Dairy Intake Would Reduce Nutrient Gaps in Chinese Young Children Aged 3–8 Years: A Modelling Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Measurement of Dietary Intakes
2.3. Estimation of Dairy Product Intakes
2.4. Estimation of Dietary Nutrient Intakes
2.5. Measurement of Socio-Demographic Characteristics
2.6. Modelling Scenarios
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Study Population and Their Dairy Consumption
3.2. Nutritional Impact of Meeting the Recommended Dairy Intake by Adding FMP3+ or Cow’s Milk
3.2.1. Macronutrients
3.2.2. Antioxidant Vitamins
3.2.3. B-Vitamins
3.2.4. Bone-Related Nutrients
3.2.5. Other Micronutrients
3.3. Nutritional Impact of Substituting Milk Consumption by Equal Volume of FMP3+
3.3.1. Macronutrients
3.3.2. Antioxidant Vitamins
3.3.3. B-Vitamins
3.3.4. Bone-Related Nutrients
3.3.5. Other Micronutrients
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | N (%) | Total Dairy | % Below Dairy Recommendation | p-Value b | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percent (%) | p-Value b | Mean (SD) | P50 (P25, P75) | P90 | P95 c | p-Value d | ||||
Age group | 0.3353 | 0.3347 | 0.0036 | |||||||
3–4 years | 408 (36.4) | 34.3 | 61.1 (151.6) | 0.0 (0.0, 66.7) | 200.0 | 250.0 | 95.8 | |||
5–8 years | 714 (63.6) | 31.5 | 41.4 (76.4) | 0.0 (0.0, 66.7) | 153.3 | 211.1 | 98.6 | |||
Gender | 0.0002 | 0.0024 | 0.5175 | |||||||
boys | 596 (53.1) | 27.7 | 46.6 (118.6) | 0.0 (0.0, 50.0) | 166.7 | 237.2 | 97.3 | |||
girls | 526 (46.9) | 38.0 | 50.8 (100.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 70.0) | 166.7 | 208.3 | 97.9 | |||
Mother’s education level | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 0.3434 | |||||||
low | 411 (36.6) | 22.6 | 42.3 (124.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 166.7 | 250.0 | 97.1 | |||
mid | 352 (31.4) | 23.3 | 33.3 (88.9) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 116.7 | 211.1 | 98.6 | |||
high | 359 (32.0) | 52.9 | 70.8 (109.3) | 33.3 (0.0, 111.1) | 194.4 | 250.0 | 97.2 | |||
Annual household income level | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 0.7106 | |||||||
low | 373 (33.2) | 19.8 | 39.2 (132.2) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 133.3 | 237.2 | 97.3 | |||
mid | 375 (33.4) | 30.9 | 42.6 (100.5) | 0.0 (0.0, 50.0) | 140.0 | 219.4 | 97.3 | |||
high | 374 (33.3) | 46.8 | 63.9 (92.7) | 0.0 (0.0, 93.3) | 200.0 | 250.0 | 98.1 | |||
Residence area | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 0.0012 | |||||||
urban | 346 (30.8) | 53.8 | 88.0 (141.6) | 40.8 (0.0, 133.3) | 233.3 | 285.6 | 95.4 | |||
rural | 776 (69.2) | 23.1 | 31.0 (87.5) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 100.0 | 166.7 | 98.6 | |||
Total | 1122 (100) | 32.5 | 48.6 (110.2) | 0.0 (0.0, 66.7) | 166.7 | 233.3 | 97.6 |
