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Article

The Influence of Tourist–Environment Fit on Environmental Responsibility Behavior: A Moderated Mediation Model

by
Yifei Li
1 and
Min Song
2,*
1
School of Social Sciences, Wonju National University, Gangneung Campus, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
2
Library, Jining University, Jining 273155, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Forests 2024, 15(10), 1726; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101726
Submission received: 29 August 2024 / Revised: 23 September 2024 / Accepted: 25 September 2024 / Published: 29 September 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Sustainable Use of Forests in Tourism and Recreation)
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Abstract

:
Urban forest parks have emerged as significant tourist destinations thanks to economic expansion and the rise in free time. These parks offer tourists the opportunity to connect with nature. Existing studies have examined the value and importance of urban forest parks for tourists. However, there is a lack of research on the interaction between tourists and the natural environment and its influence on environmental responsibility. This study used structural equation modeling to explore the impact of tourist–environment fit on environmentally responsible behavior and the mediating role of natural empathy and awe in the impact of the above-mentioned relationship. In addition, the moderating role of tourists’ different cultural backgrounds (nationalities) was also analyzed. In this study, 509 valid questionnaires were collected from field surveys in April and May 2024 at the forest park of Lim City, Seoul, Republic of Korea. The data analysis indicates a notable and favorable impact of tourist–environment fit on visitors’ natural empathy, awe, and environmentally responsible behavior. Natural empathy and awe play a mediating role in the influence of tourist–environment fit on environmentally responsible behavior. It suggests that the fit between tourists and the recreational environment of urban forest parks promotes the emergence of empathy and awe and, thus, stimulates tourists’ environmentally responsible behavior. In addition, tourists’ cultural backgrounds play a moderating role in the influence of natural empathy and awe on environmentally responsible behavior. Compared to Korean tourists, Chinese tourists’ natural empathy and awe strongly influence environmentally responsible behavior compared to Korean tourists. This paper also explores the theoretical progress and practical observations that provide guidance and serve as references for the management and sustainable development of urban forest parks.

1. Introduction

With the acceleration of the pace of life and the increase in leisure time, people pay more and more attention to their physical and mental health [1]. Multiple studies have demonstrated that urban forest parks have a significant impact on alleviating visitor stress, promoting relaxation of the body and mind, and enhancing the overall quality of life [2,3], which is in line with the concept of tourists’ reverence for returning to nature and the pursuit of an active and healthy life. Highly engaged travelers also expand their relationships through outdoor recreational activities or by sharing their travel knowledge [4]. The behaviors of tourists in protecting the environment and their attitudes towards the natural environment will also contribute to the ecological development of urban forest parks. Therefore, to provide tourists with a green environment and a healthy life and to achieve sustainable development, this study considers it important to explore the interactivity between tourists and the natural environment and its impact on environmentally responsible behavior (ERB).
Interactivity between tourists and the natural environment is often referred to in the literature as tourist–environment fit (T-E Fit), It also indicates compatibility between tourists and the tourist environment [5]. T-E Fit is an important theory of tourist–environment interaction, referring to the degree of consistency and the degree of match between the tourist and the environment [6]. Although the influence of T-E Fit on environmental responsibility behavior has been discussed in the literature, most of the studies on the relationship between the two only remain at the level of theoretical discussion. A few studies have empirically examined the influence of T-E Fit on environmental responsibility behavior. However, the influence’s path and the effect’s mechanism are still unclear. Cai and Zhu (2021) conducted a study to examine the impact of T-E Fit on ERB. They discovered that when tourists have a strong alignment with the natural environment, there is a higher probability of experiencing positive emotions and engaging in positive behaviors within the environment. Consequently, this heightened awareness leads to an increased focus on environmental protection [7]. Liu et al. (2024) also suggested that the extent to which the environment aligns with tourists’ preferences might greatly enhance their emotions [5]. With the gradual enrichment of research in this field, some scholars have attempted to include emotional factors in the influential relationship between the two. Natural empathy and awe [8], as important emotional links in the relationship between humans and the tourism environment, play an important role in strengthening the formation of ERBs among tourists. Therefore, it is of great research value and theoretical significance to reveal the relationship between natural empathy and awe in the influence of T-E Fit on ERB.
Furthermore, numerous studies have demonstrated that cultural values, empathy, and a sense of environmental responsibility can differ among travelers from diverse cultural backgrounds [9]. For example, Eastern countries emphasize the harmonious coexistence of human and nature regarding ecological balance and sustainable development, In contrast, Western countries pay more attention to human subjectivity and the subjugation and utilization of nature [10]. Several academics have drawn comparisons between the Western and Chinese perspectives on nature. Western countries believe that nature was brought into existence by a divine being and that humans can overcome and control nature to improve their quality of life. In contrast, the Chinese believe that humans are an integral ecosystem component and approach nature with deep reverence [11]. These contrasting perspectives on nature exemplify the disparities between Eastern and Western civilizations and shape individuals’ outlooks and actions towards the natural environment [11]. Although much of the literature has studied the relationship between environmental attitudes and tourism behaviors among tourists from different cultural backgrounds, there has been less focus on the moderating role of tourists’ cultural backgrounds (nationalities) in the relationship between natural empathy and awe and ERB. The comparative study of natural empathy and awe for tourists from different countries can provide useful enlightenment for the sustainable development of urban forest parks.
The SOR model elucidates the predictive impact of environmental attributes on users’ emotional reactions and subsequent actions, employing the framework of “stimulus–individual physiological and behavior–response [12]”. This study uses the theoretical SOR model to explore the formation mechanism of tourists’ ERB. The environmental compatibility perceived by tourists during their travels is considered an external stimulus, and the natural empathy and awe for urban forest parks is a psychological state generated by external stimuli, affecting the ERBs of tourists. To fill the above-mentioned research gaps, the specific objectives of this study are twofold: (1) explore the impact of T-E Fit on ERB and the mediating role of natural empathy and awe in the above-mentioned impact relationship; and (2) explore the moderating role of the cultural background (nationality) of the tourists in the influence of natural empathy and awe on ERB. As the largest urban forest park in Seoul, Korea, and one of the most popular natural parks in Seoul, Seoul Urban Forest Park was selected as the case study site.

