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Article

Thermal Comfort Assessment of the Perimeter Zones by Using CFD Simulation

by
Taesub Lim
1 and
Daeung Danny Kim
2,*
1
Department of Architectural Engineering, Seoil University, Seoul 02192, Republic of Korea
2
Architectural Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2022, 14(23), 15647; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315647
Submission received: 9 October 2022 / Revised: 20 November 2022 / Accepted: 21 November 2022 / Published: 24 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low Energy Architecture and Design for Thermal Comfort)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Most perimeter zones are thermally susceptible to the variation of outdoor conditions, especially due to a large amount of heat gain through glazing. To reduce heat gain, spandrel panels are generally installed in curtain walls of commercial buildings. For the present study, thermal performance in an office located in the perimeter zone was investigated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. By varying the spandrel panel heights, thermal comfort was assessed quantitatively. The findings suggest that when the spandrel panel height was 0 m, the highest temperature was observed in all cases. As the height of the spandrel panel was increased, the temperature decreased. For thermal comfort evaluation, Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) values at 1.5 m from the floor in all cases were larger than zero. PMV values in all cases were within the range of slightly cool to warm. When the spandrel panel height was 0 m, the highest thermal sensation (warm) among the cases was observed, which may cause thermal dissatisfaction for occupants. In addition, thermal comfort was deemed satisfactory based on the criteria of ASHRAE standard 55, when the height of the spandrel panel was higher than 0.6 m.

1. Introduction

Noticeably, about 30% of the total energy consumption accounts for a significant increase in CO2 emissions in commercial buildings [1,2,3]. In addition, energy consumption by buildings is still increasing and much attention has been paid to reduce building energy consumption [4,5]. In South Korea (hereafter Korea), approximately 30% of the total building energy consumption is attributed to commercial buildings [6]. According to the “Energy Statistics Handbook in 2020” provided by Korea Energy Agency, a significant amount of energy was consumed by commercial buildings [7]. In addition, around 50% of the total energy consumption of commercial buildings was used for operating mechanical systems for thermal comfort [8]. As can be shown, most building energy is used for heating and cooling. Thus, it is important to find ways to improve thermal comfort in commercial buildings to contribute to the reduction of building energy consumption.
Among building components of commercial buildings, the main contributor to heat gain and loss is window systems [9,10,11]. The thermal load caused by sunlight can be maximized in a perimeter zone through the window systems, compared with that in the core of office buildings [12,13]. While the use of advanced window systems shows improvement in thermal performance, there are still issues such as cost and durability [14,15]. Another suggested solution is the use of internal and external shading devices for sunlight penetration through window systems [16,17]. Some studies demonstrate the effectiveness of shading devices for reducing cooling demand in buildings [18,19,20,21]. Thus, it is imperative to use shading devices to maintain thermal comfort in buildings by absorbing or reflecting the sun’s radiation. However, in the case of glazed buildings, the use of external shading devices is limited due to esthetic concern. Fully glazed façades are preferred on most office buildings [22,23]. Even with the development of glass materials and dematerialization of the façade system, glazed façades are significantly associated with indoor thermal comfort levels [22,24,25].
While many studies have revealed thermal and daylight performance with various shading devices, it still requires much effort for the optimization of their application and control to building facades [26,27,28,29]. Moreover, with improper use of shading devices, it is difficult to satisfy visual comfort as well as achieve proper daylighting performance [28,30,31]. In general, building envelope systems of most high-rise office buildings are composed of a steel frame with spandrel panels [32]. According to several studies, these spandrel panels lead to little daylight to the indoor thermal performance in office buildings [33,34]. In the present study, thermal performance of the perimeter zone with spandrel panels in an office building was investigated through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. CFD simulations are generally used to assess thermal performance or contaminant migration [35,36,37]. By varying the heights of the spandrel panel, thermal comfort in an office located in the perimeter zone was quantitatively analyzed by CFD simulation. A numerical model was established using the software STAR CCM+ 9.02 and was calibrated against the data obtained by Lim et al. [13]. In addition, the data were used for the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) equation. The effects of various heights of the spandrel panel were examined using the PMV values.

