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Volume 15
Issue 2
10.3390/catal15020134
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Review

Oxides and Metal Oxide/Carbon Hybrid Materials for Efficient Photocatalytic Organic Pollutant Removal

by
Abu Saad Ansari
1,*,†,
Griszha Azzahra
2,†,
Fairuz Gianirfan Nugroho
2,
Momin M. Mujtaba
3 and
Abu Talha Aqueel Ahmed
4,*
1
Materials Science & Engineering, Incheon National University, Songdo-dong 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
2
Center of Excellence Applied Nanotechnology, Nano Center Indonesia, Puspiptek, South Tangerang 15314, Indonesia
3
Maharaja Sayajirao Gaikwad Arts, Science and Commerce College Malegaon Camp, Malegaon 423203, India
4
Division of System Semiconductor, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Catalysts 2025, 15(2), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15020134
Submission received: 20 November 2024 / Revised: 27 January 2025 / Accepted: 28 January 2025 / Published: 1 February 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Advances and Prospects of Nanomaterials for Catalysis and Energy Storage)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Pharmaceuticals are increasingly significant contaminants in the environmental ecosystem, prompting the exploration of photocatalysis as a promising method for removing their pollutants. However, the application of semiconductor metal oxides as photocatalysts has been limited by issues such as rapid photocarrier recombination and high band gap energy. One emerging strategy to enhance the photocatalytic performance of metal oxides involves integrating them with carbon dots, which offer advantages including low toxicity, aqueous stability, increased surface area, cost effectiveness, biocompatibility, and chemical inertness. In this study, we conducted a critical review focusing on the nanocomposite development of metal oxide/carbon dots for the photocatalytic removal of pharmaceutical pollutants. Our study highlights that carbon dots can significantly enhance the photocatalytic efficiency of these metal oxides as photocatalytic materials by improving the adsorption of organic pollutants and enhancing light absorption in the visible spectrum. This review aims to provide insights for future research aimed at advancing the development of enhanced photocatalytic metal oxide/carbon dot nanocomposites.
Keywords: metal oxide; carbon dot; nanocomposite; photocatalysis; pharmaceutical pollutants; wastewater treatment; water remediation; hybrid nanomaterials; green nanotechnology metal oxide; carbon dot; nanocomposite; photocatalysis; pharmaceutical pollutants; wastewater treatment; water remediation; hybrid nanomaterials; green nanotechnology

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ansari, A.S.; Azzahra, G.; Nugroho, F.G.; Mujtaba, M.M.; Ahmed, A.T.A. Oxides and Metal Oxide/Carbon Hybrid Materials for Efficient Photocatalytic Organic Pollutant Removal. Catalysts 2025, 15, 134. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15020134

AMA Style

Ansari AS, Azzahra G, Nugroho FG, Mujtaba MM, Ahmed ATA. Oxides and Metal Oxide/Carbon Hybrid Materials for Efficient Photocatalytic Organic Pollutant Removal. Catalysts. 2025; 15(2):134. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15020134

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ansari, Abu Saad, Griszha Azzahra, Fairuz Gianirfan Nugroho, Momin M. Mujtaba, and Abu Talha Aqueel Ahmed. 2025. "Oxides and Metal Oxide/Carbon Hybrid Materials for Efficient Photocatalytic Organic Pollutant Removal" Catalysts 15, no. 2: 134. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15020134

APA Style

Ansari, A. S., Azzahra, G., Nugroho, F. G., Mujtaba, M. M., & Ahmed, A. T. A. (2025). Oxides and Metal Oxide/Carbon Hybrid Materials for Efficient Photocatalytic Organic Pollutant Removal. Catalysts, 15(2), 134. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15020134

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