2. Literature Review

2.1. SOR Theory

The SOR model was initially introduced by Mehrabian and Russell [1]. The “stimulus–organism–response” model consists of three parts: an external stimulus (S), organism (O), and individual behavior response (R). The stimulus represents external environmental factors, such as the environment, evaluation, and information quality; the organism is the intermediate variable that represents the individual’s psychological state changes, such as emotional or cognitive responses; the response is the outcome variable that represents the individual’s attitude or behavior, which usually manifests as an approach or avoidance of a certain thing [12]. External stimuli awaken the consumer’s cognitive and subconscious minds, prompting them to respond and behave accordingly. In this process, the consumer’s organism adapts to the interaction demands by adjusting the relationship between the stimulus and response [13]. Therefore, the theory holds that the external environment acts as a stimulus that affects an individual’s cognition and emotions and that the stimulated cognition and emotions ultimately affect the individual’s behavior [14]. This shows that external environmental stimuli are closely related to an individual’s behavior [13].
The effectiveness of the SOR theory has been empirically tested in many fields. Wang et al. (2021) suggested, using the SOR theory, that utilizing social media in the field of marketing improves customers’ subjective well-being, leading to a rise in brand loyalty [15]. In addition, some scholars have found that tactile and taste stimuli positively impact passengers’ perceptions of an airline’s image and their willingness to make repeat purchases [16]. Peng et al. (2014) investigated the influence of environmental stimuli on customers’ attitudes toward online shopping and emotional buying using the SOR model in the field of consumer behavior [17]. Furthermore, prior research has indicated that the marketing communication channels of organic food and the perceived value of organic food have a favorable impact on the behavioral intentions of organic food customers within the SOR framework [18]. Ming et al. (2021) utilized the stimulus–organism–response (SOR) paradigm in the live media sector to suggest that customer trust is influenced by social presence and telepresence, which, in turn, leads to impulsive purchases [19].
The SOR model is extensively utilized in tourist research. Chang et al. (2014) found, for example, that the more novel the physical environment, the higher the perceived value (utility and hedonistic value) of the shopper and the stronger the intention to revisit [20]. In addition, some scholars have also studied the SOR model and found that when Chinese outbound tourists have high positive emotions towards a tourist destination, they are more willing to recommend and revisit the destination [21]. In pro-environmental research, Jing Wang et al. (2021) constructed the SOR framework, which argues that residents’ perceived a sustainability-related environment to not only directly influence their participation in pro-environmental behaviors but also indirectly influences their pro-environmental behaviors through environmental enthusiasm, perceived environmental responsibility, and environmental commitment [22]. In addition, some scholars have used the park environment as an “external stimulus,” the internal state of the tourist as an “organism,” and the tourist’s behavior after visiting the park as a “response,” exploring the relationship between environmental stimuli, perceived satisfaction, and post-visit behavior [23]. Based on the previous elaboration showing that the SOR theory has been heavily applied to tourism studies about pro-environmental behavior and park environments, the SOR model can be used as a reliable theoretical framework for this study.

