Sustainability

31 pages, 3386 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fiscal Policy and Economic Resilience: The Impact of Government Consumption Alongside Oil and Non-Oil Revenues on Saudi Arabia’s GDP during Crises (1969–2022)

by Nagwa Amin Abdelkawy and Abdullah Sultan Al Shammre

Sustainability 2024, 16(14), 6267; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146267 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1279

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of Government Consumption (GC) on Saudi Arabia’s GDP during major economic crises from 1969 to 2022, focusing on periods marked by fluctuations in oil and non-oil revenues. By integrating these revenue streams, the research provides a more comprehensive [...] Read more.

This study investigates the impact of Government Consumption (GC) on Saudi Arabia’s GDP during major economic crises from 1969 to 2022, focusing on periods marked by fluctuations in oil and non-oil revenues. By integrating these revenue streams, the research provides a more comprehensive analysis of fiscal policy effectiveness during economic downturns. Using an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, the study reveals the complex role of Government Consumption (GC) in stabilizing and stimulating the Saudi economy amidst revenue volatility. Key findings indicate that while GC does not significantly influence GDP in the short term, its long-term effectiveness varies across different crises. Specifically, GC has acted as a buffer against immediate economic shocks during certain crises while providing a stimulus for economic recovery in others. During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, timely fiscal measures significantly boosted GDP, underscoring the importance of adaptive and proactive fiscal policies. Conversely, the 2014–2016 oil price collapse demonstrated that GC alone was insufficient to counteract economic downturns, emphasizing the need for diversified revenue strategies. These findings underscore the dual role of GC in economic stabilization and recovery. During the COVID-19 pandemic, GC played a crucial role in both mitigating negative economic impacts and supporting recovery efforts, showcasing its effectiveness in times of global disruptions. This demonstrates GC’s capability as an immediate buffer against economic shocks and a stimulus for economic recovery. In contrast, during the 2014–2016 oil price collapse, GC was less effective, indicating the limitations of relying solely on government spending without broader economic diversification. This highlights the necessity of diversified revenue strategies to complement fiscal measures for long-term economic resilience. The robustness of the findings was ensured through various diagnostic tests, including checks for autocorrelation, heteroskedasticity, and stationarity of residuals. The absence of significant autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity, along with the stationarity of differenced variables, confirms the validity of the econometric models used. The study contributes to the discourse on fiscal policy in oil-dependent economies by illustrating the critical role of diversified revenue strategies and adaptive fiscal measures in enhancing economic resilience. Recommendations are offered for policymakers to optimize fiscal strategies, ensuring robust economic recovery and long-term stability in volatile markets. This research highlights the necessity for Saudi Arabia to refine its fiscal policies towards greater economic diversification and stability. Full article

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18 pages, 1495 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Creating Organizational Resilience through Digital Transformation and Dynamic Capabilities: Findings from fs/QCA Analysis on the Example of Polish CHP Plants

by Anna Kwiotkowska

Sustainability 2024, 16(14), 6266; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146266 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1075

Abstract

Digital transformation, organizational resilience, and agility are now becoming key to meeting the competitive challenges of modern organizations. It is no surprise that digital transformation and digital technologies have also begun to significantly impact the energy industry, moving towards improving the sector’s profitability [...] Read more.

Digital transformation, organizational resilience, and agility are now becoming key to meeting the competitive challenges of modern organizations. It is no surprise that digital transformation and digital technologies have also begun to significantly impact the energy industry, moving towards improving the sector’s profitability and efficiency. However, to move the difficult process of digital transformation in today’s dynamically changing environment, organizations, including those in the energy sector, need to build organizational resilience. Nevertheless, the relationship between digital transformation and organizational resilience has not yet been explained in a satisfactory and sufficient manner. Focusing on the level of digital transformation, and more precisely within the two dimensions of digital maturity, i.e., digital intensity and transformation management intensity, as well as based on the perspective of dynamic capabilities, this study developed a configurational framework and proposed a theoretical model to study the equifinal paths through which digital transformation and dynamic capabilities influence organizational resilience in energy sector companies. Based on a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fs/QCA) conducted on selected companies in the energy sector, i.e., Polish CHP plants, the relationship among digital transformation, dynamic capabilities, and organizational resilience was investigated. The results show that a high level of organizational resilience is possible to achieve through two main paths based on the dominance of dynamic capabilities and the dominance of digital maturity. The results show that a high level of organizational resilience is possible to achieve through two main paths based on the dominance of dynamic capabilities and the dominance of digital maturity. The study found that digital maturity can significantly influence CHP resilience. Moreover, the transformation management intensity is strongly related to high organizational resilience. The paper concludes by describing theoretical and practical implications, as well as research limitations and prospects for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Management)

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20 pages, 2648 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recycling Clay Waste from Excavation, Demolition, and Construction: Trends and Challenges

by Liliana Carolina Hernández García, Sergio Neves Monteiro and Henry A. Colorado Lopera

Sustainability 2024, 16(14), 6265; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146265 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1685

Abstract

The recycling of clay waste from construction debris highly depends on the chemical and mineralogical composition of the waste. Clays and clay minerals are known to be among marginal construction waste, representing an interesting opportunity and platform to produce other low-cost and low-carbon [...] Read more.

The recycling of clay waste from construction debris highly depends on the chemical and mineralogical composition of the waste. Clays and clay minerals are known to be among marginal construction waste, representing an interesting opportunity and platform to produce other low-cost and low-carbon materials due to their possibilities for functional material design, such as adsorbents, drug delivery, catalysts and photocatalysts, and nanocomposites. The present review analyzes a wide variety of mechanisms for encapsulating organic and inorganic species between the layers of clay minerals. Through the compilation of advances in acid activation, exchange of inorganic cations, intercalation, and pillarization, new applications for clay materials are generated, paving the way to a nanometric world with functional, magnetic, adsorption, and catalytic capabilities. New trends are consolidated in the reuse of recycled clays in infrastructure projects, such as hydraulic concrete, water purification, soil fertility, pigments and paints, food packaging and storage, and ceramic appliances. It is concluded that clay waste is suitable to reuse in many industrial products and construction materials, enabling a reduction in the consumption of raw materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recycling Materials for the Circular Economy—2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 11121 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Metaverse in Green Building Concept Learning, Creative Design Performance, and Learning Engagement

by Yu-Shan Chang, Yen-Yin Wang and Hsin-Jou Tsai

Sustainability 2024, 16(14), 6264; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146264 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 975

Abstract

Due to the rapid advancement of technology, environmental sustainability education has gained significant attention. This study aimed to explore the effect of the metaverse on green building concept learning, creative design performance, and learning engagement. This research was conducted with 61 students from [...] Read more.