Characteristics | Fluid Milk Equivalent | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | p-Value b | Mean (SD) | P50 (P25, P75) | P90 | P95c | p-Value d | |
Fluid milk | |||||||
Age group | 0.9481 | 0.8334 | |||||
3–4 years | 103 (25.3) | 30.0 (67.8) | 0.0 (0.0, 29.5) | 125.0 | 166.7 | ||
5–8 years | 179 (25.1) | 31.4 (64.6) | 0.0 (0.0, 26.7) | 133.3 | 166.7 | ||
Gender | 0.0017 | 0.0034 | |||||
boys | 127 (21.3) | 27.7 (66.8) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 116.7 | 166.7 | ||
girls | 155 (29.5) | 34.5 (64.4) | 0.0 (0.0, 60.0) | 140.0 | 166.7 | ||
Mother’s education level | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||||
low | 71 (17.3) | 26.0 (67.4) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 116.7 | 200.0 | ||
mid | 67 (19.0) | 21.0 (51.1) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 83.3 | 141.7 | ||
high | 144 (40.1) | 46.2 (73.6) | 0.0 (0.0, 83.3) | 153.3 | 200.0 | ||
Annual household income | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||||
low | 52 (13.9) | 18.7 (56.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 76.9 | 150.0 | ||
mid | 82 (21.9) | 27.0 (67.1) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 100.0 | 166.7 | ||
high | 148 (39.6) | 46.9 (70.2) | 0.0 (0.0, 83.3) | 166.7 | 200.0 | ||
Residence area | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||||
urban | 147 (42.5) | 53.6 (77.9) | 0.0 (0.0, 83.3) | 166.7 | 210.0 | ||
rural | 135 (17.4) | 20.8 (56.8) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 83.3 | 153.3 | ||
Total | 282 (25.1) | 30.9 (65.8) | 0.0 (0.0, 26.7) | 133.3 | 166.7 | ||
Milk powder | |||||||
Age group | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||||
3–4 years | 16 (3.9) | 24.0 (178.8) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
5–8 years | 4 (0.6) | 1.3 (20.2) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
Gender | 0.5338 | 0.5328 | |||||
boys | 12 (2.0) | 12.3 (136.7) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
girls | 8 (1.5) | 6.4 (66.3) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
Mother’s education level | 0.5257 | 0.5256 | |||||
low | 9 (2.2) | 14.5 (160.3) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
mid | 4 (1.1) | 5.1 (60.1) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
high | 7 (2.0) | 8.2 (67.2) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
Annual household income | 0.2033 | 0.2021 | |||||
low | 9 (2.4) | 19.4 (177.3) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
mid | 3 (0.8) | 3.3 (49.4) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
high | 8 (2.1) | 6.0 (45.7) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
Residence area | 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||||
urban | 14 (4.1) | 22.0 (177.4) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