2.2. The Relationship between Tourist–Environment Fit, Natural Empathy, Awe, and Environmentally Responsible Behavior

Recreationist–environment fit (R-E fit) was first proposed by Tsaur et al. [24] to represent the compatibility between the recreationist and the recreational environment, emphasizing the interactivity between the two [5,6]. Simultaneously, environmental compatibility is typically categorized into six dimensions: environmental resources, social opportunities, environmental functions, environmental facilities, activity knowledge/skills, and operation/management [24,25]. In this study, environmental resources refer to the natural and artificial resources available, such as water, soil, buildings, etc. Social opportunities refer to the conditions and opportunities for interpersonal interaction and social activities in tourism. Environmental functions not only provide tourists with the necessities of life and resources and handle garbage but also provide a place where tourists can enjoy themselves. Environmental facilities refer to amenities provided for environmental users, such as park facilities, transportation facilities, etc. Activity knowledge/skills refer to the professional knowledge or skills required to carry out activities in that environment. Operation/management refers to the planning, organization, control, and supervision of the environment to ensure its efficient operation. The use of fit has been proven in numerous studies. Studies have shown that the higher the degree of fit between employees and their work environment, the higher the job satisfaction and commitment [26]. Studies on physical fitness and stress tests found that people with good physical fitness have lower levels of mental distress. In comparison, people with poor physical fitness have higher levels of mental distress and, consequently, lower levels of job satisfaction [27]. After that, Cai et al. (2021) expanded recreationist–environment fit to the field of tourism and proposed the concept of T-E Fit. T-E Fit also uses the same six dimensions as recreationist–environment fit to broaden its application in the field of environmental psychology [7]. For example, in the case of ethnic cultural experiences, Pulido-Fernández et al. (2019) found that the fit between tourists and the environment affects the cultural contact experience of tourists [28]. In a study of mountain tourists, Liu et al. (2024) showed that T-E Fit can significantly increase the positive emotions of mountain tourists [5].
Empathy is the ability to understand and share the emotional experiences of others from their perspective [29]. Natural empathy is defined as the empathy that individuals have for the natural environment, referring to the emotional experiences that people feel and share with the natural world [30]. Numerous studies have shown that T-E Fit has a significant impact on natural empathy. For example, when tourists perceive the tourist environment during their travel activities to be up to their expectations, they will have an immersive experience and devote more energy to interacting with the environment [7]. As their connection and intimacy with the recreational area increases, their ability to empathize will also increase. Through empathy, tourists can feel the distress and regret caused by the tourist attraction’s low-level recreational environment and also the joy brought by the beautiful recreational environment [29,31]. Existing research has explored the relationship between T-E Fit and natural empathy. For example, Lin et al. (2023) found that forest hikers were more likely to develop a deeper emotional connection with the natural environment, which may make them more sensitive to the state of the natural environment and, thus, generate stronger natural empathy [32]. The study of students’ participation in agricultural practices found that when environmental resources and functions matched students’ needs, the students would be more active, and their participation would increase [33]. A study conducted by Hinds J et al. (2008) demonstrates that when tourists are immersed in the natural environment, their sense of connectedness with the surroundings enhances their emotional bond with the natural environment [31]. In addition, research has shown that T-E Fit can help to improve the quality of tourists’ recreational experiences and empathic experiences [34]. Based on the above, hypothesis H1 is proposed:
H1. 
The tourist–environment fit has a significant positive effect on natural empathy.
Awe is an emotional surprise experience that an individual feels when confronted with artistic creations, natural landscapes, human behavior, etc., beyond their cognitive understanding [35]. Keltner and Haidt (2003) describe awe as a typical emotion that occurs after a rather strong stimulus, in which a person feels disoriented, fearful, small, humble and confused [36]. Previous research has shown that T-E Fit is important in stimulating tourists’ sense of awe [37]. For example, a study of travel to holy mountains found that the natural environment and religious atmosphere that fit the tourists’ expectations enhanced their awe-inspiring experience [38]. Li et al. (2023) found that when tourists are faced with natural and cultural wonders that are more compatible with themselves, they are more likely to stimulate their perception of grandness and the need for self-adaptation, which, in turn, leads to a greater sense of environmental restoration and awe [37]. The results of the study by Jiang et al. (2022) also show that the fit between the perception of the destination’s natural environment and the availability of infrastructure has a positive and significant impact on the sense of awe of tourists [39]. Based on the above debate, the subsequent hypothesis is put forward, Hypothesis 2:
H2. 
The tourist–environment fit has a significant positive effect on the sense of awe.
Tourists’ environmentally responsible behavior pertains to the actions taken by individuals in the tourism environment to advance environmental sustainability and minimize negative environmental effects as much as feasible [40]. According to the previous study, the more a tourist adapts to the environment, the more they can gain a sense of self-confidence and accomplishment, thereby increasing environmental awareness, cherishing the various resources in the environment, and doing their best to protect the environment [41]. Existing research has explored the relationship between T-E Fit and ERB. Studies have shown that the higher the environmental compatibility of tourists, the more they can derive leisure benefits or a sense of self-satisfaction and accomplishment from the environment, thereby increasing their willingness to protect the environment [6]. At the same time, the study by Weng et al. (2022) also shows that the leisure experience provided by natural tourist destinations that suits the tourists has a significant positive impact on the tourists’ travel experience and ERB [2]. Moreover, tourists’ attachment to local natural resources can also significantly impact ERBs in their daily lives [42]. In addition, research has shown that when nature-loving travelers participate in nature-based tourism that matches their personal preferences, these recreational experiences enhance their environmental attitudes and biosphere values, thereby increasing their participation in ERBs [43]. Thus, considering the aforementioned facts, we suggest hypothesis H3:
H3. 
The tourist–environment fit has a significant positive impact on environmentally responsible behavior.
Previous research has shown that natural empathy, as the ability to understand and share the emotional experiences of natural individuals [44], also plays a crucial role in promoting ERBs [37,45]. Berenguer (2010) proposes that enhancing visitors’ empathy can enhance their moral reasoning regarding the environment. Furthermore, those with high levels of empathy exhibit more robust pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors compared to those with low levels of empathy [45]. Natural empathy increases tourists’ emotional investment in the natural environment, allowing them to better understand and care for the environment and guiding tourists to adopt ERB [32]. For example, when individuals with high empathy encounter animals that have been harmed by environmental pollution, they will imagine themselves as the animals in distress and have a stronger sense of protecting the ecosystem [46]. Simultaneously, prior research has demonstrated that natural empathy substantially benefits pro-environmental beliefs and behaviors. College students with greater empathy are likelier to participate in activities promoting environmental well-being [47]. Existing research shows that natural empathy has an impact on feelings of awe, in addition to ERB. Some scholars have proposed that there is an interactive effect between awe and natural empathy on pro-environmental behavior. When natural empathy is low, awe can stimulate tourists’ sense of connection with the scenic environment, and they will then exhibit greater pro-environmental behavior [48].
Piff et al. (2015) suggest that feelings of awe may help place the individual in a broader social context and increase collective concern, increasing prosocial actions [49]. Previous studies have further confirmed that a sense of awe can promote an individual’s intention to behave in an environmentally responsible manner [35,50]. For example, a study of the tourist destinations Daocheng Yading and Sansheng Flower Village found that tourists who felt awe had more stringent moral judgments and stronger moral intentions [51]. Spears (2011) proposed that feelings of awe can cause individuals to reduce their focus on personal interests and instead focus on the group and society, thereby increasing their willingness to engage in prosocial behavior [52]. It was found in religious tourism that the perceived religious atmosphere is an important factor in generating a sense of awe in tourists, which can affect their ERB [53]. In addition, a study using Tibet’s Putao National Park as a research site found that the sense of awe among community residents affects their willingness to behave responsibly towards the environment [54]. Therefore, based on the above evidence, the following hypotheses are proposed:
H4. 
Natural empathy has a significant positive effect on environmentally responsible behavior.
H5. 
Awe has a significant positive effect on environmentally responsible behavior.
H6. 
Natural empathy has a significant positive effect on awe.
Furthermore, certain research has demonstrated that T-E Fit has both a direct impact on ERB and an indirect impact through natural empathy and awe. For example, Luo et al. (2023) verified the existence of a mediating role of natural empathy between environmental education perception and ERB [8]. Islam et al. (2019) propose that empathy mediates the relationship between corporate social responsibility and voluntary environmental action [55]. Some researchers have also employed empathy as an intermediary to validate the influence of teenagers’ prosocial conduct [56]. The awe and amazement experienced by tourists when big occurrences inspire them serve as the foundation for their understanding of environmental conservation and adopting environmentally responsible conduct [8]. In a study set in the context of climate change, the researchers say that the awe of nature can affect the effect of ego on pro-environmental behavior [57]. Liu et al. (2024) studied the indirect effect of awe on the relationship between ecological, environmental, experiential learning and ERB intention, and the results showed that the stronger the awe, the stronger the ERB intention [58]. In addition, scholars have found in their study of the awe of intangible cultural heritage that awe has a significant positive mediating effect between tourism participation and destination loyalty, as well as between tourism experience quality and destination loyalty [59]. A high degree of fit with the tourist environment is not only an important factor in generating natural empathy and awe in tourists [48] but also stimulates the desire of tourists to protect the environment, significantly affecting ERB [6]. When tourists are immersed in an environment that is highly compatible with the them, their empathy with the environment is enhanced, which may lead to a deeper sense of awe in the tourist for the natural world. When the individual is closely connected to the environment, the emergence of empathy and awe is not only an emotional response to nature but may also be a manifestation of a tendency to act responsibly towards the environment. In summary, this paper proposes the following hypotheses, H7, H8, and H9:
H7. 
Natural empathy plays a mediating role in the influence of tourist–environment fit on environmentally responsible behavior.
H8. 
Awe plays a mediating role in the influence of tourist–environment fit on environmentally responsible behavior.
H9. 
Natural empathy and awe play a chain-mediating role in the impact of tourist–environment fit on environmentally responsible behavior.