Due to the rapid advancement of technology, environmental sustainability education has gained significant attention. This study aimed to explore the effect of the metaverse on green building concept learning, creative design performance, and learning engagement. This research was conducted with 61 students from a public high school, employing a quasi-experimental design with nonequivalent groups. The experimental teaching theme was green building education, where the experimental group used online metaverse with Minecraft-assisted teaching, while the comparison group used internet images for assistance. Our research results were as follows: 1. The metaverse had a large effect size on the example dimension of concept learning but no significant effect on the linkages, hierarchical structures, or cross-linking terms. 2. The metaverse significantly enhanced creative design performance, including value, usability, novelty, and elaboration. 3. The metaverse had a significant effect on learning engagement, particularly in learning attitudes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Virtual Reality/Metaverse Applications in STEAM Education and Creativity: Towards Student Learning Sustainability)

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13 pages, 827 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Knowledge and Green Purchase Intention and Behavior in China: The Mediating Role of Moral Obligation

by Manfei Cui, Yong Li and Shan Wang

Sustainability 2024, 16(14), 6263; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146263 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1821

Abstract

The increasing global focus on environmental sustainability has led to a growing emphasis on green purchase behavior. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) is one of the classical theories used to understand individual green purchase behavior from the perspective of psychology. Data are [...] Read more.

The increasing global focus on environmental sustainability has led to a growing emphasis on green purchase behavior. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) is one of the classical theories used to understand individual green purchase behavior from the perspective of psychology. Data are collected through an online survey, and the structural equation modeling (SEM) method is employed for analysis. The research findings demonstrate that consumers’ green purchase intention and environmental knowledge significantly and positively influence green purchase behavior. Moreover, moral obligation plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between green purchase intention and green purchase behavior, as well as in the relationship between environmental knowledge and green purchase behavior. By incorporating moral obligation and environmental knowledge into the TPB framework, this study advances the theoretical understanding of the drivers of green purchase behavior. Furthermore, this study reveals that green purchase intention, compared to environmental knowledge, exerts a greater influence on promoting consumers’ green purchase behavior. This finding underscores the crucial role of consumers’ internal motivation in driving sustainable choice. This study offers valuable implications for the design of green marketing strategies and have the potential to promote environmentally sustainable consumption behavior, thereby contributing to the global sustainability efforts. Full article

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4 pages, 157 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Green Nanotechnology: Paving the Way for Environmental Sustainability

by Kannan Badri Narayanan and Rakesh Bhaskar

Sustainability 2024, 16(14), 6262; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146262 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1229

Abstract

In the era of rising global population and environmental apprehension, the critical necessity is to bring sustainable solutions through innovations in modern science [...] Full article

26 pages, 1442 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Optimal Selection of Renewable Energy Systems Based on MILP for Two Zones in Mexico

by Alan Ortiz Contreras, Mohamed Badaoui and David Sebastián Baltazar

Sustainability 2024, 16(14), 6261; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146261 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 893

Abstract

This paper presents a series of enhancements to a previously proposed mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model for investment decisions and operational planning in distributed generation (DG) systems. The main contribution of this study consists of integrating a wind generation system and multiple loads [...] Read more.

This paper presents a series of enhancements to a previously proposed mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model for investment decisions and operational planning in distributed generation (DG) systems. The main contribution of this study consists of integrating a wind generation system and multiple loads at different buses in a network. The model considers dynamic weather data, energy prices, costs related to photovoltaic and wind systems, storage systems, operational and maintenance costs, and other pertinent factors, such as efficiencies, geographical locations, resource availability, and different load profiles. The simulation results obtained through implementation in Julia’s programming language illustrate that the MILP formulation maximizes the net present value, and four configurations for hybrid power generation systems in Mexico are analyzed. The objective is to enable profitability assessment for investments in large-capacity DG systems in two strategic zones of Mexico. The results show that the configurations in the NE zone, especially in Tamaulipas, are the most cost-effective. Case 1 stands out for its highest net present value and shortest payback time, while Case 2 offers the highest energy savings. In addition, Cases 3 and 4, which incorporate storage systems, exhibit the longest payback periods and the lowest savings, indicating less favorable economic performance compared with Cases 1 and 2. Moreover, the sales of two case studies, one without a storage system and the other with a storage system, are shown. The model also incorporates instruments for buying or selling energy in the wholesale electricity market, including variables that depict the injected energy into the electrical grid. This comprehensive approach provides a detailed overview of optimal energy management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable and Sustainable Energy Technologies, Opportunities, Challenges, and Promising Solutions)

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34 pages, 3589 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Taking a Consumer-Led Approach to Identify Key Characteristics of an Effective Ecolabelling Scheme

by Catriona Hay, Kate Meyer, Gabriella Rutherford-Carr, Jeremy P. Hill and Joanne Hort

Sustainability 2024, 16(14), 6260; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146260 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1112

Abstract

A gap exists between consumer adoption of sustainable purchasing habits and the behavioural changes required to significantly decrease planetary environmental impact. Current ecolabels do not enable purchasing based on environmental impact, and an effective labelling scheme is required to change purchasing priorities. Using [...] Read more.

A gap exists between consumer adoption of sustainable purchasing habits and the behavioural changes required to significantly decrease planetary environmental impact. Current ecolabels do not enable purchasing based on environmental impact, and an effective labelling scheme is required to change purchasing priorities. Using focus groups, ecolabels with components varying in the depth of environmental information conveyed, visual features employed, as well as product comparability and scalability of design, were evaluated by consumers with differing levels of environmental awareness. Independent, credible information accessible to consumers of varying environmental awareness was a participant priority. In-depth data communicated through a bar or pie chart with an interpretable holistic message across all environmental factors was preferred. Colour-coded components offering product comparisons and scalable to the size of the packaging, product value, and lifetime were most likely to empower environmentally motivated purchasing. Insights can inform the development of an effective ecolabelling scheme that equips consumers to adopt more sustainable purchasing habits. Full article

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19 pages, 7910 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Irrigation Water Quality Assessment in Egyptian Arid Lands, Utilizing Irrigation Water Quality Index and Geo-Spatial Techniques

by Mohamed E. Fadl, Doaa M. Abou ElFadl, Elhussieny A. Abou Hussien, Mohammedi Zekari, Eltaher M. Shams, Marios Drosos, Antonio Scopa and Hanaa A. Megahed

Sustainability 2024, 16(14), 6259; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146259 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 880

Abstract

This study focused on assessing surface water quality in the northwest part of the Egyptian Nile Delta (El-Menoufia Governorate) and evaluated water suitability for irrigation purposes using the Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI), Permeability Index (PI), Wilcox, United State Salinity (USSL) diagram, and [...] Read more.