2. The Spandrel Panels

Typically, a large glazing area in curtain walls in commercial buildings has shown low thermal performance [38]. Even the perimeter zone in these buildings is more susceptible to the variation of outdoor weather conditions [39]. Therefore, Lam et al. insisted that the interaction among the façade design variables, climatic conditions, human behaviors, and building operation parameters should be taken into account [38]. To reduce daylight levels in the perimeter zone, advanced systems were used. As shown in the measurement performed by Konis, daylight levels were significantly reduced by implementing highly visible and light transmittance glazing. However, occupants in the perimeter zone still complained about thermal discomfort due to daylight availability [40]. Excessive sunlight levels vary with orientations. Zhang et al. investigated energy consumption for different building orientations [12]. In their results, cooling energy consumption increased in the east- and west-facing perimeter zones because of the most solar-heat gain and glare. This was also pointed out by Zhang et al. [41]. They mentioned that poorly designed window systems could affect the thermal sensation of occupants in the perimeter zones. Moreover, the interaction between solar-heat gain and air-conditioning system resulted in thermal stratification in the perimeter zone [42]. Even though the heat gain caused by sunlight could be reduced by internal or external shading devices, the daylight in the perimeter zone was important for occupants for visual comfort as well as artificial energy saving [43,44,45]. Therefore, it is important to consider the thermal comfort of occupants in the perimeter zone as well as visual comfort.
In general, the façades of high-rise office buildings are curtain-wall systems, which are non-structural cladding systems [33,46,47]. A curtain wall is a prefabricated exterior façade composed of glass and panels that are wrapped wholly or partially by metallic grids; it is different from a conventional window system [48]. Typically, the sections of a curtain wall can be classified into the top, middle, and bottom parts. Daylight is admitted through the top and middle parts, while the bottom is opaque [49]. Based on the construction types, spandrel panels can be assembled piece by piece, or used as a system composed of pre-assembled glass panels [50,51].
Due to a large amount of heat gain and loss through fenestrations, many studies performed investigations into the use of high-performance glazing, window systems, such as frames and inert gases in curtain walls [52,53,54,55]. However, published work on the thermal and energy performance of spandrel panels is inadequate although the spandrel areas play an important role in building façade systems. According to several studies, the spandrel area is thermally susceptible, caused by heat flow through the spandrel panel [56,57,58]. Other studies pointed out the ratio of visible to opaque parts of building façades because heating and cooling energy consumption is highly related to the admitted daylight. Even though the spandrel area is fully insulated, some issues, such as thermal parameters and designs of spandrel panels, still exist [56,59]. Thus, the height of the spandrel panel from the floor is important, which varies from 0 m to 1.0 m [38,49,60,61].

3. Methodology

To evaluate the thermal performance in the perimeter zone in an office building in relation to the height of spandrel panels, CFD simulation was used. A typical office building located in Korea was chosen as a reference building. By varying the heights of spandrel panels, thermal behaviors were predicted using CFD simulation. For the validation of CFD simulation, the measured data at the reference building were utilized. In addition, Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) was used to quantify thermal performance in the perimeter zone with different heights of spandrel panels.

3.1. Building Description

The study selected an office building located in Seoul in Republic of Korea, and the building is located at the latitude and longitude of 37.5665° N and 126.9780° E, respectively. The annual mean air temperature and insolation in the building site were 12.5 °C and 4125 MJ/m2, respectively [62,63]. The gross floor area of the selected building is 72,718 m2 which has 21 floors above ground and 7 basement floors. The main façade faces West and is covered by glass. Due to window-to-wall ratio (WWR) of 70% of the façades, a large quantity of solar radiation is expected. The main façade descriptions of the office building are presented in Figure 1 and Table 1.