rural | 6 (0.8) | 4.0 (56.7) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
Total | 20 (1.8) | 9.6 (109.5) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
Yogurt | |||||||
Age group | 0.1485 | 0.1719 | |||||
3–4 years | 52 (12.8) | 10.0 (34.6) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 41.7 | 69.4 | ||
5–8 years | 71 (9.9) | 8.4 (31.8) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 69.4 | ||
Gender | 0.5228 | 0.5379 | |||||
boys | 62 (10.4) | 8.4 (30.2) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 27.8 | 66.7 | ||
girls | 61 (11.6) | 9.6 (35.7) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 27.8 | 69.4 | ||
Mother’s education level | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||||
low | 28 (6.8) | 5.0 (20.6) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 47.2 | ||
mid | 22 (6.3) | 7.2 (38.5) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 46.3 | ||
high | 73 (20.3) | 15.2 (37.2) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 66.7 | 97.2 | ||
Annual household income | 0.0005 | 0.0006 | |||||
low | 23 (6.2) | 5.2 (25.3) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 48.1 | ||
mid | 44 (11.7) | 11.4 (42.2) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 27.8 | 94.4 | ||
high | 56 (15.0) | 10.3 (28.2) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 55.6 | 81.5 | ||
Residence area | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||||
urban | 71 (20.5) | 15.7 (37.5) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 69.4 | 97.2 | ||
rural | 52 (6.7) | 6.0 (30.1) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 44.4 | ||
Total | 123 (11.0) | 9.0 (32.8) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 27.8 | 69.4 | ||
Other dairy | |||||||
Age group | 0.4256 | 0.3172 | |||||
3–4 years | 1 (0.3) | 0.4 (7.8) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
5–8 years | 5 (0.7) | 0.3 (4.5) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
Gender | 1.0000 | 0.8815 | |||||
boys | 3 (0.5) | 0.5 (7.9) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
girls | 3 (0.6) | 0.1 (2.1) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
Mother’s education level | 0.1996 | 0.1849 | |||||
low | 4 (1.0) | 0.4 (5.9) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
mid | 0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
high | 2 (0.6) | 0.5 (8.4) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
Annual household income | 0.1755 | 0.1363 | |||||
low | 0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
mid | 4 (1.1) | 0.4 (5.9) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
high | 2 (0.5) | 0.5 (8.4) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
Residence area | 0.0768 | 0.0566 | |||||
urban | 4 (1.2) | 0.9 (10.5) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
rural | 2 (0.3) | 0.05 (1.1) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