This study focused on assessing surface water quality in the northwest part of the Egyptian Nile Delta (El-Menoufia Governorate) and evaluated water suitability for irrigation purposes using the Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI), Permeability Index (PI), Wilcox, United State Salinity (USSL) diagram, and Piper trilinear diagrams categories, taking into consideration various water quality parameters. The results showed that, based on the IWQI, most of the water samples (61.8%) in the investigated area fell under the no restriction water (NR) category. Furthermore, the Wilcox diagram demonstrated that most of the investigated water samples (93.6%) are categorized as doubtful water; this shows that those samples have a higher sodium content material. According to the USSL diagram, most of the water samples (70.9%) fell into the high salinity (C) and moderate sodium (S) content (C3S2) class. According to the PI index, 8.2% of the tested water samples fell into class II (suitable for irrigation) and 91.8% fell into class III (unsuitable for irrigation). Based on the Piper trilinear, the water type is Na-Cl-HCO₃. According to these results, most of the water samples require more water regulations, are categorized as doubtful water that causes plants’ augmentation sensitivity if used for irrigation, and fell into the high salinity (EC) and sodium absorption ratio (SAR) magnitude, which might have negative outcomes on soil and plant health if used for irrigation, have extensive obstacles, and are improper for irrigation. Therefore, proper management practices and treatments may be vital to mitigate the adverse effects of salinity and SAR on soil and plant health in this study area. Therefore, addressing water deficiency and quality in Egypt’s northwest Nile delta is crucial for suitable irrigation purposes. Full article

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30 pages, 2330 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Supporting Role of Finance in the Development of Clean Energy in China Based on the Panel Vector Autoregressive Model

by Guangyue Xu, Lulu Zhang, Zhongzhou Li, Zili Huang, Hongyu Jiang and Kyaw Jaw Sine Marma

Sustainability 2024, 16(14), 6258; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146258 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 952

Abstract

The efficient development and widespread utilization of clean energy hold global significance, particularly for developing countries like China, which has committed to carbon peak and neutrality targets. In this context, the financial sector plays a crucial role in supporting the renewable energy industry, [...] Read more.

The efficient development and widespread utilization of clean energy hold global significance, particularly for developing countries like China, which has committed to carbon peak and neutrality targets. In this context, the financial sector plays a crucial role in supporting the renewable energy industry, ensuring a reliable energy supply for economic growth. To statistically assess the impact of financial characteristics—such as financial efficiency, financial size, and green finance—this paper employs a panel vector autoregressive (PVAR) model with province-level data from China spanning the period 1991 to 2018. The key findings demonstrate that (1) financial factors significantly contribute to the development of clean energy in China, and among these factors, financial scale has a greater impact than financial efficiency and green finance; (2) there are distinct regional variations in how financial development affects the clean energy sector, and the role of financial scale is particularly pronounced in the central and western regions of China while the impact of financial efficiency on the clean energy industry is not significant across all regions; and (3) other drivers—including industrial structure, financial expenditure, and technological advancements—also spur the growth of the clean energy industry. However, due to diminishing marginal effects, the forces driving its growth may gradually diminish. Therefore, the article proposes critical policy suggestions for promoting clean energy development in China. These policies should consider the regional context and address both financial and non-financial aspects. Understanding the interplay between finance, regional dynamics, and clean energy development is crucial for achieving sustainable and resilient energy systems in China. Full article

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22 pages, 5668 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Soiling, Adhesion, and Surface Characterization of Concentrated Solar Power Reflectors: Insights and Challenges in the MENA Region

by Ayoub El Baraka, Redouane En-nadir, Mohamed A. Basyooni-M. Kabatas, Anouar Jorio and Asmae Khaldoun

Sustainability 2024, 16(14), 6257; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146257 - 22 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 833

Abstract

Desert environments are prime locations for concentrated solar power (CSP) applications due to abundant direct normal irradiance. Despite this advantage, the accumulation and adhesion of dust on CSP mirror surfaces present significant challenges to plant efficiency. This paper comprehensively explores soiling phenomena and [...] Read more.

Desert environments are prime locations for concentrated solar power (CSP) applications due to abundant direct normal irradiance. Despite this advantage, the accumulation and adhesion of dust on CSP mirror surfaces present significant challenges to plant efficiency. This paper comprehensively explores soiling phenomena and dust adhesion mechanisms, complemented by advanced measurement techniques tailored for CSP reflector mirrors. By elucidating the factors influencing dust accumulation and delving into the thermodynamics of self-cleaning coatings, alongside an analysis of various mirror materials, this study aims to enrich our understanding of soiling in CSP systems. This study aims to provide valuable insights that will help develop strategies to reduce dust-related efficiency losses in CSP plants, ultimately supporting the development of more reliable and sustainable solar energy solutions for the MENA region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Sustainable Applications: Current Development and Future Trends)

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24 pages, 4002 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Selecting Resilient Strategies for Cost Optimization in Prefabricated Building Supply Chains Based on the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-Ⅱ: Facing Diverse Disruption Scenarios

by Yanyan Wang, Tongtong Wang, Wenjing Cui, Guangqiang Zhou and Huajun Liu

Sustainability 2024, 16(14), 6256; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146256 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 951

Abstract

As a new sustainable building production mode, prefabricated building supply chains can realize energy saving, environmental protection and full cycle value maximization of building products. Prefabricated building supply chains often experience disruptions due to supply instability, transportation delay and force majeure, resulting in [...] Read more.

As a new sustainable building production mode, prefabricated building supply chains can realize energy saving, environmental protection and full cycle value maximization of building products. Prefabricated building supply chains often experience disruptions due to supply instability, transportation delay and force majeure, resulting in project delays and cost escalations and posing challenges to the sustainable development objectives of enterprises. Therefore, it is important and essential to study the strategy of enhancing the resiliency of prefabricated building supply chains, which has not been comprehensively explored in previous papers. This paper constructs decision-making models for supply chain cost resilience strategies under varying scenarios of supply disruptions, incorporating both redundant inventory and back-up supplier strategy. It considers the total cost and resilience of the supply chain as dual objective functions. Parameter-tuned non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-Π (NSGA-Π) algorithms were used innovatively to solve the project case, and the impacts of the redundant inventory coefficient and back-up supplier supply price coefficient on the model result were analyzed. The results indicate that the supply chain with resilience construction has a superior capability to cope with disruption. The results show that when there is a mild supply disruption, the general contractor uses the capacity within the supply chain and chooses a redundant inventory strategy to restore resilience. In the event of moderate disruption, both the easy inventory strategy and back-up supplier strategy are selected to maintain supply chain stability. In the event of a severe disruption, only the back-up supplier strategy is selected to cover the losses and maintain the project schedule. In addition, the choice of resilience strategy is impacted by the inventory levels and component prices of back-up suppliers. It further verifies the effectiveness of the model and the impacts of uncertain parameters in the model on the results. This study contributes to enhancing the resilience management of the prefabricated building supply chain by the general contractor, thereby elevating the overall efficiency and competitiveness of the supply chain and furthering the sustainable development of prefabricated buildings. Full article

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16 pages, 11132 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Reinforced Properties of Geopolymer Fibers with a Sustainable Development Role

by Yongping Qu, Wentao Li, Caiping Wang, Honghong Cao and Rui Zhou

Sustainability 2024, 16(14), 6255; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146255 - 22 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 753

Abstract

Geopolymers are of great significance in reducing the consumption of mineral resources, saving energy, protecting the environment, and realizing sustainable economic and social development. This experiment investigated geopolymer mortar with fly ash and metakaolin as the primary binders, assessing the impact of different [...] Read more.

