BRCA1/2 Mutation Testing in Patients with HER2-Negative Advanced Breast Cancer: Real-World Data from the United States, Europe, and Israel
by
,
Reshma Mahtani
1,*, 
Alexander Niyazov
2,
Bhakti Arondekar
3,
Katie Lewis
4,
Alex Rider
4,
Lucy Massey
4 and
Michael Patrick Lux
5 1
Miami Cancer Institute, 8900 Kendall Drive, Miami, FL 33176, USA
2
Patient and Health Impact, Pfizer Inc., 235 42nd St., New York, NY 10017, USA
3
Patient Health and Impact, Pfizer Inc., 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
4
Oncology Franchise, Adelphi Real World, Adelphi Mill, Cheshire, Bollington SK10 5JB, UK
5
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kooperatives Brustzentrum Paderborn, Frauenklinik St. Louise, Frauenklinik St. Josefs, Salzkotten Husener Straße 81, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Cancers 2022, 14(21), 5399; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14215399
Submission received: 31 August 2022
/
Revised: 20 October 2022
/
Accepted: 22 October 2022
/
Published: 2 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Collection Breast Cancer—Therapeutic Challenges, Research Strategies and Novel Diagnostics)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase inhibitors have recently been shown to be effective for patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2—negative (HER2−) advanced breast cancer (ABC) who have a germline mutation in their breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 or 2 (BRCA1/2mut). This study evaluated differences in patient demographics, clinical characteristics, and BRCA1/2mut testing within the United States (US), European Union 4 (EU4; France, Germany, Italy, and Spain), and Israel in a real-world patient population with HER2− ABC. In the US, EU4, and Israel, 73%, 42%, and 99% of patients were tested for BRCA1/2mut, respectively. In the US and the EU4, patients who were not tested versus tested for BRCA1/2mut were more likely to have hormone receptor–positive (HR+)/HER2− ABC than triple-negative breast cancer, less likely to have a known family history of BRCA1/2-related cancer and were older. Efforts should be made to improve BRCA1/2 testing rates in the US and Europe.
Abstract
Poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase inhibitors are approved to treat patients harboring a germline breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 or 2 mutation (BRCA1/2mut) with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2—negative (HER2−) advanced breast cancer (ABC). This study evaluated differences in patient demographics, clinical characteristics, and BRCA1/2mut testing within the United States (US), European Union 4 (EU4; France, Germany, Italy, and Spain), and Israel in a real-world population of patients with HER2− ABC. Oncologists provided chart data from eligible patients from October 2019 through March 2020. In the US, EU4, and Israel, 73%, 42%, and 99% of patients were tested for BRCA1/2mut, respectively. In the US and the EU4, patients who were not tested versus tested for BRCA1/2mut were more likely to have hormone receptor—positive (HR+)/HER2− ABC (US, 94% vs. 74%, p < 0.001; EU4, 96% vs. 78%, p < 0.001), less likely to have a known family history of BRCA1/2-related cancer (US, 6% vs. 19%, p = 0.002; EU4, 10% vs. 28%, p < 0.001), and were older (US, 68.9 vs. 62.5 years, p < 0.001; EU4, 66.7 vs. 58.0 years, p < 0.001). Among tested patients, genetic counseling was received by 45%, 53%, and 98% with triple-negative breast cancer, and 36%, 36%, and 98% with HR+/HER2− ABC in the US, EU4, and Israel, respectively. Efforts should be made to improve BRCA1/2 testing rates in the US and Europe.
1. Introduction
An estimated 5% to 10% of breast cancers are caused by a genetic predisposition resulting from a mutation in a gene that increases the risk of breast cancer [1]. The genes most commonly affected in hereditary breast cancer and ovarian cancer are breast cancer susceptibility genes 1 and 2 (BRCA1/2) [2]. Approximately 3% to 6% of all breast cancer cases are caused by a BRCA1/2 mutation (BRCA1/2mut) [3,4,5], and women with a genetic BRCA1/2mut have a cumulative 45% to 66% risk of developing breast cancer by 70 years of age [2]. Accordingly, genetic testing for breast cancer susceptibility has become an important part of disease management [1].
Tumors with a BRCA1/2mut are highly sensitive to inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) [6]. In 2018, the PARP inhibitors (PARPi) olaparib and talazoparib were approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2—negative (HER2−) advanced breast cancer (ABC) harboring a germline BRCA1/2mut (gBRCA1/2mut) and are now available in many countries for the treatment of gBRCA1/2mut HER2− ABC [7,8,9]. The approvals were based primarily on findings from the OlympiAD and EMBRACA randomized, open-label trials, which demonstrated a significantly improved progression-free survival, manageable adverse event profile, and improved patient-reported outcomes in patients with gBRCA1/2mut HER2− ABC who received olaparib or talazoparib compared with patients who received physician’s choice of chemotherapy (OlympiAD: olaparib versus capecitabine, vinorelbine, or eribulin; EMBRACA: talazoparib versus capecitabine, vinorelbine, eribulin, or gemcitabine) [10,11,12,13,14]. These findings underscore that, in addition to hormone receptor (HR) status, HER2 status, and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) status in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), information about BRCA1/2mut status is also an essential factor in determining choice of therapy.
With the approval of PARPi for germline (though not somatic) mutations, and the potential for effective therapeutic intervention in patients with a BRCA1/2mut, national and international guidelines have broadened eligibility criteria for gBRCA1/2mut testing [15,16]. The present analyses evaluated differences in patient demographics and clinical characteristics in a real-world population of patients with HER2− ABC to identify potential factors contributing to physicians’ decisions to test for a BRCA1/2mut within the United States, European Union 4 (EU4; France, Germany, Italy, and Spain), and Israel. We also evaluated whether, and when, patients had undergone genetic counseling for BRCA1/2mut testing.