Total | 6 (0.5) | 0.3 (5.9) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Nutrients | Groups | Dietary Nutrient Intake | Children With Inadequate Intake | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | P10 | P25 | Median | P75 | P90 | N (%) | ||
Energy (kcal/day) | reported-T a | 1252 ± 498 | 672 | 886 | 1173 | 1544 | 1926 | NA |
model1 b | 1439 ± 497 | 861 | 1077 | 1363 | 1730 | 2108 | NA | |
model2 b,c | 1398 ± 497 | 813 | 1033 | 1327 | 1680 | 2068 | NA | |
Carbohydrate (g/day) | reported-T | 155.6 ± 74.4 | 77.5 | 105.6 | 140.4 | 190.2 | 247.9 | 416 (37.1) |
model1 b | 180.8 ± 74.0 | 102.1 | 130.6 | 165.5 | 216.3 | 274.5 | 215 (19.2) d | |
model2 b,c | 164.8 ± 74.1 | 86.0 | 115.1 | 149.9 | 199.9 | 258.1 | 324 (28.9) d,e | |
Carbohydrate (E%) | reported-T | 49.6 ± 12.3 | 34.2 | 41.0 | 48.9 | 57.9 | 66.6 | 596 (53.1) |
model1 b | 50.5 ± 10.5 | 37.0 | 43.4 | 50.0 | 57.6 | 64.9 | 558 (49.7) d | |
model2 b,c | 46.9 ± 10.7 | 33.5 | 39.4 | 46.6 | 53.9 | 61.1 | 684 (61.0) d,e | |
Protein (g/day) | reported-T | 39.5 ± 17.3 | 19.5 | 26.3 | 36.7 | 50.0 | 62.6 | 243 (21.7) |
model1 b | 47.7 ± 17.3 | 27.7 | 34.6 | 44.7 | 58.3 | 70.7 | 69 (6.2) d | |
model2 b,c | 47.6 ± 17.0 | 28.0 | 34.8 | 44.3 | 58.4 | 70.4 | 55 (4.9) d,e | |
Protein (E%) | reported-T | 13.0 ± 3.2 | 9.4 | 10.9 | 12.7 | 14.8 | 17.3 | NA |
model1 b | 13.5 ± 2.7 | 10.5 | 11.7 | 13.2 | 15.0 | 17.0 | NA | |
model2 b,c | 13.9 ± 2.7 | 10.8 | 12.1 | 13.6 | 15.5 | 17.6 | NA | |
Fat (g/day) | reported-T | 51.8 ± 27.1 | 21.3 | 31.3 | 46.6 | 66.5 | 88.7 | NA |
model1 b | 57.2 ± 27.0 | 26.6 | 36.5 | 52.3 | 72.3 | 94.2 | NA | |
model2 b,c | 60.5 ± 26.9 | 30.1 | 40.3 | 55.4 | 75.3 | 96.9 | NA | |
Fat (E%) | reported-T | 37.2 ± 12.0 | 21.8 | 29.4 | 37.2 | 44.9 | 52.9 | 145 (12.9) |
model1 b | 35.6 ± 10.3 | 22.2 | 28.8 | 35.5 | 42.6 | 49.0 | 151 (13.5) | |
model2 b,c | 39.2 ± 10.5 | 25.8 | 32.0 | 39.0 | 46.0 | 52.8 | 95 (8.5) d,e | |
Dietary fiber (g/day) | reported-T | 6.6 ± 4.2 | 2.7 | 3.8 | 5.6 | 8.3 | 11.1 | NA |
model1 b | 8.6 ± 4.3 | 4.5 | 5.7 | 7.6 | 10.2 | 13.1 | NA | |
model2 c | 6.6 ± 4.2 | 2.7 | 3.8 | 5.6 | 8.3 | 11.1 | NA | |
Vitamin C (mg/day) | reported-T | 40.4 ± 30.4 | 10.9 | 19.8 | 31.7 | 53.0 | 78.7 | 719 (64.1) |
model1 b | 57.5 ± 30.1 | 27.6 | 36.2 | 49.2 | 70.3 | 96.4 | 389 (34.7)d | |
model2 b,c | 43.1 ± 30.4 | 13.6 | 22.5 | 34.4 | 55.6 | 81.7 | 685 (61.1) d,e | |
Vitamin E (α-TE, mg/day) | reported-T | 3.7 ± 2.4 | 1.1 | 1.9 | 3.0 | 4.9 | 7.1 | NA |
model1 b | 5.0 ± 2.4 | 2.5 | 3.3 | 4.4 | 6.3 | 8.4 | NA | |
model2 b,c | 3.9 ± 2.4 | 1.4 | 2.2 | 3.3 | 5.2 | 7.3 | NA | |
Thiamin (mg/day) | reported-T | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 792 (70.6) |
model1 b | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 557 (49.6) d | |