Geopolymers are of great significance in reducing the consumption of mineral resources, saving energy, protecting the environment, and realizing sustainable economic and social development. This experiment investigated geopolymer mortar with fly ash and metakaolin as the primary binders, assessing the impact of different fiber types and volume fractions on the mortar’s flexural and compressive strength. The results indicated that optimal mechanical properties could be achieved with a fly ash-to-metakaolin ratio of 35:65. The mechanical performance is the best, with a compressive strength of 54 MPa, a flexural strength of 3.4 MPa, and a split tensile strength of 1.9 MPa at 28 days. Different fibers influenced the splitting tensile strength to varying degrees; with a 1.5% volume fraction of steel fibers, geopolymer mortar exhibited the best reinforcement effect, showing a 70% increase in flexural strength and a 142% increase in tensile strength. Mechanistic analysis revealed that the reinforcement from refined various fibers could refine the structure and further enhance the strength. Of steel geopolymer fibers’ The reinforcing effect of steel fibers is the best among them, and the internal structure is the most compact. The geopolymer mortar hydration products of geopolymer mortar reinforced with PP fibers, PVA fibers, steel fibers, and carbon fibers were amorphous network-structured zeolites (Na₂[Al₂Si₃O₁₀]·2H₂O). The limitations of geopolymers can be effectively addressed through the aforementioned research, which can effectively reduce the use of cement and achieve the goal of sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Value and Resource-Based Utilization of Coal-Based Solid Waste)

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43 pages, 17879 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Sustainable VR Use Cases for Startup Business Models: A Customized Customer Development Approach

by Dimas Pandu Pratama and Panca O. Hadi Putra

Sustainability 2024, 16(14), 6254; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146254 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1227

Abstract

Startups often face uncertainty and the potential Valley of Death. To address these challenges, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can serve as a starting point to identify business opportunities in markets driven by SDG-related issues. In this case, we propose using virtual reality (VR) [...] Read more.

Startups often face uncertainty and the potential Valley of Death. To address these challenges, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can serve as a starting point to identify business opportunities in markets driven by SDG-related issues. In this case, we propose using virtual reality (VR) technology as a “painkiller”. This study aims to explore VR use cases and their implications for startup business models and discover a problem–solution fit, i.e., identify the degree to which VR applications effectively address actual problems as “killer applications”. The study employs a customized customer discovery technique, an essential process in the Customer Development methodology. By exploring VR’s applicability in various domains such as entertainment, training, education, and tourism, this study unveils compelling use cases that align with SDG aspects, thus validating the hypothesis on startups’ potential to harness VR for SDG contributions. Furthermore, the study produces VR business model designs based on solutions to SDG-related problems. Thus, startups can function effectively as “painkillers”, offering solutions that are not only desired but urgently needed (problem–solution fit). The implications of these findings extend globally, underlining VR’s role in addressing SDG issues and offering practical insights for startup business model development that are applicable to broader technology adoptions. Full article

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21 pages, 4519 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Strength of Rural Tourism Operators’ Willingness to Carbon Offset and Its Influencing Mechanisms

by Wei Song, Liguo Wang, Yan He, Yanting Ye and Yuting Jiang

Sustainability 2024, 16(14), 6253; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146253 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1004

Abstract

Tourism operators generate carbon emissions during their operations, and their environmental responsibility behaviors, such as carbon offsetting, significantly impact the ecological environment of tourist sites. Understanding the operators’ willingness to engage in carbon offsetting and the factors influencing this willingness is crucial for [...] Read more.

Tourism operators generate carbon emissions during their operations, and their environmental responsibility behaviors, such as carbon offsetting, significantly impact the ecological environment of tourist sites. Understanding the operators’ willingness to engage in carbon offsetting and the factors influencing this willingness is crucial for achieving the “dual carbon” goals and promoting sustainable growth in China’s tourism sector. This study collected 746 offline questionnaires from operators at rural tourism sites across 100 counties and districts in Jiangxi Province. It empirically analyzed their willingness to participate in carbon offsetting, comparing various factors such as the strength of willingness, spatial differences, and distinctions between all-for-one tourism counties and non-all-for-one tourism counties, as well as suburban, outer suburban, and remote tourism sites. Using the value–belief–norm theory and the theory of planned behavior, a structural equation model was developed to comprehensively examine the operators’ willingness and its influencing mechanisms. The structural statistical analysis revealed that the integrated model effectively predicted rural tourism operators’ willingness to participate in carbon offsetting. The results showed that, except for Hypothesis 6, all suggested correlations between the variables were significant. Value perception had a significantly positive effect on participants’ desire to engage in carbon offsetting. This research provides various theoretical and practical implications for local authorities regarding rural tourism operators, advancing the incentive for carbon offsetting and sustainable tourism development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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23 pages, 6251 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on Street Tree Planting Strategy in Pingtan Island Based on Road Wind Environment Simulation

by Siqi Gao, Qianxi Chen, Yuxing Chen, Jing Ye and Lingyan Chen

Sustainability 2024, 16(14), 6252; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146252 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 812

Abstract

In this paper, the landscape of typical roadway trees and their planting parameters on Pingtan Island are investigated and analyzed in the field. A three-dimensional model of street trees was created using AutoCAD 2020, and Ansys Fluent 2022 was used to simulate the [...] Read more.

In this paper, the landscape of typical roadway trees and their planting parameters on Pingtan Island are investigated and analyzed in the field. A three-dimensional model of street trees was created using AutoCAD 2020, and Ansys Fluent 2022 was used to simulate the wind condition of trees with various planting parameters under high wind circumstances. The study explores the stress and adaptability of roadway trees in the wind environment under different planting parameters, such as different heights, plant spacing, lower shrub heights, and two-row and three-row planting with different row spacings. The results show that the wind resistance of street trees is connected to the planting parameters and that modifying the appropriate planting parameters can improve the wind stability of road green space. The height of street trees is more suitable between 6.0~9.0 m. The planting spacing should be not less than 1.0 times the crown and not more than 1.75 times the crown. The form of planting has an important effect on wind resistance. Two rows of planting of street trees have a better utility and wind resistance, and a row spacing of 2.0~6.0 m is more appropriate. The height of the lower shrubs should be lower than the height of the first branch, with 0.5~1.0 m being more suitable. Based on the results of the data simulation and analysis, this paper proposes corresponding tree species selections and planting strategies for road green belts on Pingtan Island from the perspective of street tree species, planting parameters, and planting forms to provide references for the upgrading and planning of roadway tree landscapes on Pingtan Island as well as in similar climatic regions. Full article