3.2. CFD Simulation

This study investigated the thermal performance in the perimeter zone of an office building. For CFD simulation, an office area located in the perimeter zone was selected (Figure 2). As shown in Figure 2, the 10th floor of the reference building was selected. According to Lim et al., most heat is gained in the west façade through the glazing in the reference building [13]. Thus, the office area in the perimeter zone facing west was chosen. The size of the model is 10 m wide, 7 m deep, and 2.7 m high. Figure 3 shows the model for the CFD simulation. Based on the measured temperature data obtained in Lim et al., the amount of solar gain was about 132.96 W/m2 at the glazing [13]. In addition, three different spandrel panel heights, namely 0.3 m, 0.6 m, and 0.9 m, were designed, which were compared with 0 m (Figure 4). For internal gain, people, lighting, and equipment were considered, based on ASHRAE Fundamental [64] (Table 2). Indoor air temperature of the office was set at 26 °C and supply air (SA) was set as 0.5 m/s, which was 7 air changes per hour.
In the study, all numerical simulations were performed with the software STAR CCM+ 9.02, which calculates the steady-state Reynolds–averaged Navier–Stokes Equations and utilizes Boussinesq approximation to create the buoyancy effect. This commercial software has been used for the design and analysis of acceptable thermal comfort. The geometries and meshes of the model were built with a design modeler and a meshing tool of STAR CCM+ 9.02. Since airflow has a low velocity and the change of pressure is small in buildings, the fluid flow in numerical simulations is incompressible. Moreover, the three-dimensional, steady-state flows with heat-transfer continuity, momentum, and energy equations were below:
∂ U i ∂ x i
ρ U i ∂ U i ∂ x i = − ∂ P ∂ x j + ∂ ∂ x i [ μ ( ∂ U i ∂ x j + ∂ U j ∂ x i ) − ρ u i ′ u j ′ ¯ ]
ρ c p U i ∂ T ∂ x i = ∂ ∂ x i [ λ ∂ T ∂ x j − ρ c p u i ′ T ′ ¯ ]
p = ρ RT
where Ui is the time-averaged velocity and T is temperature. ρ, λ, p, and μ are density, thermal diffusivity, static pressure, and viscosity, respectively. In addition, R is gas constant. Moreover, u i ′ , u j ′ , T ′ ,   ρ u i ′ u j ′ ¯ ,   ρ c p u i ′ T ′ ¯ are fluctuating velocities, temperature, the average Reynolds stresses, and turbulent heat fluxes, respectively. As the most reputable turbulence model for flow problems that requires a low computational cost, the k-ε turbulence model was selected [65]. Specifically, the Realizable k-ε turbulence model was chosen among various k-ε turbulence models due to its accuracy [66,67]. The SIMPLE algorithm was implemented for pressure-velocity coupling, and first-order upwind discretization scheme was employed for pressure, momentum, turbulent kinetic energy, turbulent dissipation energy, and energy equations. When all the residuals of continuity, momentum, turbulence, and energy were less than 10−4, the numerical solutions were assumed to be converged. To validate the numerical solutions, the data obtained from the measurements performed by Lim et al. were used, which is shown in Section 4.2 [13]. After validation, airflow and temperature distributions with three different heights of spandrel panes in the perimeter zone were predicted.

3.3. Thermal Comfort Assessment

To evaluate thermal comfort, Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) was used [68]. Compared with a single evaluation, such as temperature and velocity, PMV is a more comprehensive evaluation method for thermal comfort [69]. The PMV equation is expressed as:
PMV = ( 0.303   e − 0.0336 M + 0.028 ) × { ( M − W ) − 0.42 [ ( M − W ) − 58.15 ] − 3.05 × 10 − 3 × [ 5733 − 6.99 ( M − W ) − P a ] − 1.7 × 10 − 5 M ( 5867 − P a ) − 0.0014 M ( 34 − t a ) − 3.96 × 10 − 8 f c l × [ ( t c l × 274 ) 4 − ( t r + 273 ) 4 ] − f c l × h c ( t c l − t a ) }
where M is the human metabolic rate (W/m2) and W is the external work made by the person (W/m2). In addition, tr is the average radiation temperature (°C); ta is the air temperature (°C); fcl is the ratio of the surface area of a dressed human body to the surface area exposed; Icl is the thermal resistance of the clothes (clo); tcl is the surface temperature of the clothes (°C); Pa is the steam partial pressure that is related to air relative humidity (KPa).

4. Result

4.1. Grid Sensitivity Study

Computational meshes for the CFD simulation were constructed with the dimensions of the office. As shown in Figure 5, three cells (38,515, 151,758, and 616,389) were used to check the mesh quality. The refinement of the mesh was set as 1.3 [70]. As shown in Figure 6, the horizontal velocity distributions of the three cells were obtained along the center of the office. The air velocity profiles of two meshes (151,758 and 616,389 cells) had approximately the same value. Therefore, the meshes of 151,758 cells were recommended to conduct the present study for accurate simulations and less computational resources.