2.3. The Moderating Effect of Cultural Background

Existing research shows that differences in the cultural backgrounds of tourists lead to differences in cultural values, and these differences in cultural values affect tourists’ attitudes toward environmental responsibility and their travel behavior [9,11]. For example, studies have shown that Eastern countries emphasize the harmonious coexistence of man and nature, ecological balance and sustainable development. In comparison, Western countries emphasize human subjectivity and the conquest and utilization of nature [10]. This difference has led to different attitudes and actions in environmental protection issues between Eastern and Western countries. Eastern countries are more active in promoting green development and ecological protection, while Western countries are more active in promoting environmental education [60]. Some scholars have also compared the Western and Chinese views of nature and have suggested that Westerners believe that nature is God’s creation and that humans can conquer nature to obtain a better life. On the other hand, the Chinese view nature as the origin of all things and have a reverent and protective attitude towards it. These two different views of nature not only reflect the differences between Eastern and Western cultures but also influence people’s attitudes and behaviors toward the natural environment [11]. Zhao et al. (2021) found some differences in empathy between Australian and Chinese participants. Among them, Australian women and Chinese men showed higher levels of empathy, indicating that people from different cultural backgrounds and genders may also differ in their level of empathy [61]. Even in the East, the cultural values of tourists of different nationalities are different [62]. For example, research has shown that Chinese tourists have a stronger sense of environmental responsibility than Korean tourists [63]. Fang et al. (2018) also found that the correlation between tourism knowledge and ERB intention was higher among college students in mainland China than in Taiwan [64]. China and Republic of Korea, despite being Asian nations, possess distinct cultural backgrounds, so their cultural values and social norms are expected to be slightly different [62]. Therefore, considering the influence of the link between Chinese and Koreans with different environmental attitudes on natural empathy, awe, and ERB, the following hypotheses are proposed:
H10. 
The cultural background of the tourist plays a moderating role in the influence of natural empathy on environmentally responsible behavior.
H11. 
The cultural background of the tourist plays a moderating role in the influence of awe on environmentally responsible behavior.
The conceptual framework of this study containing eleven hypotheses is shown in Figure 1:

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Description of the Research Case

Seoul Forest is an urban forest park located in Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea (see Figure 2). The total area of Seoul Forest is about 150,000 pyeong. The forest is designed with an emphasis on environmental protection. A total of 420,000 trees of 104 species with a 30 to 40 cm diameter and a height of 20 m were transplanted throughout the park. Seoul Forest is the first park in Korea where citizens can directly participate in the construction and management of the forest. You can also see examples of citizens participating in the construction process, such as the design of tree and vegetation landscapes, and participating in the park operation. Seoul Forest is a popular destination for locals, with its beautiful environment and lush greenery. It has five theme parks: the Culture and Arts Park, the Natural Ecology Forest, the Nature Experience and Learning Garden, the Wetland Ecology Park, and the Han River Waterfront Park. Seoul Forest has become a comprehensive tourist destination with various facilities, such as Republic of Korea’s first water source, golf course, racecourse, and sports park. In the vicinity of Seoul Forest Park, there are also a variety of restaurants, popular coffee shops with exquisite decorations, fashionable independent brand boutiques, and a complex cultural space that integrates culture and art. The SM Entertainment building, the birthplace of the Korean Wave KPOP, is also located here, and it is also the location of many scenes in Korean dramas. It attracts many tourists to participate in tourism activities regardless of the season.

3.2. Questionnaire Design

A questionnaire was developed to gather data to gain a deeper understanding of the correlation between T-E Fit, natural empathy, awe, and ERB. The survey comprised three sections. The first part included a screening question (Have you ever been to Seoul Forest?). The second part (i.e., T-E Fit, natural empathy, awe, and ERB) covered the assessment of four concepts. The third section of the study examined the demographic attributes of the participants, encompassing their gender, age, educational background, occupation, and monthly earnings.
Each structural item is based on previous research. The measurement of T-E Fit is a 6-dimensional 19-item scale adapted from the studies of Liu et al. (2024), Tsaur (2012), Liang (2019), and Cai et al. (2021) [5,7,24,65]. The six dimensions are natural resources (3 items, e.g., “The topography of Seoul Forest is suitable for my tour”), social opportunities (3 items, e.g., “I can learn from other travelers while exploring Seoul Forest”), environmental functions (3 items, sample statement: “The environment of Seoul Forest helps me relieve stress”), environmental facilities (3 items, e.g., “The public facilities provided by Seoul Forest meet my expectations”), activity knowledge/skills (4 items, e.g., “My skills meet the requirements of Seoul Forest”), and operation/management (3 items, e.g., “I feel that I share similar values with the Seoul Forest administrators”). The natural empathy assessment is based on the research of Zhang et al. (2022), Li W. Z (2023), Adongo C A (2018) [6,48,66], etc. The modified scale has 6 items, and the sample statement is “I can immerse myself in the natural world of Seoul Forest.” Awe was measured using five scales developed in studies such as those of Niu, J.Q. et al. (2022) and Haipeng (2024) [35,57]. The sample measured “I was shocked by the tour of Seoul Forest.” ERB was measured using five scales developed by Lin, Y. et al. (2023) and Weng, L.S. et al. (2022) [2,32], which included items such as “complying with environmental protection regulations and policies”.
The study employed a five-point Likert scale to assess the measurement items. The projects were first created in English and subsequently translated into Chinese and Korean so that the participants could respond to the questions. A round of retroversion was employed to guarantee the quality of the translation. Furthermore, a preliminary study was carried out using 50 participants to ensure that the questionnaire was understandable to all respondents without any ambiguity. During the pilot study, the participants were requested to fully fill out the questionnaire and offer their views and suggestions. After receiving input, certain unclear items were modified to enhance the clarity of the research context.