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16 pages, 2787 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Product Development Anxiety: A Contingency Planning Model for Innovative Production Companies

by Mihai Dragomir, Aurel Mihail Țîțu, Ștefan Bodi, Tiberiu Oșanu and Alexandru Radu

Sustainability 2024, 16(14), 6251; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146251 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 767

Abstract

This paper investigates the possible failure modes of the product development process in production companies that are active in the B2C markets with a focus on household products. Since these cases require short lead times and are difficult to differentiate, in many instances [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the possible failure modes of the product development process in production companies that are active in the B2C markets with a focus on household products. Since these cases require short lead times and are difficult to differentiate, in many instances the result will not be the desired one and could affect profitability for a season or for good. A model of these possibilities is created and an approach to plan contingencies for their solutions is proposed in the article. The main guideline is to switch from failure probability determination to accepting failure as inevitable and using digital solutions to reinforce the development process to offset its impact. For this goal, an Industry 5.0 Abatement Factor (abbreviated IFAF) is introduced in the contingency planning approach, which factors in the evaluation of the low cost of digital instruments and the proper mix of Technology, Humans, and AI (abbreviated THAI). The new working procedure based on these concepts and their interlinkages is discussed based on specific examples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Production & Operations Management—2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 1599 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Innovative Professional Learning Communities and Sustainable Education Practices through Digital Transformation

by Maja Vičič Krabonja, Simona Kustec, Vesna Skrbinjek, Boris Aberšek and Andrej Flogie

Sustainability 2024, 16(14), 6250; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146250 - 22 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1962

Abstract

Education is the most important part of sustainable society development. Traditional approaches to permanent lifelong educator training often fail to produce lasting changes in teaching practices (UN, Goal 4). This paper examines how educator involvement in a professional learning community (PLC) ensures equitable [...] Read more.

Education is the most important part of sustainable society development. Traditional approaches to permanent lifelong educator training often fail to produce lasting changes in teaching practices (UN, Goal 4). This paper examines how educator involvement in a professional learning community (PLC) ensures equitable quality education and promotes lifelong learning opportunities for all and a sustainable digital transformation of the teaching and learning process. Participation in PLC and the use of contemporary learning environments positively impact the quality of educators’ work, thereby enhancing the overall educational process. This study utilised a quantitative methodology, employing both descriptive and inferential statistics to analyse the data. Results indicate that a balanced integration of formal PLC structures and guidance, combined with elements of a non-formal, broader PLC and external incentives and support (such as projects), can surpass mere exchanges of best practices, foster innovation, and support the sustainable digital transformation of educators. This approach leads to a sustainable shift in pedagogical paradigms. The PLC_IP model (focused on including digital technologies and effective teaching strategies) enhances collective educator efficacy, contributing to improved teaching quality. For PLCs to achieve sustainability, they must be dynamic entities that adapt to the evolving educational landscape, ensuring their continued relevance and impact with rising completion rates over time. Our findings underscore the importance of innovative PLCs in driving sustainable educational development and improvement and provide a framework for future research and practical applications in educational settings. In addition, PLCs can strengthen the means of implementation and revitalise the global partnership for sustainable development (UN, Goal 17). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Education and Sustainability in Education: Policy and Implementation Direction in the Era of SDGs)

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19 pages, 5352 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Road Junction Throughput Testing in Transport Logistics—Slovak Case Study

by Eva Sventeková, Pavol Prievozník, Michal Sibila and Martin Boroš

Sustainability 2024, 16(14), 6249; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146249 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 759

Abstract

The development of motoring and the ever-increasing traffic load on roads results in congestion and the collapse of traffic in weak places, which, due to their existing construction solution and traffic organization, cannot cover the current and forecasted requirements of carriers. The aim [...] Read more.

The development of motoring and the ever-increasing traffic load on roads results in congestion and the collapse of traffic in weak places, which, due to their existing construction solution and traffic organization, cannot cover the current and forecasted requirements of carriers. The aim of this article is to present a proposal for a procedure of adjusting the organization of transport, based on our own research and scientific methods of traffic forecasting. The authors work with the hypothesis that there are possibilities of rebuilding weak points in the existing network of overland roads into transport hubs with a higher transport capacity that will cover the requirements of transporters. In this article, the authors emphasize that the basis of the search for an optimal solution to the change in traffic remains the development of calculation methods and consideration of the specific traffic conditions occurring in the given country. Using the example of a case study within the Slovak Republic, we present a proposal for calculation methods based on European standards, which can be used practically without changes in every EU member country. This case study deals with the proposal to transform an uncontrolled four-way intersection into a roundabout. The authors carried out extensive transport research, and on the basis of data analysis, proposed construction and traffic-operational modifications of the existing junction in order to fulfil customer requirements in transport logistics. The proposed solution was verified alternatively with regard to the planned construction of a motorway section near the assessed intersection. When designing the calculation methods, we used our own experimental measurements directly in the area and also included in the calculation methods calculations regarding the capacity of turbo intersections, which are not yet addressed by the technical regulations in the SR environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Cities for Sustainable Development)

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22 pages, 2157 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coupling and Coordinated Development of Carbon Emission Efficiency in Industrial Enterprises and the Digital Economy: Empirical Evidence from Anhui, China

by Fagang Hu, Hongjun Liu, Yuxia Guo, Heping Ding and Kun Wang

Sustainability 2024, 16(14), 6248; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146248 - 22 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 826

Abstract

To delve into the interrelationship between the green transformation of industry and the economy’s high-quality development, to promote the coordinated development of industrial carbon emission efficiency and digital economy, to expand the scope and research ideas related to economic and social sustainable development, [...] Read more.

