Coffee, Tea, and Mammographic Breast Density in Premenopausal Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Coffee/Tea Intake
2.3. Mammographic Breast Density Measures
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Number | Mean ± SD a/Percentage |
---|---|---|
Age, years | 375 | 47.5 ± 4.8 |
Age at Menarche, years | 373 | 12.8 ± 2.2 |
Body Mass Index (BMI), kg/m2 | 375 | 30.8 ± 8.1 |
Family history of breast cancer | ||
Yes | 88 | 23.5% |
No | 287 | 76.5% |
Race | ||
NHW | 246 | 65.6% |
Black/African American | 110 | 29.3% |
Others/Unknown | 19 | 5.1% |
Coffee intake | ||
<1 time/week | 133 | 35.5% |
1 time/week | 22 | 5.9% |
2–6 times/week | 37 | 9.9% |
1 time/day | 85 | 22.7% |
≥1 time/day | 92 | 24.5% |
Missing | 6 | 1.6% |
Caffeinated tea intake | ||
<1 time/week | 161 | 42.9% |
1 time/week | 63 | 16.8% |
2–6 times/week | 71 | 18.9% |
≥1 time/day | 61 | 16.3% |
Missing | 19 | 5.1% |
Decaffeinated tea intake | ||
<1 time/week | 250 | 66.7% |
≥1 time/week | 96 | 25.6% |
Missing | 29 | 7.7% |
Parity and age at first birth | ||
Nulliparous | 70 | 18.7% |
1–2 children, <25 years | 65 | 17.3% |
1–2 children, 25–29 years | 61 | 16.3% |
1–2 children, ≥30 years | 79 | 21.1% |
≥3 children, <25 years | 61 | 16.3% |
≥3 children, ≥25 years | 36 | 9.6% |
Missing | 3 | 0.8% |
Mammographic breast density | ||
Volumetric Percent Density (%) | 375 | 9.5 ± 6.5 |
Non-Dense Volume (cm3) | 375 | 1079.0 ± 743.0 |
Dense Volume (cm3) | 375 | 80.7 ± 42.7 |
Frequency | Number | exp(β) (95% CI) | p-Trend |
---|---|---|---|
Coffee | 0.61 | ||
<1 time/week | 133 | Ref | |
1 time/week | 22 | 1.02 (0.82, 1.26) | |
2–6 times/week | 37 | 0.93 (0.78, 1.11) | |
1 time/day | 85 | 0.98 (0.86, 1.13) | |
≥1 time/day | 92 | 1.06 (0.93, 1.21) | |
Caffeinated tea | 0.61 | ||
<1 time/week | 161 | Ref | |
1 time/week | 63 | 0.97 (0.84, 1.11) | |
2–6 times/week | 71 | 0.90 (0.78, 1.03) | |
≥1 time/day | 61 | 1.01 (0.88, 1.17) | |
Decaffeinated tea | - | ||
<1 time/week | 250 | Ref | |
≥1 time/week | 96 | 1.11 (1.00, 1.25) |
Frequency | Number | Dense Volume | Non-Dense Volume | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
exp(β) (95% CI) | p-Trend | exp(β) (95% CI) | p-Trend | ||
Coffee | 0.05a | 0.34 | |||
<1 time/week | 133 | Ref | Ref | ||
1 time/week | 22 | 0.97 (0.79, 1.19) | 0.96 (0.76, 1.20) | ||
2–6 times/week | 37 | 1.06 (0.90, 1.24) | 1.14 (0.95, 1.38) | ||
1 time/day | 85 | 1.06 (0.94, 1.20) | 1.03 (0.90, 1.19) | ||
≥1 time/day | 92 | 1.13 (1.01, 1.29) | 1.06 (0.92, 1.23) | ||
Caffeinated tea | 0.53 | 0.75 | |||
<1 time/week | 161 | Ref | Ref | ||
1 time/week | 63 | 0.92 (0.81, 1.05) | 0.98 (0.84, 1.14) | ||
2–6 times/week | 71 | 0.93 (0.82, 1.05) | 1.06 (0.92, 1.22) | ||
≥ 1 time/day | 61 | 0.99 (0.87, 1.12) | 0.99 (0.85, 1.16) | ||
Decaffeinated tea | - | - | |||
<1 time/week | 250 | Ref | Ref | ||
≥ 1 time/week | 96 | 1.03 (0.93, 1.15) | 0.88 (0.78, 1.00) |
Frequency | NHW | African American | p-Interaction a | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | exp(β) (95% CI) | p-Trend | Number | exp(β) (95% CI) | p-Trend | ||
Coffee | 0.86 | 0.77 | 0.30 | ||||
<1 time/week | 75 | Ref | 52 | Ref | |||
1 time/week | 5 | 0.79 (0.51, 1.24) | 14 | 1.11 (0.86, 1.44) | |||
2–6 times/week | 20 | 1.02 (0.80, 1.29) | 17 | 0.83 (0.65, 1.05) | |||