3.3. Data Collection and Analysis

Data collection was carried out in April and May 2024. The online questionnaire was officially launched on 12 April 2024 on the Questionnaire Star platform (https://www.wjx.cn/) and Google Forms (forms.google.com) for Chinese and Korean participants, respectively. The offline survey was conducted in Seoul Forest Park in Seoul. Two criteria were used to select qualified respondents in both the online and offline surveys. First, the respondents must have had experience visiting Seoul Forest. Second, the respondents must be at least 18 years old and have full civil capacity. Following a series of screening questions, the qualified participants were directed to indicate their level of agreement with the questionnaire’s items based on how they related to their present circumstances. Every participant was given a modest present for completing the physical survey, while those who completed the online survey received a monetary incentive. This study gathered 528 questionnaires, with 273 coming from Chinese respondents and 255 from Korean respondents. As a result of incomplete data, 19 questionnaires were not included in the final analysis. This resulted in a total sample size of 509 participants, consisting of 257 Chinese and 252 Korean respondents.
The data in this study were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 and Amos 21.0. A preliminary reliability and validity test was performed to assess the rationale of the measuring scale. Next, a confirmatory factor analysis was performed to establish a foundation for analyzing the measurement model. Ultimately, the research hypotheses were examined using hypothesis testing, mediation, and moderation analysis (Figure 3).

4. Results

4.1. Sample Profile

Table 1 provides a comprehensive summary of the descriptive data related to the sample. According to the results, out of the 509 respondents, males accounted for 46.6% (n = 237), while females accounted for 53.4% (n = 272). Regarding age, the main groups are 23–35, 36–45, and 46–55 (29.3%, 23.2%, 21.09%, n = 149, 118, 107). Regarding educational attainment, 31.2% (159 people) have a high school diploma or below, and 25.9% (132 people) have a bachelor’s degree. In addition, in terms of occupation, students accounted for 23.6% (120 people), self-employed people accounted for 20.8% (106 people), and employees accounted for 27.3% (139 people). Furthermore, a significant majority of 83.9% of the participants reported earning a monthly wage exceeding CNY 3000 (USD 470).

4.2. Measurement Model Testing

4.2.1. Reliability Test and Confirmatory Factor Analysis

The primary objective of the reliability test is to ascertain whether the measurement scale sustains its internal consistency. Typically, if Cronbach’s alpha values are above 0.7, it indicates that the scale has a high level of dependability [67]. The analysis reveals that the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the scale is 0.950. Specifically, Cronbach’s coefficients for environmental resources, social opportunities, environmental functions, environmental facilities, activity knowledge and skills, operation and management, natural empathy, awe, and ERB were 0.821, 0.834, 0.857, 0.863, 0.895, 0.865, 0.923, 0.933, and 0.855, respectively (Table 2), indicating that the measurement of this study is very reliable.
Furthermore, the measurement model was evaluated using the CFA technique. Table 2 presents the model fit indices that are satisfactory according to the predetermined cutoff thresholds (χ2/df = 2.130, NFI = 0.912, CFI = 0.951, GFI = 0.889, AGFI = 0.867, RMSEA = 0.047, and SRMR = 0.043) [61,65,66], indicating that the measurement model corresponds well to the data. The model fitting index is good, suggesting that the model accurately correlates with the data.

4.2.2. Validity Test

Convergent validity and discriminant validity are the main approaches used to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of a measurement or test. Convergent validity is essential for ensuring measurements’ accuracy and improving the structure’s overall validity. This tool is utilized to quantify the level of correlation discovered among different items [67]. According to the overview criteria proposed by Hair et al. in the Journal of the World, the factor coefficients of each item are all above 0.5, indicating that each latent variable corresponds to a certain degree of representativeness of the items to which it belongs. From a statistical point of view, the p-value is significant [68]. In addition, the data shown in Table 2 unequivocally indicates that the average variance extraction (AVE) is greater than 0.5 and the composite reliability (CR) is higher than 0.7, indicating excellent convergent validity.
The results of the discriminant validity test are shown in Table 3. The correlation coefficients of each variable range from 0.249 to 0.564, and there is a significant correlation between them (p < 0.01), Combined reliability > 0.7, which meets the ideal criterion for convergent validity. In addition, the correlation coefficients between the latent variables are all lower than the square root of the AVE. This indicates that the latent variables have a certain degree of correlation and differentiation. This suggests that the latent variables exhibit robust discriminant validity.

4.3. Structural Model and Hypothesis Testing

4.3.1. Goodness-of-Fit Test for Structural Model

An assessment of skewness and kurtosis was conducted to determine the normality of the data. The findings indicate that the skewness ranges from −1.086 to −0.162, while the kurtosis ranges from −0.870 to 0.896. Thus, it can be inferred that the data exhibit regularity and follow a normal distribution [67]. A goodness-of-fit test was also performed on the structural model to assess the degree of agreement among the potential variables. The results indicate that all pertinent values fall within an acceptable range (χ2/df = 2.130, NFI = 0.912, CFI = 0.951, GFI = 0.889, AGFI = 0.897, RMSEA = 0.047, and SRMR = 0.044), suggesting that the entire model fits reasonably well [67,68,69].

4.3.2. Hypothesis Test

The researchers employed a structural equation model to examine the study hypotheses mentioned above. The findings of this analysis may be found in Table 4 and Figure 4. The standardized path coefficient for H1 is 0.673 (t = 11.466, p = 0.000 < 0.001), indicating a statistically significant positive correlation between the environmental fit of tourists visiting Seoul Forest and their natural empathy. Therefore, hypothesis H1 is confirmed. The standardized path coefficient of H2 is 0.305 (t = 4.930, p = 0.000 < 0.001), indicating a statistically significant positive correlation between the environmental fit and the awe of tourists visiting Seoul Forest. Therefore, the H2 hypothesis is also confirmed.
The standardized path coefficients for H3, H4, and H5 are 0.263, 0.294, and 0.247, respectively (t = 3.994, p = 0.000 < 0.001; t = 4.672, p = 0.000 < 0.001; and t = 4.545, p = 0.000 < 0.001). The results show that the T-E Fit, natural empathy, and awe of tourists visiting Seoul Forest significantly impact tourists’ ERB. Therefore, H3, H4, and H5 are all supported. In addition, the standardized path coefficient of H6 is 0.403 (t = 6.861, p = 0.000 < 0.001), indicating a statistically significant and positive relationship between the natural empathy and awe of tourists visiting Seoul Forest. Therefore, it is assumed that H6 is also supported.