2. Methods
2.1. Data Source and Study Design
Data were obtained from the Adelphi Real World Disease Specific Programme (DSPTM) for ABC, and the study was conducted from October 2019 through March 2020 in the United States, the EU4, and Israel. DSPs are large, multinational, point-in-time surveys of physicians and their patients presenting in a real-world clinical setting that assess disease management, disease-burden impact, and associated treatment effects [17].
Participating physicians were medical oncologists evaluating ≥5 patients with ABC per month, were actively involved in treating patients, and were recruited by local study teams. Physicians provided patient record forms (PRFs) for the next 8 eligible consulting patients: 4 patients receiving first-line advanced treatment and 4 receiving second- or later-line advanced treatment. Eligible patients were ≥18 years of age with stage IIIb to IV HER2− breast cancer and receiving therapy for ABC at the time of data collection; patients participating in a clinical trial were not eligible. Physicians reported on biomarker testing, including but not limited to homologous recombination repair genes, HER2, PD-L1, progesterone and estrogen receptor, PIK3CA, and BRCA1/2, and were asked the proportion of patients tested and the proportion of positive tests. Physicians were asked to report if testing was performed on blood, saliva, or buccal samples, and this information was used to confirm that BRCA1/2mut testing was germline. For US-based patients, this was also verified by inquiring the name of the laboratory where the testing was performed, whereas data for laboratory confirmation of test type were not available for the EU4 or Israel (Figure 1).
The PRF included detailed questions on patient demographics, clinical assessments and outcomes, adverse events experienced at the time of data collection, treatment history, and physician-rated satisfaction with treatment. Physicians completed the PRFs using patient medical records as well as clinical judgment and diagnostic skills consistent with their decision-making process during routine clinical practice. Each patient with a PRF was invited to complete an optional patient form by pen and paper independently of their physician immediately after the consultation. The patient form included questions on their education, employment status, input to treatment decisions, and current disease status, as well as patient-reported outcome questionnaires that assessed their quality of life.
Patients provided informed consent for use of their anonymized and aggregated data for research and in scientific publications. Data were aggregated and de-identified before receipt by Adelphi Real World. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Western Institutional Review Board (study protocol AG8643). Data collection was undertaken in line with European Pharmaceutical Market Research Association guidelines [18] and as such did not require ethics committee approval. Each survey was administered in full accordance with relevant legislation at the time of data collection, including the US Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 [19].
2.2. Outcomes and Measures
BRCA1/2 mutation testing rates and characteristics of patients undergoing testing were stratified by the type of test performed: any BRCA1/2mut, gBRCA1/2mut with or without a somatic BRCA1/2mut (g +/− sBRCA1/2mut), sBRCA1/2mut-only, unknown BRCA1/2mut (i.e., the physician was not aware of testing results, or it could not be verified if mutations were somatic or germline), and no BRCA1/2mut testing. Results were also stratified by HR status (i.e., HR+/HER2− or TNBC), practice setting, age, and family history of BRCA1/2-related cancer, and between-group comparisons were performed to identify possible factors that may have contributed to the decision to test patients within each region. Rates and timing of genetic counseling (i.e., before and/or after BRCA1/2mut testing) within each BRCA1/2mut testing group were also determined. Genetic counseling was performed by a geneticist or the treating physician.
2.3. Statistical Analysis
Descriptive summary statistics, including the mean, standard deviation, median, and range, were calculated for continuous variables. Frequency counts and percentages were calculated for categorical variables. Differences in demographics and clinical characteristics among BRCA1/2mut testing status groups were analyzed by Student’s t-tests or Fisher exact tests. Values with p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. A binomial exact test was performed to compare patients who received versus did not receive genetic counseling. Percentages and 95% CIs were reported; 95% CIs that did not cross 50%, or 0.50, indicated a significant difference (p < 0.05). Missing data were not imputed; thus, the sample size varied among variables assessed and is reported separately for each analysis. Analyses were performed with IBM® SPSS® Data Collection Survey Reporter Version 6 or later (International Business Machines Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) and STATA version 16.1 or later (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA).
3. Results
3.1. BRCA1/2 Mutation Testing in the United States
Physicians completed PRFs for 407 US patients. Patients had a mean age of 64.2 years, 6% (n = 26) were premenopausal, 15% (n = 63) had a known family history of BRCA1/2-related cancer, 80% (n = 325) had HR + /HER2− disease, and 20% (n = 82) had TNBC. US patient characteristics stratified by BRCA1/2mut testing status are shown in Table 1. Overall, 73% (n = 298) of patients were tested for any type of BRCA1/2mut (germline, somatic, or unknown); among these, 47% (n = 190) received a g +/− sBRCA1/2mut test, 18% (n = 75) received an sBRCA1/2mut-only test, and 8% (n = 33) received an unknown type of BRCA1/2mut test. Those who were not tested for any BRCA1/2mut were significantly older than those who were tested (68.9 vs. 62.5 years; p < 0.001) and significantly less likely to be employed (18% vs. 33%; p = 0.003), premenopausal (2% vs. 8%; p = 0.022), have a family history of BRCA1/2-related cancer (6% vs. 19%; p = 0.002), have TNBC (6% vs. 26%; p < 0.001), or be tested in an academic setting (28% vs. 41%; p = 0.021) versus those who were tested.
