A Mixed-Method Approach to Determine the Successful Factors Affecting the Criticality Level of Intermediate and Final Products on National Basis: A Case Study from Saudi Arabia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Theoretical Framework
2. Literature Review
Criticality Studies
Measurement Variables | Reference | |
---|---|---|
Dimension 1: Vulnerability to Supply restriction and Strategy | ||
1 | National economic | [38,41,42,44] |
2 | Value of products affected | [33,40] |
3 | Human development | [38,42,44,45] |
4 | Future demand | [30,33,40,43,46] |
5 | Performance substitute | [41,47] |
6 | Strategic importance (importance of materials) | [38] |
7 | Spread of utilization | [42] |
8 | Target group demand share | [40] |
9 | Consumption volume | [40] |
10 | Utilization in future technology | [48] |
11 | By-product dependency | [30,33,44] |
12 | Risk of strategic use | [30] |
Dimension 2: Supply risk | ||
13 | Change in imports | [40] |
14 | Import dependence | [33,40,41,42] |
15 | Mine production change | [40,43] |
16 | Ability to innovate | [40,42,44] |
17 | Exploration degree | [30] |
18 | Company concentration | [40] |
19 | Production costs in extraction | [30] |
20 | Available substitute | [33,40,41,42,43,44,46] |
21 | Water scarcity (natural resource) | [42] |
22 | Concentration of reserve | [30,43,46] |
23 | Market balance | [30] |
24 | Country risk (political and economic risk) | [30,33,38,41,44,45,46,49] |
25 | Mine/refinery capacity | [30] |
26 | Depletion time | [30,41,42,43,44,45] |
27 | Future market capacity | [30] |
28 | Supply concentration in mining | [33,38,41,42,44,45] |
29 | Investment in mining | [30] |
30 | Recycling/recycling potential | [30,33,40,43,46] |
31 | Climate change vulnerability | [30] |
32 | Price sensitivity | [33,40,43] |
33 | Temporary scarcity | [30] |
34 | Export restrictions | [33,50] |
35 | Abundance in earth’s crust | [30] |
36 | Policy intervention | [38,41,44,45] |
37 | Trade agreement | [42,46,48] |
38 | Global production (global concentration) | [42,48,49] |
Dimension 3: Environment | ||
39 | Extraction damage | [41,42,44] |
40 | Usage damage | [33,38,41,42,44,46] |
3. Research Methodology
3.1. Qualitative Research
3.2. Data Collection
3.3. Data Analysis
3.4. Qualitative Credibility (Validity and Reliability)
3.5. Quantitative Research
3.6. Data Collection
3.7. Data Analysis
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Qualitative Result
4.1.1. Supply Risk Factor
Sub-Theme (1): Availability
- 1.
- NCMX01: The availability of required raw materials and natural resources:
- 2.
- NCMX02: The availability of feasible alternative:
- 3.
- NCMX03: The availability of qualified personnel:
- 4.
- NCMX04: Self-sufficiency:
- 5.
- NCMX05 (A, B): Availability ratio of (local/global) suppliers:
- 6.
- NCMX06: Availability ratio of investors:
- 7.
- NCMX07: External dependence:
- 8.
- NCMX08: The availability of scientific research centers:
Sub-Theme (2): Capability
- 9.
- NCMX12: Supply vulnerability:
- 10.
- NCMX13: Supplier’s country stability:
- 11.
- NCMX14: Logistic challenge:
- 12.
- NCMX15: Policy and procedures intervention:
- 13.
- NCMX16: Forecasting accuracy ratio:
- 14.
- NCMX18: Complexity ratio:
- 15.
- NCMX24: Operational cost:
- 16.
- NCMX21 (A, B, C, D, E): Consumer behavior:
Sub-Theme (3): Supplier Properties
- 17.
- NCMX23: Global market competition:
- 18.
- NCMX26: Market conditions and structure:
- 19.
- NCMX27: Export capacity:
- 20.
- NCMX29: Trade agreements:
4.1.2. PEST Factors
Political (P) Theme
- NCMY01: National stability and security:
Economic (E) Theme
- 2.
- NCMY02: National macroeconomics:
- 3.