model2 b,c | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 679 (60.5) d,e | |
Riboflavin (mg/day) | reported-T | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 761 (67.8) |
model1 b | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 350 (31.2) d | |
model2 b,c | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 87 (7.8) d,e | |
Niacin (mg/day) | reported-T | 8.8 ± 4.3 | 4.1 | 5.7 | 8.0 | 11.5 | 14.6 | NA |
model1 b | 10.1 ± 4.3 | 5.3 | 7.0 | 9.3 | 12.7 | 15.8 | NA | |
model2 b,c | 9.1 ± 4.3 | 4.3 | 6.0 | 8.3 | 11.7 | 14.8 | NA | |
Calcium (mg/day) | reported-T | 256.6 ± 170.9 | 94.8 | 143.1 | 209.9 | 331.7 | 464.2 | 1089 (97.1) |
model1 b | 470.3 ± 165.1 | 306.4 | 353.6 | 422.8 | 554.9 | 690.0 | 960 (85.6) d | |
model2 b,c | 539.3 ± 151.4 | 397.9 | 440.8 | 500.5 | 591.1 | 727.2 | 918 (81.8) d,e | |
Phosphorus (mg/day) | reported-T | 580.5 ± 245.6 | 303.2 | 393.4 | 535.9 | 723.0 | 910.3 | 105 (9.4) |
model1 b | 762.3 ± 243.2 | 485.5 | 575.3 | 720.5 | 905.0 | 1095.2 | 1 (0.1) d | |
model2 b,c | 778.6 ± 238.9 | 506.8 | 597.8 | 735.0 | 916.2 | 1096.0 | 0 (0.0) | |
Magnesium (mg/day) | reported-T | 158.9 ± 73.8 | 79.5 | 105.9 | 143.7 | 196.0 | 251.7 | 518 (46.2) |
model1 b | 183.3 ± 74.1 | 104.3 | 129.7 | 167.8 | 220.3 | 274.8 | 305 (27.2) d | |
model2 b,c | 188.8 ± 73.5 | 109.1 | 136.4 | 172.7 | 225.7 | 282.8 | 272 (24.2) d,e | |
Vitamin A (µg RAE/day) | reported-T | 414.6 ± 466.2 | 87.9 | 144.9 | 278.5 | 489.7 | 887.6 | 557 (49.6) |
model1 b | 549.4 ± 466.5 | 223.9 | 280.3 | 409.1 | 624.5 | 1015.7 | 230 (20.5) d | |
model2 b,c | 479.8 ± 466.5 | 153.1 | 210.5 | 338.8 | 553.7 | 945.1 | 420(37.4) d,e | |
Iron (mg/day) | reported-T | 13.2 ± 7.4 | 6.3 | 8.4 | 11.6 | 15.9 | 21.5 | 171 (15.2) |
model1 b | 15.3 ± 7.4 | 8.4 | 10.5 | 13.6 | 18.0 | 23.7 | 47 (4.2) d | |
model2 b,c | 14.0 ± 7.4 | 7.2 | 9.2 | 12.4 | 16.7 | 22.4 | 113 (10.1) d,e | |
Zinc (mg/day) | reported-T | 6.3 ± 2.8 | 3.1 | 4.3 | 5.8 | 7.8 | 10.1 | 338 (30.1) |
model1 b | 8.8 ± 2.7 | 5.7 | 6.8 | 8.3 | 10.4 | 12.6 | 29 (2.6) d | |
model2 b,c | 7.4 ± 2.7 | 4.3 | 5.4 | 6.9 | 9.0 | 11.2 | 130 (11.6) d,e | |
Selenium (µg/day) | reported-T | 27.3 ± 14.4 | 11.8 | 17.0 | 24.1 | 34.0 | 46.4 | 629 (56.1) |
model1 b | 29.0 ± 14.5 | 13.5 | 18.6 | 26.1 | 35.8 | 48.3 | 560 (49.9) d | |
model2 b,c | 32.5 ± 14.2 | 17.4 | 22.2 | 29.5 | 39.5 | 50.8 | 412 (36.7) d,e | |
Sodium (mg/day) | reported-T | 2916.1 ± 1980.0 | 1062.1 | 1622.1 | 2448.8 | 3586.5 | 5154.9 | 80 (7.1) |
model1 b | 3035.0 ± 2002.0 | 1177.5 | 1735.7 | 2564.2 | 3701.9 | 5256.5 | 70 (6.2) d | |
model2 b,c | 3017.1 ± 1979.0 | 1164.6 | 1719.2 | 2547.7 | 3680.6 | 5243.3 | 71 (6.3) d | |
Potassium (mg/day) | reported-T | 986.4 ± 468.3 | 460.2 | 643.2 | 907.5 | 1238.9 | 1586.1 | 841 (75.0) |
model1 b | 1378.9 ± 463.0 | 862.0 | 1030.8 | 1298.1 | 1627.3 | 1956.5 | 447 (39.8) d | |