Evaluating associations between BRCA1/2mut testing rates and HR+/HER2− and TNBC subtypes among US patients indicated that those with TNBC were tested for a g +/− sBRCA1/2mut at significantly higher rates compared with patients with HR+/HER2− disease (61% vs. 43%; p = 0.004; Table 2). sBRCA1/2mut-only testing rates were similar between patients with TNBC and those with HR+/HER2− disease (20% vs. 18%; p = 0.75).
Among patients with HR+/HER2− disease, fewer patients received any BRCA1/2mut testing in a community medical center compared with those in an academic medical center (64% vs. 75%, p = 0.048; Table 3). Those receiving treatment in an academic medical center were significantly more likely to receive g +/− sBRCA1/2mut testing but less likely to receive sBRCA1/2mut-only testing compared with those receiving care in a community medical center (g +/− sBRCA1/2mut, 54% vs. 37%, p = 0.004; sBRCA1/2mut-only, 12% vs. 22%, p = 0.039). Testing rates for each of the BRCA1/2mut testing groups among patients with TNBC were not significantly different across academic and community medical centers.
Among patients with HR+/HER2− ABC, overall BRCA1/2mut testing rates were lower for those who had no known family history of BRCA1/2-related cancer compared with those who did have a family history (67% vs. 84%, p = 0.030; Table 4). Among patients with TNBC, testing rates across all testing groups were not significantly different in patients with and without a known family history of BRCA1/2-related cancer.
When stratified by age group, BRCA1/2mut testing rates among patients with HR+/HER2− ABC declined with age, with 100%, 92%, 75%, and 60% of patients < 45, 45 to 54, 55 to 64, and ≥65 years of age, respectively, having any type of BRCA1/2mut test (Figure 2A). Among patients with TNBC, testing rates only slightly declined with age, with all patients < 55 years of age, 95% of patients 55 to 64 years of age, and 85% of patients ≥ 65 years of age having received a BRCA1/2mut test.
Among US patients with HR+/HER2− ABC tested for any BRCA1/2mut, 36% received genetic counseling (73 [91%] from a genetic counselor and 8 [10%] from the treating physician), 52% did not receive counseling (received vs. did not receive counseling: binomial test proportion 0.41 [95% CI, 0.34−0.48]), and, for 12% of patients, it was unknown if they received genetic counseling (Figure 3A). Approximately equal percentages of patients within this group received counseling before (13%), after (13%), or both before and after (9%) genetic testing; for 1% of patients, the timing of counseling was unknown (Figure 3A). The g +/− sBRCA1/2mut and sBRCA1/2mut-only testing subgroups had similar percentages of patients who received genetic counseling, 34% and 47%, respectively, but varied by the distribution of time points at which counseling was received. Among the patients with TNBC tested for any BRCA1/2mut, 45% received genetic counseling (88% from a genetic counselor and 12% from the treating physician), 37% did not receive counseling (received vs. did not receive counseling: binomial test proportion 0.54 [95% CI, 0.42−0.68]), and, for 18% of patients, it was unknown if they received genetic counseling (Figure 3A). As with the patients with HR+/HER2− ABC tested for any BRCA1/2mut, similar percentages of the patients with TNBC tested for any BRCA1/2mut received counseling before (16%), after (16%), or both before and after (13%) genetic testing (Figure 3A).
3.2. BRCA1/2 Mutation Testing in the European Union 4
Physicians completed PRFs for 1926 EU4 patients. Patients had a mean age of 63.1 years, 8% (n = 151) were premenopausal, 17% (n = 337) had a known family history of BRCA1/2-related cancer, 88% (n = 1703) had HR+/HER2− disease, and 12% (n = 223) had TNBC. EU4 patient characteristics stratified by BRCA1/2mut testing status are shown in Table 5. Overall, 42% (n = 805) of the patients were tested for any type of BRCA1/2mut; among these, 27% (n = 528) received a g +/− sBRCA1/2mut test, 10% (n = 186) received an sBRCA1/2mut-only test, and 5% (n = 91) received an unknown type of BRCA1/2mut test. Those who were not tested for a BRCA1/2mut were significantly older than those who were tested (66.7 vs. 58.0 years; p < 0.001) and significantly less likely to be employed (11% vs. 26%; p < 0.001), be premenopausal (3% vs. 15%; p < 0.001), have a family history of BRCA1/2-related cancer (10% vs. 28%; p < 0.001), have TNBC (4% vs. 22%; p < 0.001), or be tested in an academic setting (52% vs. 61%; p < 0.001).
Patients in the EU4 with TNBC were tested for a g +/− sBRCA1/2mut at significantly higher rates compared with patients with HR+/HER2− disease (57% vs. 24%; p < 0.001); the same was true for sBRCA1/2mut-only testing (14% vs. 9%; p = 0.029; Table 2). For patients with HR+/HER2− disease and those with TNBC, patients in academic medical centers were more likely to receive any BRCA1/2mut testing compared with those treated in community medical centers (HR+/HER2−, 41% vs. 33%; TNBC, 89% vs. 65%; both p < 0.001; Table 3). Considering family history, patients in the EU4 with HR+/HER2− ABC who had no known BRCA1/2-related family history were tested for any BRCA1/2mut at significantly lower rates than those who did have a family history (32% vs. 62%; p < 0.001; Table 4). For patients with TNBC, testing rates were only significantly lower for any BRCA1/2mut testing among those with no family history (75% vs. 89%; p = 0.023).
BRCA1/2 mutation testing rates among patients in the EU4 with HR+/HER2− ABC declined with age, with 89%, 53%, 41%, and 25% of patients < 45, 45 to 54, 55 to 64, and ≥65 years of age, respectively, receiving any type of BRCA1/2mut testing (Figure 2B). The same trend was observed among patients with TNBC, although, as noted, testing rates were generally lower among patients with HR+/HER2− disease compared with patients with TNBC.
