are often considered N-rich and P-poor [16,54] (but see [55]). Further experimentation involving soils treated solely with N fertilization is needed for future investigation. In addition, future research should aim to determine the impact of nutrient addition on pure turnover rate of enzymes by excluding enzyme production by soil microorganisms, as previous studies have done [11,13].

5. Conclusions

In this study, we demonstrated that the activities of hydrolysable enzymes, specifically BG and NAG, decreased rapidly during incubation when the natural and continuous supply of organic matter or enzymes provided by microorganisms in areas other than the soil were disrupted. This highlights the importance of a continuous supply of organic matter and non-soil microbial-derived enzymes in maintaining enzyme activity in forest soils. We also suggested that caution is necessary when assessing microbial resource allocation for nutrient (or energy) acquisition by measuring enzyme activity, as the measured values may not reflect enzyme production accurately.
We also demonstrated that the activities of four hydrolysable enzymes, i.e., BG, XYL, CBH, and NAG, were comparable in N- and P-fertilized soils and the unfertilized control under field conditions, but decreases in those activities were substantially greater in the fertilized soils during short-term laboratory incubation. Since a similar pattern was not observed in P-fertilized soils, our results suggest that the interruption of the continuous supply of organic matter or non-soil microbial-derived enzymes in the field leads to a more significant reduction in enzyme activities in N-fertilized soils compared to unfertilized control.
In conclusion, the present study highlights the importance of considering enzyme degradation when investigating material dynamics in forest ecosystems, including the impact of nutrient addition on enzyme activity, as soil enzyme activity may not always reflect enzyme production.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, T.M.; software, T.M. and S.W.; validation, T.M.and S.W.; formal analysis, T.M., C.P. and S.W.; investigation, T.M., C.P., C.W. and S.W.; resources, W.Z. and J.M.; data curation, T.M., C.W., M.Z. and S.W.; writing—original draft preparation, T.M.; writing—review and editing, T.M., C.P., M.Z. and W.Z.; visualization, T.M.; supervision, W.Z. and J.M.; project administration, W.Z.; funding acquisition, W.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42077311, 42173077), Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Postdoctoral Fellowships for Research Abroad (28·601), and a grant from The Sumitomo Foundation (153082).

Data Availability Statement

Data are provided by corresponding author when requested.

Acknowledgments

We thank Shengxing Fu and Meifang Hu for their support for our field work.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

