Study on the Ecological Compensation Standard in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China under the Perspective of Natural Capital Supply and Demand
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Source
2.3. Research Methodology
2.3.1. Physical Accounting of the Ecological Footprint
Determination of Critical Factors
Total Ecological Footprint Accounting
Biological Ecological Footprint Accounting
Carbon Footprint Accounting
Freshwater Footprint Accounting
Pollution Footprint Accounting
Biological Carrying Capacity Accounting
Ecological Deficit/Surplus
2.3.2. Ecological Footprint Monetary Volume Accounting
Determining the Ecosystem Service Equivalence Factors (ESEQs)
Determining the Sub-National Hectare in Monetary Terms
Monetary Accounting of the Ecological Footprint
2.3.3. Accounting for Ecological Compensation Standards
3. Results
3.1. Changes in EF and BC Dynamics in Xinjiang
3.1.1. Changes in Total and Per Capita EF, BC, and ED in Xinjiang
3.1.2. Partitioning Analysis of ef, bc, and ed in Xinjiang
3.2. Changes in EFM and BCM Dynamics in Xinjiang
3.2.1. Changes in Total and per Capita Volumes of EFM, BCM, and EDM
3.2.2. efm, bcm, and edm Partition Analysis
3.3. Analysis of Ecological Compensation Standards
4. Discussion
4.1. Advantages and Feasibility of Ecological Compensation Standards in this Study
4.2. Policy Recommendations
4.3. Limitations of this Study
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- During the study period, Xinjiang’s ef grew from 11.22 s-nha/cap to 21.37 s-nha/cap, and only the growth rates of the ecological footprints of Altay, Tacheng, Bayingol, and Aksu were lower than the average level of the whole region (8.22%). bc declined from 1.66 to 1.46 s-nha/cap, with an average annual decline of 1.10%. Kizilsu and Altay were still in ecological surplus in 2010, and both transformed into ecological deficit after 2014. All of Xinjiang and the rest of the prefectures were in an ecological deficit during the study period.
- (2)
- From 2010 to 2020, the BCM in Xinjiang increased by 8.74%, but the EFM increased by 1.21 times. During the study period, the whole region and all prefectures were in ecological deficit of monetary volume. Shihezi’s EFM increased the fastest (35.13%), Urumqi and Karamay EFM showed signs of contraction, and the EFMs of the rest of the prefectures increased to varying degrees.
- (3)
- From 2010 to 2020, the total amount of ecological compensation to be paid in the whole region of Xinjiang grew from CNY 5.659 billion to CNY 10.259 billion. In 2020, the per capita payment of ecological compensation in the whole region of Xinjiang was 396.11 CNY/cap/yr. There were apparent differences in ecological compensation standards among the local prefectures, with the highest per capita payment in 2020 in Changji, at 1821.78 CNY/cap/yr, and Kizilsu had the lowest per capita payment standard of 8.63 CNY/cap/yr.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Data | Source |
---|---|
Biological resource data, water resource data, energy consumption data, and various pollution emission data | Xinjiang Statistical Yearbook 2011–2021 [43] Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Statistical Yearbook 2011–2021 [44] |
Calorific value data of biological products | Handbook of Agricultural Technology and Economics (Revised Edition) |
GDP, demographic data | Government Statistical Bulletin on National Economic and Social Development (2010–2020) Xinjiang Statistical Yearbook (2011–2021) [43] |
Land use/land cover map data | Spatial resolution of 30 m per pixel (2010–2020) [45] |
Type of Land Use\Prefectures | Urumqi | Karamay | Turpan | Hami | Changji | Bortala | Ili | Tacheng | Altay | Bayingol | Kizilsu | Aksu | Kash | Hotan | Shihezi |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cropland | 1.34 | 0.83 | 0.50 | 0.79 | 1.17 | 1.21 | 1.51 | 1.25 | 1.17 | 0.83 | 1.02 | 0.79 | 0.86 | 1.04 | 0.68 |
Woodland | 1.45 | 1.63 | 1.54 | 0.40 | 0.89 | 1.50 | 0.67 | 1.13 | 0.57 | 0.50 | 0.67 | 1.05 | 0.90 | 0.94 | 1.16 |
Grassland | 0.68 | 0.95 | 1.63 | 0.59 | 0.94 | 0.63 | 0.92 | 0.71 | 0.63 | 0.97 | 1.03 | 1.55 | 0.94 | 1.06 | 1.78 |
Water bodies | 1.24 | 1.04 | 1.88 | 0.33 | 1.10 | 0.36 | 2.54 | 0.58 | 0.12 | 1.04 | 0.91 | 2.28 | 0.26 | 0.88 | 0.44 |
Type of Ecosystem Service/Land Use | Cropland | Grassland | Water Bodies | Woodland |
---|---|---|---|---|
Food production | 1 | 0.43 | 0.53 | 0.33 |
Material production | 0.39 | 0.36 | 0.35 | 2.98 |
Gas conditioning | 0.72 | 1.5 | 0.51 | 4.32 |
Climate control | 0.97 | 1.56 | 2.06 | 4.07 |
Hydrological regulation | 0.77 | 1.52 | 18.77 | 4.09 |
Waste disposal | 1.39 | 1.32 | 14.85 | 1.72 |
Sum | 5.24 | 6.69 | 37.07 | 17.51 |
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Shi, J.; Wang, T.; Xu, L.; Gao, Z.; Cao, C.; Luo, Y.; Xi, Y.; Zhang, Y. Study on the Ecological Compensation Standard in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China under the Perspective of Natural Capital Supply and Demand. Sustainability 2024, 16, 3078. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16073078
Shi J, Wang T, Xu L, Gao Z, Cao C, Luo Y, Xi Y, Zhang Y. Study on the Ecological Compensation Standard in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China under the Perspective of Natural Capital Supply and Demand. Sustainability. 2024; 16(7):3078. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16073078
Chicago/Turabian StyleShi, Jinli, Tuodi Wang, Liping Xu, Zhiyu Gao, Cui Cao, Yutian Luo, Yunyun Xi, and Yu Zhang. 2024. "Study on the Ecological Compensation Standard in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China under the Perspective of Natural Capital Supply and Demand" Sustainability 16, no. 7: 3078. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16073078
APA StyleShi, J., Wang, T., Xu, L., Gao, Z., Cao, C., Luo, Y., Xi, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2024). Study on the Ecological Compensation Standard in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China under the Perspective of Natural Capital Supply and Demand. Sustainability, 16(7), 3078. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16073078