Among EU4 patients with HR+/HER2− disease tested for any BRCA1/2mut, 36% received genetic counseling (177 [77%] from a genetic counselor and 57 [25%] from the treating physician), 60% did not receive counseling (received vs. did not receive counseling: binomial test proportion 0.38 [95% CI, 0.34–0.42]) and, for 4% of patients, it was unknown if they received counseling. Among the patients with TNBC tested for any BRCA1/2mut, 53% received genetic counseling (73 [79%] from a genetic counselor and 23 [25%] from the treating physician), 41% did not receive counseling (received vs. did not receive counseling: binomial test proportion 0.56 [95% CI, 0.48–0.64]) and, for 6% of patients, it was unknown if they received counseling. In patients with HR+/HER2− disease and those with TNBC, counseling was most often received before genetic testing (Figure 3B). Within each population, the percentage of patients who received genetic counseling was lowest among those tested for an sBRCA1/2mut only.
3.3. BRCA1/2 Mutation Testing in Israel
Physicians completed PRFs for 194 Israeli patients. Patients had a mean age of 56.7 years, 27% (n = 52) were premenopausal, 68% (n = 131) had a known family history of BRCA1/2-related cancer, 73% (n = 141) had HR+/HER2− disease, and 27% (n = 53) had TNBC. Overall, 99% (n = 192) of the patients were tested for any type of BRCA1/2mut; among these, 96% (n = 186) received a g +/− sBRCA1/2mut test, 2% (n = 3) received an sBRCA1/2mut-only test, and 2% (n = 3) received an unknown type of the BRCA1/2mut test. No significant differences in patient characteristics were observed among those who were tested for a BRCA1/2mut compared with those who were not. All patients received treatment at an academic medical center.
As expected, based on the nearly ubiquitous nature of BRCA1/2mut testing among Israeli patients, no significant differences were seen in testing rates by HR subtypes (Table 2) or BRCA1/2-related family history (Table 4). When stratified by HR subtype and age group, all patients received BRCA1/2mut testing, except for 2 with HR+/HER2− disease who were ≥65 years of age (Figure 2C). Nearly all Israeli patients who received BRCA1/2mut testing (98% for both HR+/HER2− and TNBC) also received genetic counseling, with most patients (77% of patients with HR+/HER2− and 92% of those with TNBC) receiving counseling after genetic testing (Figure 3C). All patients who received genetic counseling received it from a genetic counselor.
4. Discussion
Based on the efficacy of PARPi demonstrated in clinical trials and their subsequent approval for treatment of patients with gBRCA1/2mut HER2− ABC, guidelines on testing for gBRCA1/2mut have expanded to include new therapeutic indications in addition to clinical criteria such as patients diagnosed at an early age and patients with a strong family history (e.g., a first-degree relative diagnosed with breast cancer at an early age or with TNBC, two or more close relatives with breast cancer at any age, two or more close blood relatives with breast, pancreatic or prostate cancer at any age or a known BRCA1/2 mutation in the family) [10,11,20]. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines®) now recommend testing for a gBRCA1/2mut in all patients with recurrent or metastatic breast cancer to identify candidates for PARPi treatment [20]. The European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) international consensus guidelines recommend that patients with ABC be tested for a gBRCA1/2mut “as early as possible” [9].
This study used the Adelphi Real World DSP to evaluate BRCA1/2mut testing rates and related characteristics among patients with HER2− ABC in the United States, the EU4, and Israel during October 2019 to March 2020. We had previously assessed BRCA1/2mut testing rates in the United States and the EU5 (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom) in 2015 and 2017 to provide a historical baseline for BRCA1/2mut testing [21]. Average rates of testing for any BRCA1/2mut in 2015–2017 for patients with HR+/HER2− ABC and those with TNBC were 43% and 72%, respectively, in the United States and 18% and 33%, respectively, in the EU5. Testing rates were substantially higher in the current study; testing rates for any BRCA1/2mut in patients with HR+/HER2− ABC and those with TNBC were 68% and 93%, respectively, in the United States and 37% and 78%, respectively, in the EU4. The FDA approval in 2018 and the subsequent European Medicines Agency authorization of PARPi for the treatment of patients with HER2− ABC likely contributed to the increase in BRCA1/2mut testing rates from 2015 and 2017 to 2019 and 2020. Despite the increased rates of BRCA1/2mut testing in the current study, gBRCA1/2mut testing rates were still relatively low among some patient groups. Testing rates for patients with HR+/HER2− ABC were lower in both the United States and the EU4 compared with patients with TNBC, with only 37% of patients with HR+/HER2− ABC in the EU4 being tested for any BRCA1/2mut. The relatively higher rates of testing in patients with TNBC likely reflects the increased awareness of the prevalence of gBRCA1/2mut among these patients [22]. However, a substantial percentage of patients with TNBC, particularly in the EU4 (49 of 223 [22%]), were not tested for any BRCA1/2mut, underscoring the need for testing to inform treatment decisions for patients with such limited options [22].
BRCA1/2 mutation testing rates in older patients were also relatively low in both the United States and the EU4, particularly for those with HR+/HER2− ABC. For example, among patients with HR+/HER2− ABC tested for any BRCA1/2mut in the United States, 60% of those who were ≥65 years of age and 100% of those <45 years of age were tested; in the EU4, only 25% of patients ≥ 65 years of age were tested, while 89% of those <45 years of age were tested. Testing rates in the United States and the EU4 were also generally lower among those who were postmenopausal, had no known BRCA1/2-related family history of cancer, and were treated in community medical centers (vs. academic medical centers). These findings highlight the need for increased gBRCA1/2mut testing, with efforts specifically concentrated among patients with these demographic or clinical characteristics, to aid in identification of patients eligible for PARPi treatment.