model2 b,c | 1282.6 ± 461.3 | 773.4 | 944.9 | 1202.1 | 1514.5 | 1866.5 | 567 (50.5) d,e |
Nutrients | Groups | Dietary Nutrient Intake | Children With Inadequate Intake | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | P10 | P25 | P50 | P75 | P90 | N (%) | ||
Energy (kcal/day) | reported-T | 1252 ± 498 | 672 | 886 | 1173 | 1544 | 1926 | NA |
model3 a | 1270 ± 501 | 687 | 903 | 1190 | 1557 | 1946 | NA | |
reported-M | 1321 ± 462 | 734 | 973 | 1291 | 1605 | 1880 | NA | |
model 4 a | 1387 ± 459 | 805 | 1059 | 1375 | 1658 | 1947 | NA | |
Carbohydrate (g/day) | reported-T | 155.6 ± 74.1 | 77.5 | 105.6 | 140.4 | 190.2 | 247.9 | 416 (37.1) |
model3 a | 160.0 ± 74.8 | 80.7 | 108.8 | 146.5 | 198.2 | 254.1 | 378 (33.7) b | |
reported-M | 156.8 ± 68.3 | 80.3 | 110.1 | 144.5 | 189.9 | 242.1 | 98 (33.7) | |
model 4 a | 171.9 ± 68.1 | 96.8 | 124.3 | 157.5 | 205.2 | 263.7 | 63 (21.7) b | |
Carbohydrate (E%) | reported-T | 49.6 ± 12.3 | 34.2 | 41.0 | 48.9 | 57.9 | 66.6 | 596 (53.1) |
model3 a | 50.6 ± 12.0 | 35.3 | 42.5 | 50.3 | 58.4 | 66.7 | 553 (49.3) b | |
reported-M | 47.0 ± 10.3 | 33.9 | 39.6 | 46.5 | 53.9 | 59.7 | 185 (63.6) | |
model 4 a | 49.7 ± 9.7 | 36.7 | 42.8 | 49.5 | 55.9 | 61.8 | 157 (54.0) b | |
Protein (g/day) | reported-T | 39.5 ± 17.3 | 19.5 | 26.3 | 36.7 | 50.0 | 62.6 | 243 (21.7) |
model3 a | 40.0 ± 17.6 | 19.7 | 26.7 | 37.1 | 50.7 | 64.2 | 236 (21.0) b | |
reported-M | 44.6 ± 17.3 | 24.2 | 32.3 | 41.3 | 56.2 | 67.8 | 34 (11.7) | |
model 4 a | 46.7 ± 17.5 | 25.8 | 34.5 | 44.0 | 58.6 | 70.6 | 27 (9.3) b | |
Protein (E%) | reported-T | 13.0 ± 3.2 | 9.4 | 10.9 | 12.7 | 14.8 | 17.3 | NA |
model3 a | 12.7 ± 3.0 | 9.3 | 10.7 | 12.4 | 14.5 | 16.9 | NA | |
reported-M | 14.0 ± 3.2 | 10.2 | 11.7 | 13.5 | 15.9 | 18.4 | NA | |
model 4 a | 13.6 ± 3.0 | 10.1 | 11.7 | 13.2 | 15.3 | 17.6 | NA | |
Fat (g/day) | reported-T | 51.8 ± 27.1 | 21.3 | 31.3 | 46.6 | 66.5 | 88.7 | NA |
model3 a | 51.5 ± 26.8 | 21.1 | 31.0 | 46.5 | 66.1 | 87.6 | NA | |
reported-M | 57.0 ± 25.5 | 27.8 | 39.2 | 53.0 | 71.9 | 93.5 | NA | |
model 4 | 56.2 ± 24.9 | 27.2 | 38.4 | 53.0 | 69.5 | 92.1 | NA | |
Fat (E%) | reported-T | 37.2 ± 12.0 | 21.8 | 29.4 | 37.2 | 44.9 | 52.9 | 145 (12.9) |
model3 a | 36.4 ± 11.9 | 21.2 | 28.8 | 36.2 | 44.1 | 52.0 | 154 (13.7) b | |
reported-M | 38.8 ± 10.1 | 26.7 | 32.3 | 38.8 | 45.4 | 51.5 | 28 (9.6) | |
model 4 a | 36.2 ± 9.7 | 24.1 | 30.3 | 35.9 | 42.2 | 48.6 | 36 (12.4) b | |
Dietary fiber (g/day) | reported-T | 6.6 ± 4.2 | 2.7 | 3.8 | 5.6 | 8.3 | 11.1 | NA |
model3 a | 7.2 ± 4.4 | 3.0 | 4.2 | 6.2 | 8.9 | 12.1 | NA | |
reported-M | 6.6 ± 3.9 | 2.6 | 4.0 | 5.8 | 8.6 | 10.8 | NA | |
model 4 a | 8.3 ± 4.1 | 4.3 | 5.3 | 7.3 | 10.4 | 13.1 | NA | |
Vitamin C (mg/day) | reported-T | 40.4 ± 30.4 | 10.9 | 19.8 | 31.7 | 53.0 | 78.7 | 719 (64.1) |
model3 a | 44.2 ± 30.8 | 13.4 | 23.2 | 36.5 | 57.1 | 84.1 | 653 (58.2) b | |