- NCMY03: Price stability:
- 4.
- NCMY04: Demand:
- 5.
- NCMY05: Criticality of the product:
- 6.
- NCMY06: Investment:
- 7.
- NCMY07: Government expenses “Overfunding”:
Sociocultural (S) Theme
- 8.
- NCMY08: Criticality of the product’s survival:
- 9.
- NCMY09: Society’s attitude:
Technology (T) Theme
- 10.
- NCMY14: Advancement of national technology and innovation:
4.2. Quantitative Result
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
S. No. | P. Code | Participant Background | Round 1 | Round 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | SF03 | Former government consultant, social science professor interested in national strategic reserve | √ | √ |
2 | MS01 | Senior advisor to the Minister (leading ministry), professor of economics, dealt with the national strategic reserve | √ | √ |
3 | MQ04 | Professor of water and agriculture economics, former government consultant, farm owner | √ | √ |
4 | AA02 | Pharmacoeconomic professor interested in industry, logistics, and the economy, with great experience in the public and private sectors | √ | √ |
5 | SS06 | CEO of a leading company (billions of Saudi Riyals) that produces a critical product | √ | |
6 | NK05 | Former president of an organization responsible for securing one of the national strategic products—Ph.D. holder. | √ | √ |
7 | SM08 | Health economics professor | √ | |
8 | ZK07 | Procurement supervisor in one of the top five leading companies in Saudi Arabia | √ | |
9 | AM38 | Computer science engineering professor | √ | |
10 | KM33 | Expert in technology interested in semiconductor industry | √ | |
11 | AA39 | Computer science engineering professor | √ | |
12 | MK31 | Medical logistics officer in a global organization | √ | |
13 | SY48 | Political and economist analyst interested in national strategic reserve | √ | |
14 | SK36 | Former government consultant interested in national strategic reserve | √ | |
15 | ZA44 | Chief procurement officer for leading company—Ph.D. holder | √ | |
16 | BB10 | Former Vice President of the Research Centre at a well-known hospital in Saudi Arabia—Epidemiologist expert—Ph.D. holder | √ | √ |
17 | AS50 | Responsible (coordinator) for securing one of the national strategic reserve products—Master holder | √ | |
18 | NE51 | Geological expert interested in strategic reserve, dealt with energy and minerals—Master holder | √ | |
19 | AF56 | Vice President of a reputable organization in the Middle East. Managed multiple divisions related to fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) sales and distribution, including food and beverage, personal and home care in modern and traditional trade channels in competitive markets | √ | |
20 | FA60 | Food trader | √ | |
21 | AM09 | Well-educated historian interested in political, economic, and sociocultural issues | √ | |
22 | OH15 | Chief procurement officer in leading companies. Managed mega project in Saudi Arabia | √ | √ |
23 | MM61 | Computing and AI Professor | √ | √ |
Appendix B
SN | Question | Indicators | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Gender | Male | Female | |||
2 | Level of education you have completed | Bachelor’s degree or less | Master’s degree | Doctoral degree | ||
3 | Work experience | Less than 7 | 7 to less than 10 | More than 10 years | ||
4 | Experience background | Practical (A person who has practical knowledge by working in the field like traders, suppliers, farmers, producers, staff... etc.) | Theoretical (A person who has academic knowledge or is interested in the field/product by reading, researching… etc.) | Both | ||
5 | In Saudi Arabia, (From 1 to 7) how available are/is the: | |||||
Scale used: Extremely scarce (1)… Extremely available (7) | ||||||
NCMX01 | Raw materials needed for producing gasoline? | |||||
NCMX02 | Feasible alternatives for gasoline? | |||||
NCMX03 | Qualified personnel in gasoline? | |||||
NCMX05 (A) | Local gasoline producers? | |||||