4.3.3. Mediating Effect Analysis

This study uses natural empathy and awe as the mediating variables. This study uses the Bootstrap method to evaluate the mediating effect. A total of 2000 sampling experiments were conducted for the special experiment, and the total effect, indirect effect, and direct effect were calculated (Table 5). The results show that the mediating effect of natural empathy in the relationship between T-E Fit and ERB is 0.198. The bias-corrected 95% confidence interval (CI) is between 0.198 and 0.106. The 95% CI of the percentile is between 0.292 and 0.106. The confidence interval does not include zero, indicating that natural empathy mediates the relationship between T-E Fit and ERB. The value of the mediating effect of awe in the relationship between T-E Fit and ERB is 0.075. The 95% confidence interval (CI) after bias correction is between 0.037 and 0.141. The 95% CI of the percentile is between 0.031 and 0.132. The confidence interval does not include zero, indicating that awe mediates the relationship between T-E Fit and ERB. The chain-mediating effect of awe and natural empathy in the relationship between T-E Fit and ERB is 0.067, and the bias-corrected 95% confidence interval (CI) is between 0.127 and 0.417. The 95% CI of the percentile is between 0.126 and 0.4176, and the confidence interval does not include zero, indicating that awe and empathy for nature have a chain-mediated effect on the relationship between T-E Fit and ERB.
Therefore, natural empathy and fit were found to have a mediating effect and a chain mediating effect on the model. In essence, the T-E Fit can directly or indirectly affect ERB. Based on this finding, it can be concluded that H7, H8, and H9 are supported.

4.4. Moderating Effect of Cultural Background

This study used multiple samples in structural equation models to study the moderating effects of different cultural backgrounds. According to the results of Table 6, it is clear that in the Chinese sample, the coefficients of natural empathy and awe for ERB are 0.319 and 0.299 (t = 3.517, p = 0.000 < 0.001; t = 3.877, p = 0.000 < 0.001), indicating a significant relationship at the 0.001 level. In the Korean sample, the coefficients of natural empathy and awe for ERB were 0.246 and 0.161 (t = 2.821, p = 0.005 < 0.05; t = 2.149, p = 0.032 < 0.05), which also showed significant relationships. In addition, as shown in Table 6, the coefficient of natural empathy on ERB in the Chinese group sample is slightly greater than that in the Korean group sample (0.319 vs. 0.246; 0.299 vs. 0.161). This shows that Chinese tourists are more likely to improve their personal responsible behavior through emotional involvement in the relationship between natural empathy and awe and ERB.
The study results show that cultural background plays an important role in the relationship between natural empathy, awe, and ERB. Therefore, hypotheses H10 and H11 are both confirmed.

5. Discussion

5.1. Theoretical Implications

This study makes several notable contributions to the existing body of knowledge. First, although the SOR theory has been widely applied in tourism research, relatively few studies have used the SOR model to guide research on the impact of tourists’ natural empathy and awe on ERB in urban forest parks. This study aims to enhance the application of the stimulus–organism–response (SOR) model in tourism research by examining tourists’ emotional functions and behavioral responses after visiting urban forest parks. This validates the use of the theoretical SOR model in the tourism field and expands the research scope of urban forests in relation to tourism. Based on the internal mechanism of the SOR model, the structural equation model is applied to conduct an empirical analysis of the mechanism of the effect of T-E Fit on natural empathy and awe, as well as the effect of natural empathy and awe on ERB. From multiple concepts, we can more comprehensively understand the SOR model. The results show that natural empathy and awe form a continuous path of influence between T-E Fit and ERB. The results indicated that external influences in harmony with the environment would stimulate natural empathy and awe and ERB among tourists, which is consistent with previous studies [6,8,37,48,62]. In addition to that, this study also found that natural empathy and awe is a continuous influence path between T-E Fit and ERB.
Second, this study constructs a model of the impact of T-E Fit on ERB. The influence of T-E Fit on ERB has been discussed throughout the previous literature, but most of the research on the relationship between the two is only theoretical. Although some studies have empirically verified the impact of T-E Fit on ERB, the impact pathways and mechanisms are still unclear [42]. This study fills this research gap. The independent variable in the model of this study is T-E Fit, which is divided into six dimensions (environmental resources, social opportunities, environmental functions, environmental facilities, activity knowledge/skills, and operation/management). The dependent variable is ERB. The intermediate variables are natural empathy and awe. This study not only verifies the impact of T-E Fit on natural empathy and awe, as well as the impact of T-E Fit, natural empathy, and awe on ERB, but also verifies the independent and chain mediating effects of natural empathy and awe in the impact of T-E Fit on ERB. They have contributed to the study of tourism psychology, revealing the role of T-E Fit in ERB.
Third, this study verifies the moderating role of tourists’ cultural backgrounds on the relationships between natural empathy, awe, and ERB. Previous studies have shown that cultural values, empathy, and ERB vary between cultural backgrounds [62,63,64]. For example, some studies have suggested that Eastern countries place more emphasis on the harmonious coexistence of man and nature, ecological balance, and sustainable development, while Western countries place more emphasis on human subjectivity and the conquest and utilization of nature [10]. The study findings suggest that Chinese individuals exhibit higher levels of natural empathy and a sense of awe than Koreans, indicating that cultural differences can influence tourists’ experiences of natural empathy and awe during their visits. As a result, Chinese people are more able to understand and feel nature than Koreans, and their ERB is also stronger, which verifies the differences between different cultural backgrounds. This study aims to lay the foundation for further research in this field and facilitate further research.