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Forests 14 01206 g001 550
Figure 1. The enzyme activity of β-1,4-glucosidase (BG), β-1,4-xylosidase (XYL), cellobiohydrolase (CBH), and β-1,4-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG) measured before and after a 7.5-day incubation in soils taken from Con-plots, P-plots, and NP-plots of AA stands. MUB—4-methylumbelliferone. Results of a linear mixed-effects model to examine the effect of incubation time (before vs. after) and fertilization (Con vs. P vs. NP) on enzyme activity, with subplot as a random effect, are presented in the upper right corner of the figures. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.
Figure 1. The enzyme activity of β-1,4-glucosidase (BG), β-1,4-xylosidase (XYL), cellobiohydrolase (CBH), and β-1,4-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG) measured before and after a 7.5-day incubation in soils taken from Con-plots, P-plots, and NP-plots of AA stands. MUB—4-methylumbelliferone. Results of a linear mixed-effects model to examine the effect of incubation time (before vs. after) and fertilization (Con vs. P vs. NP) on enzyme activity, with subplot as a random effect, are presented in the upper right corner of the figures. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.
Forests 14 01206 g001
Forests 14 01206 g002 550
Figure 2. The enzyme activity of β-1,4-glucosidase (BG), β-1,4-xylosidase (XYL), cellobiohydrolase (CBH), and β-1,4-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG) measured before and after a 7.5-day incubation in soils taken from Con-plots, P-plots, and NP-plots of EU stands. MUB—4-methylumbelliferone. A linear mixed-effects model to examine the effect of incubation time (before vs. after) and fertilization (Con vs. P vs. NP) on enzyme activity, with subplot as a random effect, did not show statistical significance.
Figure 2. The enzyme activity of β-1,4-glucosidase (BG), β-1,4-xylosidase (XYL), cellobiohydrolase (CBH), and β-1,4-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG) measured before and after a 7.5-day incubation in soils taken from Con-plots, P-plots, and NP-plots of EU stands. MUB—4-methylumbelliferone. A linear mixed-effects model to examine the effect of incubation time (before vs. after) and fertilization (Con vs. P vs. NP) on enzyme activity, with subplot as a random effect, did not show statistical significance.
Forests 14 01206 g002
Forests 14 01206 g003 550
Figure 3. The differences in enzyme activity values before and after the 7.5-day incubation (ΔActivity) of (a) β-1,4-glucosidase (BG), (b) β-1,4-xylosidase (XYL), (c) cellobiohydrolase (CBH), and (d) β-1,4-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG) in AA stands, and (e) BG, (f) XYL, (g) CBH, and (h) NAG in EU stands. MUB—4-methylumbelliferone. Different letters (a and b) indicate statistical significance.
Figure 3. The differences in enzyme activity values before and after the 7.5-day incubation (ΔActivity) of (a) β-1,4-glucosidase (BG), (b) β-1,4-xylosidase (XYL), (c) cellobiohydrolase (CBH), and (d) β-1,4-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG) in AA stands, and (e) BG, (f) XYL, (g) CBH, and (h) NAG in EU stands. MUB—4-methylumbelliferone. Different letters (a and b) indicate statistical significance.
Forests 14 01206 g003
Table
Table 1. Basic information of the study site.
Table 1. Basic information of the study site.
PropertiesAAEU
 Soil total organic C (g kg−1) a,c22.1 (2.3)15.5 (0.9)
 Soil total N (g kg−1) a,c1.6 (0.1)1.5 (0.1)
 Soil NH4+ (mg kg−1) a,c16.0 (1.0)13.4 (2.0)
 Soil NO3- (mg kg−1) a,c17.8 (1.4)13.6 (2.6)
 DOC (µg C g−1) b275.6 (3.5)297.9 (3.6)
 DN (µg N g−1) b38.5 (1.1)41.8 (2.2)
 Soil available P (mg kg−1) a,c1.8 (0.2)1.6 (0.3)
 Soil pH a,c3.83 (0.03)3.91 (0.05)
 Fine root biomass (g m−2) a,c92.9 (13.6)74.4 (3.2)
 Standing litter-layer mass
 (g m−2yr−1) c		694.1 (25)590.2 (14)
 Basal area (m2 ha−1) d12.516.7
 Mean height of planted trees
 (m) e		12.211.5
 DBH of planted trees (cm) e1511.1
 Stem density (tree ha−1) e20761962
 Litterfall mass (g m−2yr−1) e841 (58)870 (67)