NCMX06 | Gasoline investors? | |||||
NCMX04 | Strategic reserves of gasoline? | |||||
NCMX08 | Scientific research centers for gasoline? | |||||
6 | In Saudi Arabia, (From 1 to 7) how satisfied are you with: | |||||
Scale used: Very dissatisfied (1) …Very satisfied (7) | ||||||
NCMX14 | The overall logistic services for gasoline (harbor, warehouses, distribution channels, etc.)? | |||||
NCMX16 | The accuracy of available data for forecasting the gasoline demand? | |||||
NCMX21 (A) | The consumption behavior by gasoline users in terms of product usage, and disposal methods -if applicable? | |||||
NCMX21 (B) | The availability of policies and procedures to manage the consumption behavior of gasoline consumers (e.g., increase the price, impose fine, educate the society about optimal use of product… etc.)? | |||||
NCMX21 (C) | The implementation of policies and procedures to manage the consumption behavior of gasoline users? | |||||
7 | Is gasoline consider a recyclable? | |||||
Yes | No (go to Q.9) | |||||
8 | If yes, In Saudi Arabia, (from 1 to 7) how satisfied are you with: | |||||
Scale used: Very dissatisfied (1)… Very satisfied (7) | ||||||
NCMX21(D) | Availability of policies and procedures to recycle gasoline? | |||||
NCMX21 (E) | Implementation of policies and procedures to recycle gasoline? | |||||
9 | In Saudi Arabia, (From 1 to 7) how easy is it to: | |||||
Scale used: Not easy at all (1)… Very easy (7) | ||||||
NCMX18 (A) | Produce gasoline? | |||||
NCMX18 (B) | Store gasoline? | |||||
10 | In Saudi Arabia, (From 1 to 7) to what extend: | |||||
Scale used: No affect at all (1)… Extremely affected (7) | ||||||
NCMX24 | Gasoline operational activities cost the government? | |||||
11 | To satisfy the local needs, does the market of Saudi Arabia rely on external suppliers for rice? | |||||
Yes | No (go to Q.14) | |||||
12 | If gasoline was produced outside Saudi Arabia, (From 1 to 7) how available are/is the: | |||||
Scale used: Extremely scarce (1)… Extremely available (7) | ||||||
NCMX05 (B) | Global gasoline supplier? | |||||
13 | If gasoline was outsourced (From 1 to 7): | |||||
Scale used: Extremely low (1)… Extremely high (7) | ||||||
NCMX07 | How does the market of Saudi Arabia rely on external gasoline supplier? | |||||
NCMX27 | What is the capacity limit of the supplier to export gasoline to Saudi Arabia (Production limit)? | |||||
NCMX29 | How flexible is the trade agreement between Saudi Arabia and the most reliable gasoline supplier’s country? | |||||
NCMX12 | How vulnerable is the flow of gasoline supply to any of the following events: adverse weather, natural disaster, war, pandemic, climate change, cyberattack? | |||||
NCMX13 | How stable is the political regime of gasoline producer countries in general? | |||||
NCMX15 | How do policies and procedures at supplier’s country negatively affect the supply of gasoline to Saudi Arabia (Quotas, and restriction in supplier’s country)? | |||||
NCMX26 | How the supplier’s gasoline market condition is subject to one of the following practices: monopoly, cartels… etc.? | |||||
NCMX23 | How tough is the global competition of gasoline? | |||||
14 | Hypothetically, if there were a lack of gasoline from local markets in Saudi Arabia, (From 1 to 7) to what extent would you expect the effect be on the: | |||||
Scale used: No affect at all (1)… Extremely affected (7) | ||||||
NCMY01 | Nation’s stability and security? | |||||
NCMY04 | Gasoline’s demand? | |||||
NCMY03 | Gasoline’s price stability? | |||||
NCMY06 | Return on government investment for businesses related to gasoline projects? | |||||
NCMY02 | National macroeconomic (GDP, employment rate, interest rate, inflation…etc.)? | |||||
NCMY05 (A) | Public projects/services that rely on gasoline? | |||||
NCMY05 (B) | Local industries and businesses that rely on gasoline? | |||||
NCMY07 | Government expenses (subsidize, national debt, etc.)? | |||||