To delve into the interrelationship between the green transformation of industry and the economy’s high-quality development, to promote the coordinated development of industrial carbon emission efficiency and digital economy, to expand the scope and research ideas related to economic and social sustainable development, and to provide scientific reference for the low-carbon sustainable development of regional economy, this article introduced a data-centric methodology for evaluating the collaborative advancement of both industrial enterprises’ carbon emission efficiency and the digital economy. To accurately gauge the carbon footprint of industrial enterprises, models focusing on carbon emissions as well as carbon emission intensity were employed. To enhance the precision of evaluation outcomes and mitigate biases stemming from subjective weighting factors, we employed the entropy weight method to objectively assign weights to each indicator. Furthermore, the super-efficient slack-based model (SBM) can solve the problem that the conclusions are biased, due to the different radial. Subsequently, a carbon-emission efficiency slack-based measure model, and models for coupling degree and coupling-coordination degree were formulated. Anhui, as a central province in China, is also an important province in the Yangtze River Delta integration development. Coordinated development of its carbon emission efficiency and digital economy has important implications for the sustainable economy advancements of other regions in China, and even other countries or regions in the world. Therefore, Anhui was selected to be the empirical research sample. The results showed that the comprehensive levels of these two systems followed an increasing trend, while the digital economy lagged. Their coupling degree fluctuated and reached its highest point in 2021, whereas their coupling-coordination degree increased, showing high coupling and low coordination overall. This study proposes specific countermeasures and suggestions for the relevant decision-makers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Energy Economics and Sustainable Development)

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16 pages, 3821 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental–Socioeconomic Factors and Technology Adoption: Empirical Evidence from Small-Scale Salt Farmers in Improving Technical Efficiency in the Madurese Coastal Area, East Java, Indonesia

by Campina Illa Prihantini, Nuhfil Hanani, Syafrial and Rosihan Asmara

Sustainability 2024, 16(14), 6247; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146247 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1074

Abstract

Salt farming has been a hereditary occupation in the coastal communities of Madura Island; however, salt productivity in this area is still relatively low. The government has introduced a new production technology, called a geomembrane, as part of their efforts. The application of [...] Read more.

Salt farming has been a hereditary occupation in the coastal communities of Madura Island; however, salt productivity in this area is still relatively low. The government has introduced a new production technology, called a geomembrane, as part of their efforts. The application of the latest technological innovations has been promoted worldwide to increase farm productivity, including in salt farming. This research aims to determine the determinants of adoption decisions for salt production technology and estimate the adoption impact on technical efficiency. The data in this study are cross-sectional from 215 small-scale salt farmers on Madura Island, East Java, Indonesia. The data were analyzed using logistic regression to identify which factors influenced farmers’ decisions to use geomembranes. The influence of adoption on farmers’ technical efficiency was then assessed using propensity score matching (PSM) and data envelopment analysis (DEA). The findings indicate that age and the dummy variables of gender, land ownership, profit-sharing involvement, and membership in the People’s Salt Business Group (KUGAR) all had a significant impact on adoption rates. The findings of controlling matched samples using the PSM process reveal that geomembrane application improves and greatly increases farmers’ technical efficiency. Those who used geomembranes displayed greater technical efficiency than those who did not. These findings imply that salt production technology should be promoted more to increase productivity, especially geomembrane adoption, through outreach and dissemination of information, including for landowners involved in the profit-sharing system. The government should keep supporting salt farmers and motivate them to adopt geomembrane technology to ensure the sustainability of salt production in the coastal communities on Madura Island. Full article

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20 pages, 11000 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Management Scenarios in Metro Manila Using the Long-Range Energy Alternatives Planning-Integrated Benefit Calculator (LEAP-IBC) System

by Jazzie Jao, Maryfe Toyokan, Edgar Vallar, Liz Silva and Maria Cecilia Galvez

Sustainability 2024, 16(14), 6246; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146246 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 3317

Abstract

Short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) and municipal solid wastes (MSWs) have been found to be viable sources of clean energy. This study integrates the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines for methane flow rate estimation in the software Long-Range Energy Alternatives Planning-Integrated Benefit [...] Read more.

Short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) and municipal solid wastes (MSWs) have been found to be viable sources of clean energy. This study integrates the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines for methane flow rate estimation in the software Long-Range Energy Alternatives Planning-Integrated Benefit Calculator (LEAP-IBC) system to estimate and project the methane emissions coming from the waste generated by Metro Manila, disposed in sanitary landfills. It aims to analyze the environmental impacts of the emissions coming from the non-energy sector using the IBC feature of LEAP and by developing two scenarios with 2010 and 2050 as the base and end years: the baseline and methane recovery scenario, where the latter represents the solid waste management undertaken to counter the emissions. Under the baseline, 97.30 million metric tonnes of methane emissions are expected to be produced and are predicted to continuously increase. In the same scenario, the cities of Quezon, Manila, and Caloocan account for the biggest methane emissions. On the other hand, in the methane recovery scenario, the methane emissions are expected to have a decline of 36% from 127.036 to 81.303 million metric tonnes by 2025, 52% from 135.358 to 64.972 million metric tonnes by 2030, and 54% from 150.554 to 69.254 million metric tonnes by 2040. For the 40-year projection of the study under the 100-year global warming potential analysis, a total of 10,249 million metric tonnes of CO₂ equivalent is avoided in the methane recovery compared to the BAU, and a maximum of 0.019 °C temperature increase can also be avoided. Moreover, electricity costs without LFG technology increase from 2.21 trillion to 8.75 trillion, while costs with LFG technology also rise but remain consistently lower, ranging from 2.20 trillion to 8.74 trillion. This consistent reduction in electricity costs underscores the long-term value and importance of adopting LFG technology, even as its relative savings impact diminishes over time. Finally, the fixed effects and random effects panel data regression analysis reinforces and asserts that the solid waste management is really improved by means of the methane recovery technology, leading the methane emissions to decrease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air, Climate Change and Sustainability)

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24 pages, 34444 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Differences in Vegetation Phenological Characteristics and Their Effects on Water–Carbon Coupling in the Huang-Huai-Hai and Yangtze River Basins, China

by Shuying Han, Jiaqi Zhai, Mengyang Ma, Yong Zhao, Xing Li, Linghui Li and Haihong Li

Sustainability 2024, 16(14), 6245; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146245 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 789

Abstract

Vegetation phenology is a biological factor that directly or indirectly affects the dynamic equilibrium between water and carbon fluxes in ecosystems. Quantitative evaluations of the regulatory mechanisms of vegetation phenology on water–carbon coupling are of great significance for carbon neutrality and sustainable development. [...] Read more.

Vegetation phenology is a biological factor that directly or indirectly affects the dynamic equilibrium between water and carbon fluxes in ecosystems. Quantitative evaluations of the regulatory mechanisms of vegetation phenology on water–carbon coupling are of great significance for carbon neutrality and sustainable development. In this study, the interannual variation and partial correlation between vegetation phenology (the start of growing season (SOS), the end of growing season (EOS), and the length of growing season (LOS)) and ET (evapotranspiration), GPP (gross primary productivity), WUE (water use efficiency; water–carbon coupling index) in the Huang-Huai-Hai and Yangtze River Basins in China from 2001 to 2019 were systematically quantified. The response patterns of spring (autumn) and growing season WUE to SOS, EOS, and LOS, as well as the interpretation rate of interannual changes, were evaluated. Further analysis was conducted on the differences in vegetation phenology in response to WUE across different river basins. The results showed that during the vegetation growth season, ET and GPP were greatly influenced by phenology. Due to the different increases in ET and GPP caused by extending LOS, WUE showed differences in different basins. For example, an extended LOS in the Huang-Huai-Hai basins reduced WUE, while in the Yangtze River Basin, it increased WUE. After extending the growing season for 1 day, ET and GPP increased by 3.01–4.79 mm and 4.22–6.07 gC/m², respectively, while WUE decreased by 0.002–0.008 gC/kgH₂O. Further analysis of WUE response patterns indicates that compared to ET, early SOS (longer LOS) in the Yellow River and Hai River basins led to a greater increase in vegetation GPP, therefore weakening WUE. This suggests that phenological changes may increase ineffective water use in arid, semi-arid, and semi-humid areas and may further exacerbate drought. For the humid areas dominated by the Yangtze River Basin, changes in phenology improved local water use efficiency. Full article