4.2. CFD Model Validation

To investigate the thermal performance of the office in the perimeter zone, it is necessary to validate CFD models. For the validation, temperature data obtained from the measurement of Lim et al. were utilized [13]. CFD model validation was achieved by comparing the vertical temperature distribution at the glazing between the measured data and the CFD simulation. As shown in Figure 7, the numerical results obtained from the CFD provided adequate agreement with the measurement data. However, the temperature profile obtained by CFD above 1.8 m was 20% higher than the measured data. Even though little difference between the measured data and CFD results were observed, this can be considered to be an experimental uncertainty.

4.3. Analysis of the Temperature Distribution by Different Heights of the Spandrel Panel

Figure 8 and Figure 9 show temperature and airflow distributions in the symmetrically vertical section (a-a’ section) of the office with several spandrel heights. Incidental solar radiation of 132.96 W/m2 was assumed at the glazing of the office. The temperature distribution ranged from 24 °C to 30 °C in all cases. When the spandrel panel height was 0 m, the highest temperature was observed in all cases. The temperature difference between the upper and lower parts, in this case, was about 2–3 °C. This could be caused by a larger glazing area than that of the other cases. In the case when the spandrel panel height was 0.3 m, the temperature ranged from 26 °C to 29 °C. Even though this was lower than the case when the spandrel panel height was 0 m, it was still hotter than the setpoint temperature (26 °C). When the spandrel panel height was 0.6 m, the temperature ranged from 25.5 °C to 28 °C, which was about 1 °C lower than the cases when spandrel panel heights were 0 m and 0.3 m, respectively. The lowest temperature distribution (25–27 °C) was observed when the spandrel panel height was 0.6 m, which was close to the setpoint temperature. Temperature decreased as the height of the spandrel panel increased. For airflow distribution (Figure 9), the velocity in these models ranged from 0.0 m/s to 0.45 m/s. In addition, irregular velocity patterns were observed in all cases. This can be seen that slow airflow was influenced by the heat generated by equipment in the office.

4.4. Effects on the PMV

Figure 10 presents the contours of the PMV values at 1.5 m from the floor with different spandrel panel heights. To quantify the PMV values, PMV equation was calculated using the under-defined function of STAR CCM+ 9.02. For the input parameters of the PMV equation, metabolic rate and clothing insulation were set at 123 W/m2 and 0.57 clo, respectively. Relative humidity was set at 50%. Based on the results of CFD simulation, air velocity and indoor air temperature were applied. To calculate the mean radiant temperature (MRT), data obtained from Lim et al. were used for the cases [13].
As shown in the figure, the PMV values at 1.5 m from the floor in all cases were larger than zero, because of heat gained by equipment and occupants. For the case of 0 m of spandrel panel height, MRT and air velocity were 30.94 °C and 0.2 m/s, respectively. PMV values ranged from 0.9 to 1.5, in which thermal sensation was from slightly warm to warm. This can cause thermal discomfort for occupants. When the spandrel panel height was 0.3 m, MRT was 30.46 °C and air velocity was 0.2 m/s. Based on the PMV values (0.6–1.0), thermal sensation was from neutral to slightly warm. As for the case of 0.6 m of spandrel panel height, MRT and air velocity were 29.95 °C and 0.2 m/s, respectively. PMV ranged from 0.4 to 0.7, with thermal sensation ranging from neutral to slightly warm. This showed a slight decrease in the degree of thermal comfort than that of the 0.3-m spandrel panel. When the spandrel panel height was 0.9 m, MRT was 29.15 °C and air velocity was 0.2 m/s. In this case, the PMV values at 1.5 m were below 0.5. In addition, the PMV values were close to zero near the glazing because it was the smallest glazing area among the cases. Moreover, the supply air from the underfloor air distribution system was the least influenced by solar radiation among the cases, which demonstrated effective removal of heat gain.