There were also appreciable numbers of patients in the United States (18%) and the EU4 (10%), but not Israel, who received sBRCA1/2mut-only testing. Although patients with metastatic breast cancer with an sBRCA1/2mut have been shown to respond to PARPi [23,24], PARPi have not been approved to treat this patient group. The ESMO international consensus guidelines indicate that the therapeutic implications of sBRCA1/2mut in patients with breast cancer need further evaluation and should not be used for decision-making in clinical practice [9]. Because patients who were enrolled in clinical trials were excluded from this study, the reason some patients received sBRCA1/2mut-only testing is uncertain, but it is possible that they provided tissue samples for experimental studies.
BRCA1/2 mutation testing rates were notably higher in Israel compared with the United States and the EU4. This is likely related to the high percentages of Israeli patients with Ashkenazi Jewish ethnicity, which is associated with an approximately 10-fold increase in the prevalence of BRCA1/2mut relative to the general population (approximately 2.0% vs. 0.2%) [25]. Possibly related to this risk factor, the percentage of patients with BRCA1/2-related family history was much higher in Israel (68%) compared with the United States or EU4 (15% and 17%, respectively), and the mean age among Israeli patients was lower compared with patients in the United States or EU4 (56.7 vs. 64.2 and 63.1 years, respectively). In addition, the proportion of patients who were premenopausal was much higher in Israel (27%) compared with the United States (6%) and EU4 (8%). An awareness that breast cancer incidence is higher in younger patients (i.e., premenopausal patients) who carry a BRCA1/2mut may have also contributed to the high rate of BRCA1/2mut testing in Israel. Although we did not identify patients of Ashkenazi Jewish ethnicity in the United States or EU4, rates of BRCA1/2mut testing among Ashkenazi Jews in the United States and the EU4 may be higher than the general population.
The study also identified considerable gaps in genetic counseling among patients tested for a BRCA1/2mut in the United States and the EU4, particularly in patients with HR+/HER2− ABC, where less than half of those who were tested received genetic counseling. Genetic counseling is important because it informs patients and their family members not only about genetic predisposition but also different therapeutic strategies for treatment of their cancer. The ESMO international consensus guidelines recommend that genetic counseling be provided to patients with ABC and their families if a pathogenic germline mutation is identified [9]. A rapidly increasing demand for genetic counseling resulting from the recent expansion of indications of PARPi among patients with ABC, as well as patients with ovarian and prostate cancer, with a deleterious BRCA1/2mut may be contributing to the relatively low rate of patients receiving genetic counseling observed in this study. Our findings indicate that improved awareness of and access to genetic counseling is needed in the United States and the EU4. In Israel, as with gBRCA1/2mut testing, essentially all patients received genetic counseling; most (up to 92%) received posttest counseling only. In Israel, as well as in Germany, genetic counseling is a legal requirement as a part of genetic testing [26]. Furthermore, Israel has one of the highest levels of genetic counselors per capita, second only to Cuba and the United States [27]. These factors, along with the high level of awareness and genetic testing, likely contribute to the high rate of genetic counseling in Israel.
The strengths of this study include the use of real-world data, which are important for informing patient care [28], across a large patient population spanning multiple countries. The generalizability of study results may be limited in that the DSP only includes data from physicians willing to take part; furthermore, patients may not be fully representative of the broader patient population because data were more likely to be collected from patients who frequently consulted their physicians. Data quality is also subject to accurate reporting by physicians and patients and may be subject to recall bias. Additionally, patient diagnosis was determined by physician judgment and diagnostic skills rather than a formalized checklist; however, this process is reflective of disease diagnosis in the real world. The high testing rate in Israel may also be due to tests occurring before the illness or during the initial breast cancer diagnosis. In addition, physician-reported mutation testing in blood was used as a proxy for gBRCA1/2mut testing. Because blood is used as source material for the testing of circulating tumor DNA, it cannot be verified that all testing conducted on blood samples was germline testing only.
5. Conclusions
Substantial percentages of patients with HER2− ABC in the United States and the EU4 do not undergo BRCA1/2mut testing, which is important for identifying patients who may benefit from PARPi treatment. Efforts should be made to increase testing rates, especially among older or postmenopausal patients and patients with HR+/HER2− ABC (vs. those with TNBC), without a known BRCA1/2-related family history, or who are treated in community medical centers.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: R.M., A.N., B.A., A.R., K.L. and M.P.L.; Methodology: R.M., A.N., B.A., A.R., K.L. and M.P.L.; Formal Analysis: R.M., A.N., B.A., K.L., L.M. and M.P.L.; Investigation: R.M., A.N., B.A., K.L., L.M. and M.P.L.; Writing—Review and Editing: R.M., A.N., B.A., A.R., K.L., L.M. and M.P.L.; Visualization: A.N., B.A., A.R. and K.L.; Supervision: A.N., B.A., A.R. and K.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This study was sponsored by Pfizer Inc. Pfizer was involved in study design; interpretation of data; writing the report; and the decision to submit the report for publication.
Institutional Review Board Statement
The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Western Institutional Review Board (study protocol AG8643).
Informed Consent Statement
Patients provided informed consent for use of their anonymized and aggregated data for research and in scientific publications.
Data Availability Statement
Data collection was undertaken by Adelphi Real World as part of an Adelphi DSP independent survey sponsored by multiple pharmaceutical companies, of which one was Pfizer Inc. Publication of study results was not contingent on the sponsor’s approval or censorship of the manuscript. All data that support the findings of this study are the intellectual property of Adelphi Real World. All requests for access should be addressed directly to Katie Lewis at [email protected].