reported-M | 40.4 ± 29.2 | 11.2 | 20.1 | 32.1 | 53.6 | 76.8 | 178 (61.2) | |
model 4 a | 53.9 ± 29.6 | 22.7 | 33.5 | 47.4 | 70.0 | 94.3 | 116 (39.9) b | |
Vitamin E (α-TE, mg/day) | reported-T | 3.7 ± 2.4 | 1.1 | 1.9 | 3.0 | 4.9 | 7.1 | NA |
model3 a | 4.0 ± 2.5 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 3.3 | 5.2 | 7.6 | NA | |
reported-M | 3.8 ± 2.3 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 3.3 | 5.3 | 7.1 | NA | |
model 4 a | 4.9 ± 2.5 | 2.1 | 3.1 | 4.3 | 6.4 | 8.1 | NA | |
Thiamin (mg/day) | reported-T | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 792 (70.6) |
model3 a | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 753 (67.1) b | |
reported-M | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 191 (65.6) | |
model 4 a | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 155 (53.3) b | |
Riboflavin (mg/day) | reported-T | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 761 (67.8) |
model3 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 773 (68.9) b | |
reported-M | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 115 (39.5) | |
model 4 a | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 118 (40.6) | |
Niacin (mg/day) | reported-T | 8.8 ± 4.3 | 4.1 | 5.7 | 8.0 | 11.5 | 14.6 | NA |
model3 a | 9.1 ± 4.3 | 4.2 | 6.0 | 8.4 | 11.8 | 15.0 | NA | |
reported-M | 9.4 ± 4.2 | 4.7 | 6.4 | 8.6 | 11.9 | 14.9 | NA | |
model 4 a | 10.4 ± 4.3 | 5.7 | 7.3 | 9.4 | 12.7 | 16.3 | NA | |
Calcium (mg/day) | reported-T | 256.6 ± 170.9 | 94.8 | 143.1 | 209.9 | 331.7 | 464.2 | 1089 (97.1) |
model3 a | 256.7 ± 161.4 | 94.8 | 141.4 | 212.2 | 336.8 | 476.3 | 1090 (97.2) | |
reported-M | 370.2 ± 182.2 | 189.0 | 255.3 | 342.6 | 441.3 | 574.3 | 270 (92.8) | |
model 4 a | 383.6 ± 161.3 | 205.1 | 261.8 | 364.2 | 476.3 | 593.2 | 269 (92.4) | |
Phosphorus (mg/day) | reported-T | 580.5 ± 245.6 | 303.2 | 393.4 | 535.9 | 723.0 | 910.3 | 105 (9.4) |
model3 a | 587.9 ± 247.2 | 305.2 | 399.2 | 546.7 | 736.1 | 928.7 | 103 (9.2) | |
reported-M | 665.4 ± 237.9 | 378.0 | 494.3 | 643.6 | 812.5 | 994.9 | 5 (1.7) | |
model 4 a | 699.1 ± 237.0 | 414.9 | 520.6 | 686.0 | 852.1 | 1027.5 | 2 (0.7) | |
Magnesium (mg/day) | reported-T | 158.9 ± 73.8 | 79.5 | 105.9 | 143.7 | 196.0 | 251.7 | 518 (46.2) |
model3 a | 159.6 ± 74.0 | 80.4 | 106.3 | 145.0 | 196.6 | 251.3 | 509 (45.4) b | |
reported-M | 169.4 ± 70.6 | 91.1 | 119.3 | 157.8 | 207.4 | 248.4 | 105 (36.1) | |
model 4 a | 171.8 ± 69.5 | 96.5 | 120.4 | 160.7 | 209.5 | 247.2 | 96 (33.0) b | |
Vitamin A (µg RAE/day) | reported-T | 414.6 ± 466.2 | 87.9 | 144.9 | 278.5 | 489.7 | 887.6 | 557 (49.6) |
model3 a | 435.8 ± 468.5 | 90.4 | 166.0 | 307.5 | 519.1 | 917.7 | 509 (45.4) b | |
reported-M | 407.8 ± 384.2 | 112.5 | 178.7 | 307.4 | 497.3 | 768.8 | 123 (42.3) | |