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15 pages, 287 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Information in Enhancing Waste Sorting Capability among Consumers in Lao Cai City, Vietnam

by Nguyen Thanh Phong and Le Thi Thanh Loan

Sustainability 2024, 16(14), 6244; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146244 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 929

Abstract

Waste sorting at the source has been identified as a crucial solution for sustainable waste management in developing countries like Vietnam. Numerous previous studies have investigated the factors influencing waste sorting behavior among consumers. However, there has been limited research on consumers’ capability [...] Read more.

Waste sorting at the source has been identified as a crucial solution for sustainable waste management in developing countries like Vietnam. Numerous previous studies have investigated the factors influencing waste sorting behavior among consumers. However, there has been limited research on consumers’ capability in waste sorting at source, particularly the role of information. Without sufficient consumer capability in waste sorting, contamination continues to be a widespread problem, posing a challenge to the sustainability of such programs. A survey using the ASK (Attitude-Skill-Knowledge) model was conducted with 228 participants in Lao Cai city, Vietnam, to assess how information enhances consumer capability in waste sorting. This study indicated that: (1) Both information quality and information accessibility could affect overall consumer capability toward waste sorting at the source; (2) Information accessibility is important in determining all ASK component, while interestingly, information quality plays an important role in determining consumers’ attitudes toward waste sorting at the source. The study suggested some solutions for enhancing consumer capability in waste sorting program, including engaging all stakeholders, leveraging technology, educational campaigns, and regular updates on waste sorting at the source information. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Achieving Environmental Sustainability through Waste Management and Energy Conversion)

21 pages, 2285 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intervention Options for Enhancing Smallholder Compliance with Regulatory and Market Standards for High-Value Fruits and Vegetables in Rwanda and Zambia

by Morris Akiri, Fredrick Mbugua, Rahab Njunge, Charles Agwanda, Negussie E. Gurmessa, Noah A. Phiri, Richard Musebe, Jean Pierre Kalisa, Bellancile Uzayisenga, Monica K. Kansiime and Daniel Karanja

Sustainability 2024, 16(14), 6243; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146243 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1240

Abstract

Agriculture is vital for economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa. In Rwanda and Zambia, the sector drives economic output, particularly the horticulture sector, which has emerged as a significant contributor to export revenue and employment for resource-poor rural communities. As agri-food value chains become [...] Read more.

Agriculture is vital for economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa. In Rwanda and Zambia, the sector drives economic output, particularly the horticulture sector, which has emerged as a significant contributor to export revenue and employment for resource-poor rural communities. As agri-food value chains become globally connected, there are increasing concerns about food safety and both the social and environmental sustainability benefits of production, which has underscored the need for producers to comply with certain regulatory standards. This paper uses a value chain analysis approach to assess the factors influencing compliance among smallholder fresh fruit and vegetable (FFV) producers in Zambia and Rwanda, and identify practices essential for achieving widespread compliance, to enhance the competitiveness of the sector. The data were gathered from 340 FFV farmers and key informants using structured questionnaires. The results reveal that the value chains for target FFVs are still traditional, predominantly targeting local markets. These markets pose low barriers to entry for smallholders, and often with few safety and quality requirements. As such, there remains a paucity of understanding of market needs and regarding quality and safety standards amongst smallholders, which, coupled with low-input, low-technology farming methods, and inadequate pre- and post-harvest handling, limit the market potential. To bridge these gaps, this study recommends organising farmers into legally recognised entities, to enable access to compliance information, reduce transaction costs, and provide access to high-quality niche markets through public–private partnerships. Countries also need to develop industry codes of practice and quality management systems and support farmers to adhere to them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Product Quality Safety and Sustainable Development, 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 489 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Financial Efficiency and Renewable Energy Consumption on CO2 Emission Reduction in GCC Economies: A Panel Data Quantile Regression Approach

by Lena Bedawi Elfadli Elmonshid, Omer Ahmed Sayed, Ghadda Mohamed Awad Yousif, Kamal Eldin Hassan Ibrahim Eldaw and Muawya Ahmed Hussein

Sustainability 2024, 16(14), 6242; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146242 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1210

Abstract

As prominent oil producers, Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries have played a significant role in the global energy market. However, as the world’s attention increasingly shifts towards environmental sustainability, understanding the implications of the GCC’s economic activities on CO2 emissions becomes indispensable. This [...] Read more.

As prominent oil producers, Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries have played a significant role in the global energy market. However, as the world’s attention increasingly shifts towards environmental sustainability, understanding the implications of the GCC’s economic activities on CO2 emissions becomes indispensable. This research paper investigates the relationship between specific economic indicators and their impact on CO2 emissions in the GCC from 2001 to 2021. This study employs quantile regression, a robust statistical method that estimates the conditional quantiles of a response variable given a set of predictor variables. The findings reveal several essential insights: Financial institution efficiency is significant and negative at a 1% level at the lower (10th, −83,537.3) and higher quantiles (90th, −549,002.3). The relationship between the GDP per capita and CO2 emissions varies across quantiles, highlighting the complexity of the growth–environment nexus. Total patents exhibit a positive and significant relationship with emissions, underscoring the importance of directing innovation towards environmentally sustainable solutions. Renewable energy consumption displays a nuanced relationship with CO2 emissions, with a more substantial negative impact observed at higher consumption levels. This underscores the potential of renewable energy to mitigate emissions when integrated at scale. This study’s outcomes hold crucial policy implications for GCC countries as they seek to align economic growth with environmental sustainability. The findings emphasize the importance of fostering financial institution efficiency, promoting green innovation, and expanding renewable energy sources to reduce emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Energy Economics and Sustainable Development)

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21 pages, 1055 KiB

Open AccessReview

Olfactory and Gustatory Perception among Plant-Based vs. Omnivorous Dieters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Yunfan Mo, Stephanie C. McLeod, Jessica C. McCormack, Sze Ying Leong, Tamlin S. Conner, Indrawati Oey and Mei Peng

Sustainability 2024, 16(14), 6241; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146241 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1238

Abstract

Driven by heightened awareness of environmental sustainability, personal health, and animal welfare, there has been a rapid surge in adoption of plant-based diets (PBDs) by global consumers. Despite the important implications of potential links between PBDs and chemosensory (e.g., olfactory and gustatory) perception, [...] Read more.