5. Discussion

Generally, in curtain walls, the façade is composed of transparent and non-transparent materials to achieve a balance between view and thermal comfort by reducing unwanted heat gain. As discussed in several studies, the largest cooling load is required in the perimeter zone and it can cause thermal discomfort for occupants [71,72]. To reduce heat gain through the glazing, various façade design variables were applied in these studies. By this point, the present study investigated thermal sensation in an office located in the perimeter zone with different spandrel panel heights. Using the ventilation rates of the reference building, airflow and temperature distributions were predicted by CFD simulation. As shown in the results, airflow showed irregular patterns caused by equipment and furniture. However, average air velocity was 0.2 m/s in all cases, which satisfied the criteria for occupants’ thermal comfort, as defined by ASHRAE standard 55 [73]. In addition, thermal stratification was identified when the spandrel panel height was zero, which was about a 4 °C difference between the upper and lower parts of the office. This did not meet the criteria of thermal comfort by ASHRAE standard 55, in which vertical temperature difference (0.1 m–1.7 m) should be less than 3 °C [73]. As the spandrel panel height increased, thermal stratification decreased. In the case of 0.3 m of spandrel panel height, vertical temperature difference was about 2 °C, which satisfied the criteria of ASHRAE standard 55. However, this was 1 °C higher than the setpoint temperature, which caused thermal discomfort to occupants. The other cases satisfied the criteria of thermal comfort by ASHRAE standard 55. Therefore, the cooling system was not effective in reducing the heat gain caused by solar radiation when spandrel panel height was below 0.3 m.
Moreover, to evaluate thermal comfort quantitatively, PMV was calculated by varying the heights of the spandrel panel based on the data obtained in Lim et al. and CFD simulation of the current study [13]. As shown in the results, PMV values observed in the cases of 0 m and 0.3 m of spandrel panel heights were warmer and slightly warmer at 1.5 m from the floor, while better perceived thermal comfort was demonstrated in the other cases when the spandrel panel height was above 0.3 m. According to several studies, PMV and Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) indices are used to assess thermal comfort [74,75,76]. However, for the current study, only PMV was considered for the evaluation of thermal comfort. For this study, the only variable for the thermal comfort evaluation was the variation of the glazing area by spandrel panel heights. This created little temperature difference among the cases in that PMV values in all cases were within the range of slightly cool to warm. Since PPD was calculated by using PMV values, it also showed little difference among the cases. Thus, PPD assessments were excluded from the study.

6. Conclusions

Most perimeter zones are thermally susceptible to the variation of outdoor conditions, especially due to a large amount of heat gain through the glazing. To reduce heat gain by solar radiation, spandrel systems are employed in curtain walls in commercial buildings. For the present study, thermal performance in an office area located in the perimeter zone was investigated using CFD simulation. By varying the spandrel panel heights, PMV values were obtained to assess thermal comfort quantitatively.
The outcomes of the study were as follows:
  • When the spandrel panel height was 0 m, the highest temperature was observed in all cases, while the lowest temperature distribution was observed when spandrel panel height was 0.9 m. The temperature difference when the spandrel panel heights were from 0 m to 0.9 m was about 1–3 °C, which was caused by the variation of the glazing area. In addition, the cooling system could not effectively reduce heat gain when the spandrel panel height was zero. In addition, temperature distributions when spandrel panel heights were 0.6 m and 0.9, respectively, were close to or below the setpoint temperature.
  • For thermal comfort evaluation, PMV values at 1.5 m from the floor in all cases were larger than zero. PMV values in all cases were within the range of slightly cool to warm. When spandrel panel height was 0 m, the highest thermal sensation (warm) among the cases was observed, which may cause thermal dissatisfaction for occupants. When the spandrel panel height was 0.3 m, the thermal sensation ranged from neutral to slightly warm. As for the spandrel panel height of 0.6 m, a slight decrease in the degree of thermal comfort was observed, when compared to that of the 0.3-m spandrel panel. For the case of 0.9 m of spandrel panel height, PMV values were below 0.5 and close to zero near the glazing, it had the smallest glazing area among the cases.
Considering the outcome of the present study, properly designed spandrel panel has the potential to reduce solar-heat gain through the glazing as well as provide better perceived thermal comfort for occupants in the perimeter zone. Moreover, the obtained results can be used for the development of design guidelines for more effective spandrel panels in building envelops in the aspect of thermal performance. For further study, various design options of spandrel panels in curtain walls can be included in the assessment of thermal comfort, and PPD can be used for a more accurate thermal comfort evaluation. Overall, proper spandrel panel design can contribute to better indoor thermal performance and lower energy consumption for maintaining thermal comfort in buildings, promoting building sustainability.