1 time/day | 62 | 0.96 (0.81, 1.13) | 18 | 0.98 (0.77, 1.26) | |||
≥1 time/day | 79 | 1.02 (0.87, 1.20) | 8 | 1.10 (0.79, 1.55) | |||
Caffeinated tea | 0.57 | 0.38 | 0.06 | ||||
<1 time/week | 101 | Ref | 55 | Ref | |||
1 time/week | 42 | 1.04 (0.87, 1.24) | 16 | 0.71 (0.55, 0.91) | |||
2–6 times/week | 48 | 0.96 (0.81, 1.13) | 22 | 0.82 (0.66, 1.01) | |||
≥1 time/day | 42 | 0.97 (0.81, 1.15) | 12 | 0.90 (0.79, 1.38) | |||
Decaffeinated tea | - | 0.02 | |||||
<1 time/week | 157 | Ref | 84 | Ref | - | ||
≥1 time/week | 71 | 1.22 (1.06, 1.39) | 19 | 0.93 (0.73, 1.17) |
Dense Volume | Non-dense Volume | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NHW | African American | p-Int a | NHW | African American | p-Int a | |||||||||
N | exp(β) (95% CI) | p-trend | N | exp(β) (95% CI) | p-Trend | N | exp(β) (95% CI) | p-Trend | N | exp(β) (95% CI) | p-Trend | |||
Coffee | 0.21 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.49 | 0.05 b | 0.25 | ||||||||
<1 time/week | 75 | Ref | 52 | Ref | 75 | Ref | 52 | Ref | ||||||
1 time/week | 5 | 0.91 (0.60, 1.39) | 14 | 0.99 (0.78, 1.26) | 5 | 1.17 (0.73, 1.86) | 14 | 0.87 (0.66, 1.17) | ||||||
2–6 times/week | 20 | 1.25 (0.99, 1.57) | 17 | 0.90 (0.72, 1.11) | 20 | 1.23 (0.96, 1.58) | 17 | 1.11 (0.85, 1.44) | ||||||
1 time/day | 62 | 1.05 (0.90, 1.23) | 18 | 1.17 (0.94, 1.46) | 62 | 1.03 (0.87, 1.23) | 18 | 1.18 (0.90, 1.54) | ||||||
≥1 time/day | 79 | 1.10 (0.95, 1.29) | 8 | 1.52 (1.11, 2.07) | 79 | 1.07 (0.91, 1.27) | 8 | 1.39 (0.96, 2.01) | ||||||
Caffeinated tea | 0.79 | 0.50 | 0.92 | 0.40 | 0.75 | 0.14 | ||||||||
<1 time/week | 101 | Ref | 55 | Ref | 101 | Ref | 55 | Ref | ||||||
1 time/week | 42 | 0.98 (0.82, 1.16) | 16 | 0.83 (0.66, 1.04) | 42 | 0.97 (0.80, 1.17) | 16 | 1.21 (0.91, 1.61) | ||||||
2–6 times/week | 48 | 0.95 (0.81, 1.12) | 22 | 0.94 (0.77, 1.14) | 48 | 1.03 (0.86, 1.24) | 22 | 1.17 (0.92, 1.49) | ||||||
≥ 1 time/day | 42 | 0.99 (0.84, 1.18) | 12 | 0.95 (0.73, 2.07) | 42 | 1.08 (0.90, 1.31) | 12 | 0.90 (0.65, 1.24) | ||||||
Decaffeinated tea | - | 0.98 | - | - | 0.01 | |||||||||
<1 time/week | 157 | Ref | 84 | Ref | 157 | Ref | 84 | Ref | ||||||
≥1 time/week | 71 | 1.05 (0.92, 1.20) | 19 | 1.06 (0.86, 1.31) | 71 | 0.81 (0.70, 0.93) | 19 | 1.15 (0.89, 1.48) |
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Odama, A.M.; Otti, V.; Xu, S.; Adebayo, O.; Toriola, A.T. Coffee, Tea, and Mammographic Breast Density in Premenopausal Women. Nutrients 2021, 13, 3852. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113852
Odama AM, Otti V, Xu S, Adebayo O, Toriola AT. Coffee, Tea, and Mammographic Breast Density in Premenopausal Women. Nutrients. 2021; 13(11):3852. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113852
Chicago/Turabian StyleOdama, Adashi Margaret, Valerie Otti, Shuai Xu, Olamide Adebayo, and Adetunji T. Toriola. 2021. "Coffee, Tea, and Mammographic Breast Density in Premenopausal Women" Nutrients 13, no. 11: 3852. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113852
APA StyleOdama, A. M., Otti, V., Xu, S., Adebayo, O., & Toriola, A. T. (2021). Coffee, Tea, and Mammographic Breast Density in Premenopausal Women. Nutrients, 13(11), 3852. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113852