AA—forest stands dominated by Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Beth. with the occasional occurrence of Acacia mangium Willd. EU—forest stands dominated by Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake. C—carbon. N—nitrogen. DOC—dissolved organic carbon. DN—dissolved nitrogen. DBH—Diameter at breast height. a Soil samples were obtained from surface soil at 0–10 cm depth both for chemical analysis and fine root biomass determination. b Data from Mori et al., 2021 [40]. Values are means with standard errors in parentheses (five replication of a composite soil). c Data from Zhang et al., 2012 [41]. Values are means with standard errors in parentheses (n = 3). d Data from Zhang et al., 2012 [41]. The values were determined before the start of the fertilization experiment. e Data from Zhang et al., 2014 [39]. Litterfall mass data were taken from the control plots.
Table
Table 2. Impacts of fertilization on soil chemical and biological properties.
Table 2. Impacts of fertilization on soil chemical and biological properties.
StandPropertiesCon-PlotP-PlotNP-Plot
 Soil total organic C (g kg−1)40.7 (3)45.3 (4)55.8 (4)
 Soil total N (g kg−1)2.2 (0.1)2.2 (0.2)2.0 (0.2)
 C:N ratio18.5 (1) a18.9 (3) ab27.9 (3) b
AA Soil NH4+ (mg kg−1)9.4 (0.5)11.9 (0.7)12.2 (0.8)
 Soil NO3- (mg kg−1)7.7 (0.9)6.6 (0.4)11.3 (1.0)
 MBC (µg C g−1)330 (31) a634 (38) b446 (34) ab
 MBN (µg N g−1)67 (12)86 (17)52 (14)
 Soil available P (mg kg−1)2.9 (0.3) a4.1 (0.5) b4.0 (0.1) b
 Soil total organic C (g kg−1)20.9 (3)33.9 (2)33.6 (3)
 Soil total N (g kg−1)1.6 (0.1)1.6 (0.3)1.7 (0.1)
 C:N ratio13.1 (2) a21.2 (2) b19.8 (1) b
EU Soil NH4+ (mg kg−1)6.7 (0.2)5.2 (0.8)6.9 (0.7)
 Soil NO3- (mg kg−1)5.6 (0.5) b4.2 (0.7) a6.0 (0.6) b
 MBC (µg C g−1)378 (33)359 (26)350 (20)
 MBN (µg N g−1)78 (8)47 (12)80 (10)
 Soil available P (mg kg−1)2.6 (0.1) a4.1 (0.4) b4.0 (0.5) b
AA—forest stands dominated by Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Beth. with the occasional occurrence of Acacia mangium Willd. EU—forest stands dominated by Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake. C—carbon. N—nitrogen. P—phosphorus. MBC—microbial biomass carbon. MBN—microbial biomass nitrogen. Data were cited from Zhang et al. (2014) [39]. Soil samples were obtained from surface soil at 0–10 cm depth in July 2012. Values are means with standard errors in parentheses (n = 3). Different letters indicate statistical significance shown by the original paper (p < 0.05).
Table
Table 3. Extracellular enzymes, abbreviation, and substrate used in the present study.
Table 3. Extracellular enzymes, abbreviation, and substrate used in the present study.
EnzymeAbbreviationSubstrate
β-1,4-GlucosidaseBGMUB-β-D-glucosid
β-1,4-XylosidaseXYLMUB-β-D-cellobioside
CellobiohydrolaseCBHMUB-β-D-xyloside
β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidaseNAGMUB-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide
MUB, 4-methylumbelliferone.
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Mori, T.; Wang, S.; Peng, C.; Wang, C.; Mo, J.; Zheng, M.; Zhang, W. Importance of Considering Enzyme Degradation for Interpreting the Response of Soil Enzyme Activity to Nutrient Addition: Insights from a Field and Laboratory Study. Forests 2023, 14, 1206. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14061206

AMA Style

Mori T, Wang S, Peng C, Wang C, Mo J, Zheng M, Zhang W. Importance of Considering Enzyme Degradation for Interpreting the Response of Soil Enzyme Activity to Nutrient Addition: Insights from a Field and Laboratory Study. Forests. 2023; 14(6):1206. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14061206

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mori, Taiki, Senhao Wang, Cheng Peng, Cong Wang, Jiangming Mo, Mianhai Zheng, and Wei Zhang. 2023. "Importance of Considering Enzyme Degradation for Interpreting the Response of Soil Enzyme Activity to Nutrient Addition: Insights from a Field and Laboratory Study" Forests 14, no. 6: 1206. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14061206

APA Style

Mori, T., Wang, S., Peng, C., Wang, C., Mo, J., Zheng, M., & Zhang, W. (2023). Importance of Considering Enzyme Degradation for Interpreting the Response of Soil Enzyme Activity to Nutrient Addition: Insights from a Field and Laboratory Study. Forests, 14(6), 1206. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14061206

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