Mapping Rice Cropping Systems in Vietnam Using an NDVI-Based Time-Series Similarity Measurement Based on DTW Distance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Materials
2.1. Brief Introduction to the Study Area
2.2. MODIS NDVI Time-Series Data
2.3. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Data
2.4. Ancillary Data
3. Data Preprocessing
4. Methods
4.1. Building Standard NDVI Time-Series Base
4.2. Dynamic Time Warping Based on Time-Series Similarity Measurements
- Monotonicity constraint: wk = aij, wk+1 = ai’j’, then i’ ≥ i and j’ ≥ j
- Endpoint constraint: w1 = a11, wk = amn
- Continuity constraint: wk = aij, wk+1 = ai’j’; then i’ ≤ i + 1 and j’ ≤ j + 1.
5. Results
5.1. Standard NDVI Time-Series Base and DTW Distance
Region | Time Series Shape | Time Series Shape | Time Series Shape |
---|---|---|---|
North East & Red River Delta | Irrigated Double Rice Cropping in North East region | Irrigated Double Rice Cropping in Red River Delta | |
North West | Rain-fed Single Rice Cropping | Irrigated Double Rice Cropping | |
North Central Coast | Irrigated Double Rice Cropping | Irrigated Single Rice Cropping I | Rain-fed Single Rice Cropping |
South Central Coast, Central Highlands & South East | Irrigated Double Rice Cropping | Irrigated Triple Rice Cropping | Rain-fed Single Rice Cropping |
Mekong River Delta | Irrigated Triple Rice Cropping I | Irrigated Double Rice Cropping I | Irrigated Single Rice Cropping |
Irrigated Double Rice Cropping II | Irrigated Triple Rice Cropping II | Irrigated Triple Rice Cropping III |
5.2. DTW Threshold and Rice Distribution Map
North East | North West | Red River Delta | North Central Coast | South Central Coast, Central Highlands & South East | Mekong River Delta | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Single rice | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.4 | I. 3.3 II. 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.6 |
Double rice | 3.8 | 4 | 3.4 | 3.7 | 3.6 | I. 3.9 II. 3.4 |
Triple rice | 3.5 | 3.5 | I. 3.7 II. 3.5 III. 3.2 |
5.3. Accuracy Assessment
Agriculture District/Province | Statistic Area | MODIS Extracted Area | Agriculture District/Province | Statistic Area | MODIS Extracted Area | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Area | Total Area | Single Rice | Double Rice | Triple Rice | Total Area | Total Area | Single Rice | Double Rice | Triple Rice | ||
Red River Delta | 11,501 | 15,574 | 165 | 7704.5 | 0 | North East & North West | 6664 | 6241.8 | 1209.7 | 2516 | 0 |
North Central & South Central (Coastal) | 12,141 | 13,205.1 | 6539.8 | 2116.8 | 479.2 | South East | 1263 | 697.9 | 533.6 | 1.3 | 53.9 |
Central Highlands | 2178 | 3212.4 | 2982.3 | 101.7 | 8.9 | Mekong River Delta | 39,459 | 40,633.3 | 1315.5 | 8607.8 | 7367.4 |
No. of Field Survey Points | No. of Correctly Classified Rice Points | No. of Rice Points | No. of Correctly Classified Non-Rice Points | No. of Non-Rice Points | Overall Accuracy (%) | Accuracy of Rice Classification (%) | Rice Field Omission Errors (%) | Rice Field Commission Errors (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Entire area | 1200 | 191 | 365 | 708 | 835 | 74.9 | 52.3 | 47.7 | 34.8 |
First part | 324 | 4 | 26 | 274 | 298 | 85.8 | 15.4 | 84.6 | 92.3 |
Second part | 391 | 41 | 109 | 237 | 282 | 71.1 | 37.6 | 62.4 | 41.3 |
Third part | 485 | 146 | 230 | 197 | 255 | 70.7 | 63.5 | 36.5 | 25.2 |
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Files
Supplementary File 1Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
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Guan, X.; Huang, C.; Liu, G.; Meng, X.; Liu, Q. Mapping Rice Cropping Systems in Vietnam Using an NDVI-Based Time-Series Similarity Measurement Based on DTW Distance. Remote Sens. 2016, 8, 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8010019
Guan X, Huang C, Liu G, Meng X, Liu Q. Mapping Rice Cropping Systems in Vietnam Using an NDVI-Based Time-Series Similarity Measurement Based on DTW Distance. Remote Sensing. 2016; 8(1):19. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8010019
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuan, Xudong, Chong Huang, Gaohuan Liu, Xuelian Meng, and Qingsheng Liu. 2016. "Mapping Rice Cropping Systems in Vietnam Using an NDVI-Based Time-Series Similarity Measurement Based on DTW Distance" Remote Sensing 8, no. 1: 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8010019
APA StyleGuan, X., Huang, C., Liu, G., Meng, X., & Liu, Q. (2016). Mapping Rice Cropping Systems in Vietnam Using an NDVI-Based Time-Series Similarity Measurement Based on DTW Distance. Remote Sensing, 8(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8010019