Acknowledgments
Medical writing support was provided by John Teiber of ICON (Blue Bell, PA) and funded by Pfizer.
Conflicts of Interest
R.M.: contracted research funding from Genentech; consultant for Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Merck, Novartis, Daiichi-Sankyo, Sanofi, Seattle Genetics, Gilead, Genentech, Hologic, Eisai, AstraZeneca, Puma, Agendia, and Amgen. A.N., B.A.: employees of and own stock in Pfizer Inc. K.L., A.R., L.M.: employees of Adelphi Real World. M.P.L.: honoraria for lectures, consulting or advisory role for Eli Lilly, AstraZeneca, M.S.D., Novartis, Pfizer, Eisai, Exact Sciences, Daiichi-Sankyo, Grünenthal, Gilead, Pierre Fabre, PharmaMar, Onkowissen, and Roche; fees for travel, accommodations, expenses from Roche and Pfizer; editorial board member of Medac; fees for non-CME services from Eli Lilly, Roche, M.S.D., Novartis, Pfizer, Exact Sciences, Daiichi-Sankyo, Gilead, Grünenthal, AstraZeneca, and Eisai.
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Figure 1.
BRCA1/2 mutation status testing. ABC = advanced breast cancer; BRCA1/2 = breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 or 2; HER2− = human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative. * Includes not tested; not known to have a germline BRCA1/2 mutation (BRCA1/2mut) test result; not known to have BRCA1/2mut germline and somatic wildtype test results.
Figure 1.
BRCA1/2 mutation status testing. ABC = advanced breast cancer; BRCA1/2 = breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 or 2; HER2− = human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative. * Includes not tested; not known to have a germline BRCA1/2 mutation (BRCA1/2mut) test result; not known to have BRCA1/2mut germline and somatic wildtype test results.
Figure 2.
BRCA1/2mut testing rates by age group among patients with HER2− ABC in (A) the United States, (B) the EU4, and (C) Israel. Percentages may not add to exactly 100 because of rounding. ABC = advanced breast cancer; BRCA1/2mut = breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 or 2 mutation; g = germline; EU4 = European Union 4 (France, Germany, Italy, and Spain); HER2− = human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–negative; HR+ = hormone receptor–positive; s = somatic; TNBC = triple-negative breast cancer.
Figure 2.
BRCA1/2mut testing rates by age group among patients with HER2− ABC in (A) the United States, (B) the EU4, and (C) Israel. Percentages may not add to exactly 100 because of rounding. ABC = advanced breast cancer; BRCA1/2mut = breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 or 2 mutation; g = germline; EU4 = European Union 4 (France, Germany, Italy, and Spain); HER2− = human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–negative; HR+ = hormone receptor–positive; s = somatic; TNBC = triple-negative breast cancer.
Figure 3.
Receipt of genetic counseling by BRCA1/2mut testing type among patients with HER2− ABC in (A) the United States, (B) the EU4, and (C) Israel. Percentages may not add to exactly 100 because of rounding. * Indicates a statistically significant difference between those who had and did not have genetic counseling. ABC = advanced breast cancer; BRCA1/2mut = breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 or 2 mutation; g = germline; EU4 = European Union 4 (France, Germany, Italy, and Spain); HER2− = human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–negative; HR+ = hormone receptor–positive; s = somatic; TNBC = triple-negative breast cancer.
Figure 3.
Receipt of genetic counseling by BRCA1/2mut testing type among patients with HER2− ABC in (A) the United States, (B) the EU4, and (C) Israel. Percentages may not add to exactly 100 because of rounding. * Indicates a statistically significant difference between those who had and did not have genetic counseling. ABC = advanced breast cancer; BRCA1/2mut = breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 or 2 mutation; g = germline; EU4 = European Union 4 (France, Germany, Italy, and Spain); HER2− = human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–negative; HR+ = hormone receptor–positive; s = somatic; TNBC = triple-negative breast cancer.
Table 1.
Patient demographics and clinical characteristics by BRCA1/2mut testing status among patients with HER2—ABC in the United States.
Table 1.
Patient demographics and clinical characteristics by BRCA1/2mut testing status among patients with HER2—ABC in the United States.
| p Value (vs. Not Tested) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any BRCA1/2mut Testing (n = 298) | g +/− s BRCA1/2mut Testing (n = 190) | sBRCA1/2mut-Only Testing (n = 75) | Unknown BRCA1/2mut Testing (n = 33) | No BRCA1/2mut Testing (n = 109) | All Tested | g +/− s | s Only | Unknown | |
| Mean patient age, y | 62.5 | 62.9 | 60.7 | 64.5 | 68.9 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Race | |||||||||
| White/Caucasian | 200 (67) | 126 (66) | 50 (67) | 24 (73) | 66 (61) | 0.240 | 0.320 | 0.439 | 0.223 |
| African American | 71 (24) | 40 (21) | 22 (29) | 9 (27) | 30 (28) | 0.440 | 0.206 | 0.868 | 1.00 |
| Employed | 99 (33) | 62 (33) | 27 (36) | 10 (30) | 20 (18) | 0.003 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.151 |
| Premenopausal | 24 (8) | 13 (7) | 10 (14) | 1 (3) | 2 (2) | 0.022 | 0.095 | 0.004 | 0.560 |
| Family history of BRCA1/2-related cancer * | 56 (19) | 36 (19) | 15 (20) | 5 (15) | 7 (6) | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.010 | 0.150 |
| HR status | |||||||||
| HR+/HER2− | 222 (74) | 140 (74) | 59 (79) | 23 (70) | 103 (94) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | <0.001 |
| TNBC | 76 (26) | 50 (26) | 16 (21) | 10 (30) | 6 (6) | ||||
| Academic medical center | 122 (41) | 89 (47) | 19 (25) | 14 (42) | 31 (28) | 0.021 | 0.002 | 0.737 | 0.140 |
| Community-based center | 176 (59) | 101 (53) | 56 (75) | 19 (58) | 78 (72) | ||||
Values are n (%) unless noted otherwise. ABC = advanced breast cancer; BRCA1/2mut = breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 or 2 mutation; g = germline; HER2− = human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–negative; HR+ = hormone receptor–positive; s = somatic; TNBC = triple-negative breast cancer. * Defined as a family history of breast, ovarian, peritoneal, prostate, pancreatic, gastric, and/or fallopian tube cancer.