model 4 a | 486.4 ± 389.8 | 171.1 | 256.3 | 386.8 | 556.8 | 888.2 | 79 (27.2) b | |
Iron (mg/day) | reported-T | 13.2 ± 7.4 | 6.3 | 8.4 | 11.6 | 15.9 | 21.5 | 171 (15.2) |
model3 a | 13.6 ± 7.4 | 6.6 | 8.7 | 12.1 | 16.2 | 22.1 | 153 (13.6) b | |
reported-M | 13.7 ± 7.5 | 7.0 | 8.9 | 12.2 | 16.3 | 21.6 | 32 (11.0) | |
model 4 a | 15.1 ± 7.5 | 7.9 | 10.1 | 13.4 | 17.6 | 23.8 | 17 (5.8) b | |
Zinc (mg/day) | reported-T | 6.3 ± 2.8 | 3.1 | 4.3 | 5.8 | 7.8 | 10.1 | 338 (30.1) |
model3 a | 6.7 ± 3.0 | 3.2 | 4.5 | 6.2 | 8.6 | 10.7 | 288 (25.7) b | |
reported-M | 6.8 ± 2.6 | 3.8 | 4.9 | 6.5 | 8.3 | 10.3 | 62 (21.3) | |
model 4 a | 8.3 ± 2.8 | 5.0 | 6.1 | 7.9 | 10.1 | 12.2 | 17 (5.8) b | |
Selenium (µg/day) | reported-T | 27.3 ± 14.4 | 11.8 | 17.0 | 24.1 | 34.0 | 46.4 | 629 (56.1) |
model3 a | 26.7 ± 14.2 | 11.6 | 16.5 | 23.4 | 33.3 | 45.4 | 650 (57.9) b | |
reported-M | 31.3 ± 15.1 | 15.4 | 19.9 | 28.3 | 40.9 | 53.5 | 124 (42.6) | |
model 4 a | 29.5 ± 15.0 | 13.3 | 18.1 | 27.0 | 38.5 | 51.2 | 141 (48.5) b | |
Sodium (mg/day) | reported-T | 2916.1 ± 1980.0 | 1062.1 | 1622.1 | 2448.8 | 3586.5 | 5154.9 | 80 (7.1) |
model3 a | 2931.6 ± 2003.0 | 1074.4 | 1629.3 | 2450.5 | 3612.8 | 5151.5 | 77 (6.9) | |
reported-M | 2973.1 ± 1829.0 | 1093.6 | 1689.2 | 2585.0 | 3764.5 | 5184.2 | 22 (7.6) | |
model 4 a | 3012.2 ± 1844.0 | 1113.7 | 1735.5 | 2612.0 | 3834.5 | 5250.5 | 19 (6.5) | |
Potassium (mg/day) | reported-T | 986.4 ± 468.3 | 460.2 | 643.2 | 907.5 | 1238.9 | 1586.1 | 841 (75.0) |
model3 a | 1035.0 ± 505.1 | 475.5 | 670.9 | 944.1 | 1310.7 | 1706.3 | 792 (70.6) b | |
reported-M | 1129.1 ± 451.1 | 614.6 | 816.1 | 1070.1 | 1340.5 | 1739.5 | 179 (61.5) | |
model 4 a | 1295.3 ± 489.6 | 750.2 | 918.7 | 1219.5 | 1577.7 | 1920.3 | 131 (45.0) b |
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Jia, X.; Wang, D.; Eldridge, A.L.; Zhang, B.; Zhang, X.; Wang, H. Dairy Intake Would Reduce Nutrient Gaps in Chinese Young Children Aged 3–8 Years: A Modelling Study. Nutrients 2020, 12, 554. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020554
Jia X, Wang D, Eldridge AL, Zhang B, Zhang X, Wang H. Dairy Intake Would Reduce Nutrient Gaps in Chinese Young Children Aged 3–8 Years: A Modelling Study. Nutrients. 2020; 12(2):554. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020554
Chicago/Turabian StyleJia, Xiaofang, Dantong Wang, Alison L. Eldridge, Bing Zhang, Xiaofan Zhang, and Huijun Wang. 2020. "Dairy Intake Would Reduce Nutrient Gaps in Chinese Young Children Aged 3–8 Years: A Modelling Study" Nutrients 12, no. 2: 554. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020554
APA StyleJia, X., Wang, D., Eldridge, A. L., Zhang, B., Zhang, X., & Wang, H. (2020). Dairy Intake Would Reduce Nutrient Gaps in Chinese Young Children Aged 3–8 Years: A Modelling Study. Nutrients, 12(2), 554. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020554