Author Contributions

T.L. designed and performed the simulation and collected the data; D.D.K. wrote the manuscript and analyzed the data. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. The west façade of the reference building [13].
Figure 1. The west façade of the reference building [13].
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Figure 2. The west-facing office in the reference building.
Figure 2. The west-facing office in the reference building.
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Figure 3. CFD simulation model.
Figure 3. CFD simulation model.
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Figure 4. Spandrel panel heights.
Figure 4. Spandrel panel heights.
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Figure 5. Three different mesh generations. (a) 38,515 cells; (b) 151,758 cells; (c) 616,389 cells.
Figure 5. Three different mesh generations. (a) 38,515 cells; (b) 151,758 cells; (c) 616,389 cells.
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Figure 6. Horizontal velocity distributions of three different cells.
Figure 6. Horizontal velocity distributions of three different cells.
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Figure 7. Comparison of vertical temperature profile at the glazing between the experimental data of (Lim et al., 2022) [13] and CFD simulation.
Figure 7. Comparison of vertical temperature profile at the glazing between the experimental data of (Lim et al., 2022) [13] and CFD simulation.
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Figure 8. Vertical temperature distribution with different heights of the spandrel panel. (a) Spandrel panel height: 0 m; (b) Spandrel panel height: 0.3 m; (c) Spandrel panel height: 0.6 m; (d) Spandrel panel height: 0.9 m.
Figure 8. Vertical temperature distribution with different heights of the spandrel panel. (a) Spandrel panel height: 0 m; (b) Spandrel panel height: 0.3 m; (c) Spandrel panel height: 0.6 m; (d) Spandrel panel height: 0.9 m.
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Figure 9. Vertical airflow distribution with different heights of the spandrel panel. (a) Spandrel panel height: 0 m; (b) Spandrel panel height: 0.3 m; (c) Spandrel panel height: 0.6 m; (d) Spandrel panel height: 0.9 m.
Figure 9. Vertical airflow distribution with different heights of the spandrel panel. (a) Spandrel panel height: 0 m; (b) Spandrel panel height: 0.3 m; (c) Spandrel panel height: 0.6 m; (d) Spandrel panel height: 0.9 m.
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Figure 10. PMV contours of different heights of the spandrel panel. (a) Spandrel panel height: 0 m; (b) Spandrel panel height: 0.3 m (c) Spandrel panel height: 0.6 m; (d) Spandrel panel height: 0.9 m.
Figure 10. PMV contours of different heights of the spandrel panel. (a) Spandrel panel height: 0 m; (b) Spandrel panel height: 0.3 m (c) Spandrel panel height: 0.6 m; (d) Spandrel panel height: 0.9 m.
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Table
Table 1. Description of the reference building [13].
Table 1. Description of the reference building [13].
BuildingDescription
LocationSeoul, Republic of Korea
Floor21 floors above ground and 7 basement floors
UsageOffice: 1st–21st floor, 2nd basement floor
Parking: 1st basement floor, 4th–7th basement floor
Exhibition: 3rd basement floor
Year the building was built2007
Building envelopes and structureLow-e double glazing with reinforced concrete & steel-framed structure
Gross floor area72,718 m2
Heating, Ventilation, and Air-conditioning systems
(HVAC)		Screw chillers, turbo refrigerators, steam boilers,
packaged heat pump and air barrier systems
Table
Table 2. Internal heat gain sources.
Table 2. Internal heat gain sources.
Internal Heat SourceHeat Gain
7 People785 W
Lighting13.33 W/m2
Equipment2 Printers60 W
7 Computers343 W
7 Monitors140 W
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Lim, T.; Kim, D.D. Thermal Comfort Assessment of the Perimeter Zones by Using CFD Simulation. Sustainability 2022, 14, 15647. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315647

AMA Style

Lim T, Kim DD. Thermal Comfort Assessment of the Perimeter Zones by Using CFD Simulation. Sustainability. 2022; 14(23):15647. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315647

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lim, Taesub, and Daeung Danny Kim. 2022. "Thermal Comfort Assessment of the Perimeter Zones by Using CFD Simulation" Sustainability 14, no. 23: 15647. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315647

APA Style

Lim, T., & Kim, D. D. (2022). Thermal Comfort Assessment of the Perimeter Zones by Using CFD Simulation. Sustainability, 14(23), 15647. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315647

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