Table 2.
BRCA1/2mut testing rates by HR status among patients with HER2– ABC in the United States, the EU4, and Israel.
Table 2.
BRCA1/2mut testing rates by HR status among patients with HER2– ABC in the United States, the EU4, and Israel.
| United States | EU4 | Israel | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR+/ HER2− (n = 325) | TNBC (n = 82) | p Value | HR+/ HER2− (n = 1703) | TNBC (n = 223) | p Value | HR+/ HER2− (n = 141) | TNBC (n = 53) | p Value | |
| Any BRCA1/2mut testing | 222 (68) | 76 (93) | <0.001 | 631 (37) | 174 (78) | <0.001 | 139 (99) | 53 (100) | >0.99 |
| g +/− sBRCA1/2mut testing | 140 (43) | 50 (61) | 0.004 | 401 (24) | 127 (57) | <0.001 | 135 (96) | 51 (96) | >0.99 |
| sBRCA1/2mut-only testing | 59 (18) | 16 (20) | 0.752 | 155 (9) | 31 (14) | 0.029 | 1 (1) | 2 (4) | 0.182 |
| Unknown BRCA1/2mut testing | 23 (7) | 10 (12) | 0.171 | 75 (4) | 16 (7) | 0.090 | 3 (2) | 0 (0) | 0.563 |
| No BRCA1/2mut testing | 103 (32) | 6 (7) | 1072 (63) | 49 (22) | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | |||
All values are n (%). ABC = advanced breast cancer; BRCA1/2mut = breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 or 2 mutation; EU4 = European Union 4 (France, Germany, Italy, and Spain); g = germline; HER2− = human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–negative; HR+ = hormone receptor–positive; s = somatic; TNBC = triple-negative breast cancer.
Table 3.
BRCA1/2mut testing rates by practice setting among patients with HER2—ABC in the United States and the EU4.
Table 3.
BRCA1/2mut testing rates by practice setting among patients with HER2—ABC in the United States and the EU4.
| United States | EU4 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Academic | Community | p Value | Academic | Community | p Value | |
| HR+/HER2− | (n = 121) | (n = 204) | (n = 951) | (n = 752) | ||
| Any BRCA1/2mut testing | 91 (75) | 131 (64) | 0.048 | 386 (41) | 245 (33) | 0.001 |
| g +/− sBRCA1/2mut testing | 65 (54) | 75 (37) | 0.004 | 236 (25) | 165 (22) | 0.168 |
| sBRCA1/2mut-only testing | 15 (12) | 44 (22) | 0.039 | 109 (11) | 46 (6) | <0.001 |
| Unknown BRCA1/2mut testing | 11 (9) | 12 (6) | 0.274 | 41 (4) | 34 (5) | 0.905 |
| No BRCA1/2mut testing | 30 (25) | 73 (36) | 565 (59) | 507 (67) | ||
| TNBC | (n = 32) | (n = 50) | (n = 123) | (n = 100) | ||
| Any BRCA1/2mut testing | 31 (97) | 45 (90) | 0.396 | 109 (89) | 65 (65) | <0.001 |
| g +/− sBRCA1/2mut testing | 24 (75) | 26 (52) | 0.063 | 77 (63) | 50 (50) | 0.077 |
| sBRCA1/2mut-only testing | 4 (13) | 12 (24) | 0.259 | 25 (20) | 6 (6) | 0.003 |
| Unknown BRCA1/2mut testing | 3 (9) | 7 (14) | 0.733 | 7 (6) | 9 (9) | 0.436 |
| No BRCA1/2mut testing | 1 (3) | 5 (10) | 14 (11) | 35 (35) | ||
All values are n (%). ABC = advanced breast cancer; BRCA1/2mut = breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 or 2 mutation; EU4 = European Union 4 (France, Germany, Italy, and Spain); g = germline; HER2− = human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–negative; HR+ = hormone receptor–positive; s = somatic; TNBC = triple-negative breast cancer.
Table 4.
BRCA1/2mut testing rates by family history of BRCA1/2-related cancer * among patients with HER2– ABC in the United States, the EU4, and Israel.
Table 4.