NCMY08 | Human life (mortality rate)? | |||||
NCMY09 | Societal attitude (purchasing habits, crimes rate, antisocial activities)? | |||||
NCMY14 | Advancement of national technology and innovation? |
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Introduction | Main Questions | Outro |
---|---|---|
Illustrated the aim of the study, the purpose of conducting the interview, and the reason for nominating the interviewee. If they agreed to participate in the study, they were asked to read and sign the consent form before starting the interview. | Researcher presented the proposed model (Figure 2) to the participants and asked them to name and place a product into the matrix; then, the following questions were used for discussion:
| In this phase, the participants were asked:
|
S. No. | Variable Name | V. Code | Communality after Extraction | Mean | SD | Factor Loading |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Component 1: Supply Risk Factor | ||||||
1 | Availability ratio of (local/global) suppliers | NCMX05 (A) | 0.190 | 4.99 | 1.82 | 0.366 |
NCMX05 (B) | 0.398 | 3.00 | 1.53 | 0.593 | ||
2 | Availability ratio of investors | NCMX06 | 0.373 | 4.19 | 2.04 | 0.610 |
3 | Self-sufficiency | NCMX04 | 0.494 | 3.84 | 1.99 | 0.702 |
4 | The availability of scientific research centers | NCMX08 | 0.170 | 4.78 | 1.74 | 0.334 |
5 | Logistic challenge | NCMX14 | 0.550 | 3.33 | 1.97 | 0.741 |
6 | Forecasting accuracy ratio | NCMX16 | 0.654 | 3.86 | 1.74 | 0.808 |
7 | Consumer behavior | NCMX21 (A) | 0.426 | 4.50 | 1.58 | 0.651 |
NCMX21 (B) | 0.592 | 4.50 | 1.73 | 0.769 | ||
NCMX21 (C) | 0.531 | 4.66 | 1.68 | 0.728 | ||
8 | Export capacity | NCMX27 | 0.324 | 2.94 | 1.41 | 0.569 |
9 | Trade agreements | NCMX29 | 0.342 | 2.99 | 1.31 | 0.585 |
Component 2: PEST factors | ||||||
1 | National stability and security | NCMY01 | 0.534 | 4.22 | 1.86 | 0.730 |
2 | Demand | NCMY04 | 0.386 | 5.64 | 1.48 | 0.567 |
3 | Price stability | NCMY03 | 0.223 | 5.57 | 1.65 | 0.454 |
4 | Investment | NCMY06 | 0.394 | 4.90 | 1.58 | 0.599 |
5 | Criticality of the product | NCMY05 (A) | 0.534 | 4.69 | 1.71 | 0.718 |
NCMY05 (B) | 0.599 | 5.04 | 1.53 | 0.737 | ||
6 | National macroeconomics | NCMY02 | 0.357 | 3.88 | 1.77 | 0.593 |
7 | Government expenses “Overfunding” | NCMY07 | 0.493 | 4.21 | 1.78 | 0.656 |
8 | Criticality of the product’s survival | NCMY08 | 0.430 | 4.36 | 1.99 | 0.636 |
9 | Society’s attitude | NCMY09 | 0.280 | 4.30 | 1.78 | 0.511 |
10 | Advancement of national technology and innovation | NCMY14 | 0.439 | 4.09 | 2.09 | 0.608 |
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Fadil, A.; Davis, P.; Geraghty, J. A Mixed-Method Approach to Determine the Successful Factors Affecting the Criticality Level of Intermediate and Final Products on National Basis: A Case Study from Saudi Arabia. Sustainability 2023, 15, 6023. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076023
Fadil A, Davis P, Geraghty J. A Mixed-Method Approach to Determine the Successful Factors Affecting the Criticality Level of Intermediate and Final Products on National Basis: A Case Study from Saudi Arabia. Sustainability. 2023; 15(7):6023. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076023
Chicago/Turabian StyleFadil, Aiman, Paul Davis, and John Geraghty. 2023. "A Mixed-Method Approach to Determine the Successful Factors Affecting the Criticality Level of Intermediate and Final Products on National Basis: A Case Study from Saudi Arabia" Sustainability 15, no. 7: 6023. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076023
APA StyleFadil, A., Davis, P., & Geraghty, J. (2023). A Mixed-Method Approach to Determine the Successful Factors Affecting the Criticality Level of Intermediate and Final Products on National Basis: A Case Study from Saudi Arabia. Sustainability, 15(7), 6023. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076023