5.2. Practical Implications

This study may have significant practical implications for the environmental management of urban forest parks and other comparable forest parks. First, the managers of urban forest parks must recognize the impact of T-E Fit on ERB, for example, from the six aspects of environmental resources, social opportunities, environmental functions, environmental facilities, activity knowledge/skills, and operation/management. When planning scenic spots, consideration should be given to the needs and preferences of tourists and to the protection of the authenticity of ecological resources. Secondly, park managers can set up group chats to allow tourists to share travel science or precautions and regularly hold themed activities to create a platform and opportunity for tourists to interact with each other. In addition, eco-tourism can be incorporated into the construction and facilities of scenic spots, such as installing sewage treatment equipment and not providing disposable items in scenic spots. In addition, the Internet platform can be used to analyze the knowledge and skills of tourists and supplement relevant information and equipment. Finally, through training to enhance the environmental concept of managers and through social media publicity, environmental values can be integrated into management. These measures aim to achieve a harmonious coexistence between tourists and the environment and promote the sustainable development of scenic spots.
Second, natural empathy and a sense of awe influence tourists’ ERB [32,49]. Therefore, scenic area managers should actively seek ways to stimulate tourists’ natural empathy and sense of awe. First, an environmental protection signage system can be set up that is in line with the natural and cultural themes of the scenic area, and tourists can be induced to empathize through text, pictures, videos, etc., or some words or pictures that are grand and stimulating, beyond the scope of people’s cognitive characteristics, can be used to make the awe-inspiring experience of tourists more profound through visual stimulation. Second, managers can develop cartoon environmental protection characters with the core of Seoul Forest Park that can be placed along the way to arouse the empathy of tourists and stimulate their environmental awareness. Finally, technologies such as VR and AI can allow tourists to understand the current situation of the creatures in the scenic area and experience the changes in the scenic area as well as the situation of the animals in person. These diverse management methods can stimulate tourists’ natural empathy and awe, improving their ERB.
Third, the study shows differences in tourists’ ERBs due to diverse cultural backgrounds. Therefore, based on these findings, the study makes two recommendations for urban forest parks such as Seoul Forest. On the one hand, it strengthens information communication and provides multilingual information services, including attraction descriptions, transportation guides, emergency contact information, etc., so foreign tourists can better understand the urban forest and plan their trips. The interpretation service can be tailored to the cultural background of the tourists, thereby increasing their natural empathy and awe and enhancing their ERB. On the other hand, the results of this study show that social opportunities in T-E Fit have a significant positive impact on ERB. Therefore, tourism destination managers can conduct different activities to enhance cultural exchanges. This would allow foreign tourists to better understand local customs and enhances friendship and understanding between different countries.

6. Conclusions

Due to rapid economic growth and increased leisure time, urban forest parks are becoming increasingly popular with tourists and important places for outdoor leisure and entertainment. This study takes the Seoul Forest Park as a case study, based on the theoretical SOR model, collected 509 valid samples from China and Republic of Korea, and used structural equation modeling to empirically study the structural relationship between T-E Fit (environmental resources, social opportunities, environmental functions, environmental facilities, activities knowledge/skills, and operation/management), natural empathy, awe, and environmental responsibility behavior and to examine the moderating role of tourists’ different cultural backgrounds in the above-mentioned influencing relationships.
The study results show that the T-E Fit has a significant positive effect on tourists’ natural empathy and awe. TT-E Fit, natural empathy, and awe also have a positive effect on ERB. In addition, the mediating role of the two dimensions of tourists’ natural empathy and awe was also verified. The results show that natural empathy and awe play an independent mediating role in the impact of T-E Fit on ERB and a chain mediating role. In addition, the moderating effect of tourists’ different cultural backgrounds was also verified. The results showed that both Chinese and Korean participants’ natural empathy and awe had a significant impact on ERB, but the Chinese tourists’ natural empathy and awe-evoking ERB were slightly higher than those of the Koreans. Therefore, it is recommended that park managers consider the cultural diversity of tourists from different cultural backgrounds and nationalities to effectively enhance tourists’ natural empathy, awe, and ERB. This study can offer valuable insights into the theory and implementation of environmental education and sustainable tourism development.
Although this study can provide a solid foundation for subsequent research, there are still some limitations. First, this study was conducted in only one site, Seoul Forest, Republic of Korea, and the generalizability of the findings needs to be strengthened, so future research can be conducted at sites in different countries and regions to cross-check the findings of this paper. Second, this study only verified two mediating variables, natural empathy and sense of awe, and there may be other mediating variables that have not been explored in the relationship between T-E Fit and ERB, and more mediating variables can be further explored in the future, thus enriching and improving the pathway of T-E Fit on ERB. Third, this study only examined the moderating effects of different cultural backgrounds. Future research could incorporate other potential moderating variables such as gender, age, etc.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Y.L.; Software, Y.L. and M.S.; Validation, Y.L.; Formal analysis, Y.L.; Investigation, Y.L.; Writing—original draft, Y.L.; Writing—review and editing, Y.L.; Resources, M.S.; Writing—original draft, M.S.; Project administration, M.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Data Availability Statement