BRCA1/2mut testing rates by family history of BRCA1/2-related cancer * among patients with HER2– ABC in the United States, the EU4, and Israel.
| United States | EU4 | Israel | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family History | No History | p Value | Family History | No History | p Value | Family History | No History | p Value | |
| HR+/HER2− | (n = 43) | (n = 234) | (n = 280) | (n = 1356) | (n = 101) | (n = 39) | |||
| Any BRCA1/2mut testing | 36 (84) | 156 (67) | 0.030 | 173 (62) | 437 (32) | <0.001 | 100 (99) | 38 (97) | 0.481 |
| g +/− sBRCA1/2mut testing | 22 (51) | 99 (42) | 0.317 | 120 (43) | 274 (20) | <0.001 | 98 (97) | 37 (95) | 0.618 |
| sBRCA1/2mut-only testing | 11 (26) | 45 (19) | 0.408 | 33 (12) | 111 (8) | 0.063 | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 1.00 |
| Unknown BRCA1/2mut testing | 3 (7) | 12 (5) | 0.711 | 20 (7) | 52 (4) | 0.024 | 1 (1) | 1 (3) | 0.481 |
| No BRCA1/2mut testing | 7 (16) | 78 (33) | 107 (38) | 919 (68) | 1 (1) | 1 (3) | |||
| TNBC | (n = 20) | (n = 57) | (n = 57) | (n = 157) | (n = 30) | (n = 20) | |||
| Any BRCA1/2mut testing | 20 (100) | 53 (93) | 0.568 | 51 (89) | 118 (75) | 0.023 | 30 (100) | 20 (100) | 1.00 |
| g +/− sBRCA1/2mut testing | 14 (70) | 35 (61) | 0.594 | 38 (67) | 86 (55) | 0.158 | 30 (100) | 20 (100) | 1.00 |
| sBRCA1/2mut-only testing | 4 (20) | 12 (21) | 1.00 | 6 (11) | 24 (15) | 0.505 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1.00 |
| Unknown BRCA1/2mut testing | 2 (10) | 6 (11) | 1.00 | 7 (12) | 8 (5) | 0.125 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1.00 |
| No BRCA1/2mut testing | 0 (0) | 4 (7) | 6 (11) | 39 (25) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |||
All values are n (%). ABC = advanced breast cancer; BRCA1/2mut = breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 or 2 mutation; EU4 = European Union 4 (France, Germany, Italy, and Spain); g = germline; HER2− = human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–negative; HR+ = hormone receptor –positive; s = somatic; TNBC = triple-negative breast cancer. * Defined as a family history of breast, ovarian, peritoneal, prostate, pancreatic, gastric, and/or fallopian tube cancer.
Table 5.
Patient demographics and clinical characteristics by BRCA1/2mut testing status among patients with HER2– ABC in the EU4.
Table 5.
Patient demographics and clinical characteristics by BRCA1/2mut testing status among patients with HER2– ABC in the EU4.
| p Value (vs. Not Tested) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any BRCA1/2mut Testing (n = 805) | g +/− sBRCA1/2mut Testing (n = 528) | sBRCA1/2mut-Only Testing (n = 186) | Unknown BRCA1/2mut Testing (n = 91) | No BRCA1/2mut Testing (n = 1121) | All Tested | g +/− s | s Only | Unknown | |
| Mean patient age, y | 58.0 | 57.9 | 59.7 | 55.3 | 66.7 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Race | |||||||||
| White/Caucasian | 752 (93) | 489 (93) | 180 (97) | 83 (91) | 1063 (95) | 0.199 | 0.092 | 0.357 | 0.148 |
| Employed | 206 (26) | 124 (23) | 51 (27) | 31 (34) | 124 (11) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Premenopausal | 118 (15) | 75 (14) | 25 (14) | 18 (20) | 33 (3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Family history of BRCA1/2-related cancer * | 224 (28) | 158 (30) | 39 (21) | 27 (30) | 113 (10) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HR status | |||||||||
| HR+/HER2− | 631 (78) | 401 (76) | 155 (83) | 75 (82) | 1072 (96) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| TNBC | 174 (22) | 127 (24) | 31 (17) | 16 (18) | 49 (4) | ||||
| Academic medical center | 495 (61) | 313 (59) | 134 (72) | 48 (53) | 579 (52) | <0.001 | 0.004 | <0.001 | 0.913 |
| Community-based center | 310 (39) | 215 (41) | 52 (28) | 43 (47) | 542 (48) | ||||
Values are n (%) unless noted otherwise. ABC = advanced breast cancer; BRCA1/2mut = breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 or 2 mutation; EU4 = European Union 4 (France, Germany, Italy, and Spain); g = germline; HER2− = human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–negative; HR+ = hormone receptor–positive; s = somatic; TNBC = triple-negative breast cancer. * Defined as a family history of breast, ovarian, peritoneal, prostate, pancreatic, gastric, and/or fallopian tube cancer.
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Mahtani, R.; Niyazov, A.; Arondekar, B.; Lewis, K.; Rider, A.; Massey, L.; Lux, M.P. BRCA1/2 Mutation Testing in Patients with HER2-Negative Advanced Breast Cancer: Real-World Data from the United States, Europe, and Israel. Cancers 2022, 14, 5399. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14215399
AMA Style
Mahtani R, Niyazov A, Arondekar B, Lewis K, Rider A, Massey L, Lux MP. BRCA1/2 Mutation Testing in Patients with HER2-Negative Advanced Breast Cancer: Real-World Data from the United States, Europe, and Israel. Cancers. 2022; 14(21):5399. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14215399
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahtani, Reshma, Alexander Niyazov, Bhakti Arondekar, Katie Lewis, Alex Rider, Lucy Massey, and Michael Patrick Lux. 2022. "BRCA1/2 Mutation Testing in Patients with HER2-Negative Advanced Breast Cancer: Real-World Data from the United States, Europe, and Israel" Cancers 14, no. 21: 5399. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14215399
APA StyleMahtani, R., Niyazov, A., Arondekar, B., Lewis, K., Rider, A., Massey, L., & Lux, M. P. (2022). BRCA1/2 Mutation Testing in Patients with HER2-Negative Advanced Breast Cancer: Real-World Data from the United States, Europe, and Israel. Cancers, 14(21), 5399. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14215399
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