Driven by heightened awareness of environmental sustainability, personal health, and animal welfare, there has been a rapid surge in adoption of plant-based diets (PBDs) by global consumers. Despite the important implications of potential links between PBDs and chemosensory (e.g., olfactory and gustatory) perception, the empirical evidence has yet to be comprehensively reviewed. This systematic review aims to synthesise existing data comparing olfactory and gustatory perceptions among individuals following plant-based (including vegan, vegetarian, and flexitarian) and omnivorous diets. Seven databases produced 1038 publications for screening against the pre-registered criteria. Eleven studies were included in this review, with three focusing on olfaction and eight on gustation. Of these, three gustatory studies provided sufficient data for meta-analysis, revealing little difference between plant-based and omnivore dieters on an overall level. The PBD group exhibited a significantly lower threshold (i.e., higher sensitivity) to sweetness compared to the omnivore group (ES = −0.336, 95% CI between −0.630 and −0.042, p < 0.05). Additionally, olfactory studies indicated that PBD followers perceived meat-related odours to be less pleasant compared to omnivores. Overall, this review points to a sensory–diet relationship, highlighting the potential role of sensory perception in sustainable plant-based dietary behaviours. The findings also encourage food manufacturers to consider potential chemosensory alterations among plant-based consumers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health, Well-Being and Sustainability)

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37 pages, 9060 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Thermal Discomfort during Mediterranean Heatwaves through Softscape and Hardscape ENVI-Met Simulation Scenarios

by Evgenia Tousi, Areti Tseliou, Athina Mela, Maria Sinou, Zoe Kanetaki and Sébastien Jacques

Sustainability 2024, 16(14), 6240; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146240 - 22 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 971

Abstract

The study examines the effectiveness of various design strategies in alleviating the impacts of heatwaves in the Mediterranean region, focusing on a densely populated post-refugee urban area in Greece. By analyzing five different design scenarios, the study aims to identify the most efficient [...] Read more.

The study examines the effectiveness of various design strategies in alleviating the impacts of heatwaves in the Mediterranean region, focusing on a densely populated post-refugee urban area in Greece. By analyzing five different design scenarios, the study aims to identify the most efficient approach to mitigate thermal stress outdoors. The five design scenarios include changes in albedo values and coatings and alterations in the number and type of trees. The methodology includes a literature review, field work and microclimate simulations with the use of ENVI-met 5.6.1. The study evaluates ENVI-met data through potential air temperature, PET and UTCI analysis. The experimental results indicate that the most effective strategy is associated with urban greening. In particular, increasing tree cover considerably reduces air temperature, PET and UTCI values by 4 to 10 degrees Celsius. This finding highlights the potential of urban greening to enhance thermal comfort and combat heatwave effects. The research findings may be useful to landscape architects and urban designers, in light of a more climate-responsive urban design in the Mediterranean region. Future research may also assess the combined impact of multiple mitigation strategies on a larger scale, informing evidence-based policies for heatwave resilience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technology and Engineering Education in the Digital Era: Towards Sustainable Development Goals)

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34 pages, 1902 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sustainable Integration of Autonomous Vehicles into Road Networks: Ecological and Passenger Comfort Considerations

by Seyed Mohsen Hosseinian, Hamid Mirzahossein and Robert Guzik

Sustainability 2024, 16(14), 6239; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146239 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 3148

Abstract

Autonomous vehicle (AV) technology is rapidly advancing, leading to a sustainable evolution in transportation. AVs offer the promise of enhanced safety, reduced emissions, improved traffic flow, and increased mobility for passengers. However, the integration of AVs into existing traffic networks presents complex challenges [...] Read more.

Autonomous vehicle (AV) technology is rapidly advancing, leading to a sustainable evolution in transportation. AVs offer the promise of enhanced safety, reduced emissions, improved traffic flow, and increased mobility for passengers. However, the integration of AVs into existing traffic networks presents complex challenges related to ecological sustainability and passenger comfort. This review aims to bridge the gap in the literature by providing a comprehensive evaluation of the influence of AVs on both ecology and passenger comfort within traffic networks. The study synthesizes existing knowledge on AV technology, ecological impacts, and passenger comfort to offer a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and opportunities associated with AVs’ integration. The main objectives of this research are to review the current literature on the environmental impact of AVs, analyze studies on passenger comfort in AVs, identify key challenges and opportunities, and propose future research directions. The results highlight the need for a holistic, sustainable approach that considers both ecological and passenger-centric factors in the design and deployment of AVs. Future research directions are proposed to further our understanding of the complex interplay between AVs, the environment, and passenger well-being, and inform policy decisions and technological advancements that promote sustainable and comfortable transportation solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Transportation)

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13 pages, 6215 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reducing Washout of Proteins from Defatted Soybean Flakes by Alkaline Extraction: Fractioning and Characterization

by Giovana Wittmann, Lovaine Silva Duarte, Marco Antônio Záchia Ayub and Daniele Misturini Rossi

Sustainability 2024, 16(14), 6238; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146238 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1207

Abstract

Human health, sustainable development, numerous environmental issues, and animal welfare are increasingly driving research and development of plant-based protein products that can serve as meat substitutes. This trend is expected to continue in the coming years due to growing consumer awareness, with people [...] Read more.

Human health, sustainable development, numerous environmental issues, and animal welfare are increasingly driving research and development of plant-based protein products that can serve as meat substitutes. This trend is expected to continue in the coming years due to growing consumer awareness, with people gradually shifting from animal-based foods to more sustainable plant-based options. Soy proteins are a valuable source of plant proteins and are widely used in human and animal diets due to their nutritional value and health benefits. In this study, soybean protein extraction by two methods was compared: water extraction (lower salt content) and Tris-HCl extraction (higher salt content), aiming to characterize the resulting protein fractions. These fractions were studied using differential precipitation based on the isoelectric point. Protein identification by SDS-PAGE, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for cellular structure assessment, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to determine residual protein left in the solid fraction after extraction using the two methods. Electrophoresis assays revealed the presence of the four main protein fractions (2S, 7S, 11S, and soy whey proteins) in the defatted soybean flakes, establishing the protein profile of Brazilian soybeans and for the two main waste streams of the production process—spent flakes and whey. The separation of fractions was carried out by differential precipitation. FTIR analysis indicated higher residual protein levels in solid residues after the water extraction method compared to the Tris-HCl extraction method. SEM analysis revealed the removal of protein bodies in both extraction methods and the presence of residual oil-containing bodies. Both methodologies are viable alternatives for the industrial separation of soybean protein fractions. Differential precipitation could be implemented to produce isolated products and improve the nutritional profile, increase process yield thus generating less industrial waste and driving the process towards environmental sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biotechnology Approaches: Bioprospecting Nature for a Thriving Bioeconomy)

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