Data available on request.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the helpful support received from the respondents in the field data collection.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Figure 1. The conceptual framework of this study.
Figure 1. The conceptual framework of this study.
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Figure 2. The map of greenways around Forest Park, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Figure 2. The map of greenways around Forest Park, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Figure 3. Questionnaire design, data collection, and analysis procedure.
Figure 3. Questionnaire design, data collection, and analysis procedure.
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Figure 4. The hypothesis testing results. Note: *** p < 0.001.
Figure 4. The hypothesis testing results. Note: *** p < 0.001.
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Table 1. Sample profile.
Table 1. Sample profile.
Frequency
(n = 512)		Percentage (%)
NationalityChinese25750.5
Korean25249.5
GenderMan23746.6
Woman27253.4
Age18 to 22 years367.1
23 to 35 years14929.3
36 to 45 years11823.2
46 to 55 years10721.0
56 to 65 years5310.4
Over 60 years469.0
EducationHigh school or below15931.2
Associate degree12023.6
Bachelor’s degree13225.9
Master’s degree or above9819.3
OccupationStudent12023.6
Government officials418.1
Self-employment or owner10620.8
Enterprise employee13927.3
Professionals, teacher or technical61.2
Farmers teaching fishery personnel418.1
Other5611.0
Personal monthly
income (CNY)		Less than 30008216.1
3001–60009418.5
6001–10,00020339.9
10,001–15,0008015.7
More than 15,000509.8
Table 2. Reliability and confirmatory factor analysis results.
Table 2. Reliability and confirmatory factor analysis results.
Dependent VariablesMean (SD)Factor LoadingCRAVECronbach’s α
Environmental Resources (ER) 0.8230.6090.821
The climatic conditions (e.g., temperature and wind) in Seoul are suitable for my trip.4.00 (0.94)0.738
The resource conditions of Seoul Forest are suitable for tourism activities.3.89 (1.11)0.798
The topography of Seoul Forest is suitable for my tour.3.79 (1.13)0.803
Social Opportunities (SO) 0.8350.6280.834
I can share my experiences with other travelers when I visit Seoul Forest.3.73 (1.19)0.846
While exploring Seoul Forest, I had the opportunity to meet other travelers.3.48 (1.20)0.743
I can learn from other travelers while exploring Seoul Forest.3.60 (1.24)0.785
Environmental Functions (EF) 0.8610.6740.857
The environment of Seoul Forest helps me relieve stress.3.80 (1.09)0.805
The environment of Seoul Forest makes me feel happy and relaxed.3.82 (1.02)0.869
The environment of Seoul Forest can meet my expectations for a tourist experience.3.84 (1.04)0.786
Environmental Facilities (EF) 0.8660.6830.857
The public facilities provided by Seoul Forest meet my expectations.3.79 (1.08)0.767
The activity facilities provided by Seoul Forest meet my expectations.3.61 (1.16)0.860
The personnel services provided by Seoul Forest meet my expectations.3.78 (1.04)0.849
Activity Knowledge/Skills (AKS) 0.8990.6910.895
My skills meet the requirements of Seoul Forest.3.85 (1.07)0.832
My knowledge meets the requirements of Seoul Forest.3.66 (1.12)0.815
My past experience meets the requirements of Seoul Forest.3.73 (1.20)0.784
My equipment meets the requirements of Seoul Forest.3.74 (1.00)0.890
Operation/Management (OM) 0.8670.6840.865
I agree with the approach of the Seoul Forest management regarding the maintenance of environmental facilities.3.93 (0.97)0.845
I agree with the environmental management of Seoul Forest (such as carrying capacity, tourist management, etc.).3.99 (0.92)0.796
I feel that I share similar values with the Seoul Forest administrators.4.00 (1.03)0.840
Natural Empathy (NE) 0.9240.6710.923
I can immerse myself in the natural world of Seoul Forest.3.83 (1.01)0.805
I can immerse myself in the feelings of the plants and animals in Seoul Forest.3.80 (1.08)0.795
When the environment of Seoul Forest is destroyed, I worry about the plants and animals.3.83 (1.08)0.822
When the environment of Seoul Forest is destroyed, I can feel the pain of the animals and plants in the scenic area.3.62 (0.93)0.760
I can easily put myself in the situation of these plants and animals.3.74 (0.97)0.824
I can understand the feelings from the perspective of the animals and plants in Seoul Forest.3.76 (1.03)0.902
Awe (AWE) 0.9350.7410.933
I was shocked by the tour of Seoul Forest.3.47 (1.21)0.847
I felt very small while exploring Seoul Forest.3.32 (1.22)0.844
I was amazed by the tour of Seoul Forest.3.32 (1.24)0.884
I was excited by the tour of Seoul Forest.3.33 (1.07)0.893
I felt a sense of reverence while touring Seoul Forest.3.42 (1.04)0.834
Dependent VariablesMean (SD)Factor LoadingCRAVECronbach’s α
Environmentally Responsible Behavior (ERB) 0.8560.5430.855
When I visit Seoul Forest, I don’t litter.3.85 (1.01)0.714
I will comply with the environmental protection regulations and policies of Seoul Forest.3.73 (0.92)0.736
I will try to persuade my friends and relatives to protect the natural environment of Seoul Forest.3.59 (0.97)0.789
If I see someone damaging plants, I will take the initiative to persuade and stop them.3.77 (0.94)0.719
I will discuss environmental protection issues in Seoul Forest with other people.3.59 (1.03)0.724
Note: model fit indices: χ2/df = 2.130, NFI = 0.912, CFI = 0.951, GFI = 0.889, AGFI = 0.897, RMSEA = 0.047, and SRMR = 0.044. All the factor loads are greater than 0.5, and the p values are significant (p < 0.001).
Table 3. Discriminant validity.
Table 3. Discriminant validity.
VariablesNRSOEFEFAKSOMNEAWEERB
NR0.780
SO0.548 **0.792
EF0.386 **0.385 **0.821
EF0.358 **0.477 **0.438 **0.826
AKS0.526 **0.510 **0.412 **0.545 **0.831
OM0.321 **0.406 **0.434 **0.479 **0.454 **0.827
NE0.330 **0.434 **0.464 **0.527 **0.399 **0.485 **0.819
AWE0.299 **0.331 **0.335 **0.419 **0.391 **0.468 **0.564 **0.861
ERB0.249 **0.383 **0.317 **0.485 **0.373 **0.406 **0.561 **0.517 **0.737
Note: ** < 0.01.
Table 4. Hypothesis testing results.
Table 4. Hypothesis testing results.
Hypothesis PathsEstimateS.E.tpResults
H1: T-E Fit → natural empathy0.6730.08511.466***Support
H2: T-E Fit → awe0.3050.1124.930***Support
H3: T-E Fit → ERB0.2630.0853.994***Support
H4: natural empathy → ERB0.2940.0564.672***Support
H5: awe → ERB0.2470.0394.545***Support
H6: natural empathy → awe0.4030.0746.861***Support
Note: *** < 0.001.
Table 5. Results of mediation effect analysis.
Table 5. Results of mediation effect analysis.
Hypothesis PathsEffect SizeBias-Corrected 95% CIPercentile 95% CI
LowerUpperLowerUpper
Total effect0.6030.5080.6840.5080.686
Indirect effect
T-E Fit → natural empathy → ERB0.1980.1060.2920.1060.291
T-E Fit → awe → ERB0.0750.0370.1410.0310.132
T-E Fit → natural empathy → awe → ERB0.0670.0320.1110.0310.110
Direct effect0.2630.1270.4170.1260.417
Table 6. The moderating effect of cultural background.
Table 6. The moderating effect of cultural background.
Hypothesis PathsChinese SampleKorean Sample
EstimatetpEstimatetp
Natural empathy → ERB0.3193.517***0.2462.8210.005
Awe → ERB0.2993.877***0.1612.1490.032
Note: *** < 0.001.
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Li, Y.; Song, M. The Influence of Tourist–Environment Fit on Environmental Responsibility Behavior: A Moderated Mediation Model. Forests 2024, 15, 1726. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101726

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Li Y, Song M. The Influence of Tourist–Environment Fit on Environmental Responsibility Behavior: A Moderated Mediation Model. Forests. 2024; 15(10):1726. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101726

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Li, Yifei, and Min Song. 2024. "The Influence of Tourist–Environment Fit on Environmental Responsibility Behavior: A Moderated Mediation Model" Forests 15, no. 10: 1726. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101726

APA Style

Li, Y., & Song, M. (2024). The Influence of Tourist–Environment Fit on Environmental Responsibility Behavior: A Moderated Mediation Model. Forests, 15(10), 1726. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101726

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