Stereoselective Copolymerization of Styrene with Terpenes Catalyzed by an Ansa-Lanthanidocene Catalyst: Access to New Syndiotactic Polystyrene-Based Materials

Abstract

The copolymerization of bio-renewable β-myrcene or β-farnesene with styrene was examined using an ansa-neodymocene catalyst, affording two series of copolymers with high styrene content and unprecedented syndioregularity of the polystyrene sequences. The incorporation of terpene in the copolymers ranged from 5.6 to 30.8 mol % (β-myrcene) and from 2.5 to 9.8 mol % (β-farnesene), respectively. NMR spectroscopy and DSC analyses suggested that the microstructure of the copolymers consists of 1,4- and 3,4-poly(terpene) units randomly distributed along syndiotactic polystyrene chains. The thermal properties of the copolymers are strongly dependent on the terpene content, which is easily controlled by the initial feed. The terpolymerization of styrene with β-myrcene in the presence of ethylene was also examined.

1. Introduction

The sustainability and possible eco-compatibility of bio-based polymers has raised much interest in finding inexpensive alternatives to petroleum-sourced materials. Among the wide variety of renewable monomers, terpenes are particularly interesting because of their abundance in nature, and their reactive conjugated 1,3-diene framework. For instance, β-myrcene, or to a lesser extent β-farnesene, can polymerize via anionic or radical polymerization to form elastomeric materials [1]. In a few rare cases, the coordination (catalytic) polymerization of such monomers has been reported [2,3,4,5,6]. On the other hand, syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) is a very attractive material due to its high melting point (ca. 270 °C), high crystallinity, low dielectric constant and good chemical and heat resistances [7,8]. However, its processability is limited by its high melting point and its brittleness. Syndioselective copolymerization of styrene with small amounts of a second monomer is one of the most common ways to tune the properties of sPS, and thus to improve its processability [9,10,11]. A few examples of styrene-myrcene polymers have already been reported, mostly via anionic or radical copolymerizations [12,13,14]. To our knowledge, only one paper has addressed the coordination copolymerization of styrene with β-myrcene (My) in the presence of the ternary system Cp^*La(BH₄)₂(THF)₂/nBuEtMg/AliBu₃, affording poly(S-co-1,4-trans-My) containing high amounts of myrcene (66–96 mol %) [15]. Yet, nothing has been reported about styrene-myrcene copolymers containing stereoregular PS sequences, nor about the copolymerization of styrene with β-farnesene.

Very recently, we reported new neutral allyl {Cp/Flu}-type neodymium and samarium complexes of the type {R₂C(C₅H₄)(R’R’Flu)}Ln(1,3-C₃H₃(SiMe₃)₂)(THF)_x (Flu = 9-fluorenyl) that act as single-component catalysts for homo- and copolymerization of styrene with ethylene, featuring high syndioselectivity, good productivities and good control over the incorporated ethylene content [16]. Previous work conducted by our group also demonstrated syndioselective styrene/isoprene (/ethylene) co(ter)polymerizations using the neutral {(Me₂C(Cp)(Flu)}Nd(C₃H₅)(THF) complex [17]. In this paper, we report on the copolymerization of styrene with β-myrcene or farnesene with such catalyst systems. The synthesis of new poly(S-co-My) and poly(S-co-Fa) copolymers with high styrene content and containing syndiotactic polystyrene sequences is described. Styrene/ethylene/β-myrcene terpolymerizations were also attempted.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Homopolymerization of Myrcene and Farnesene

Homopolymerization of β-myrcene with {Me₂C(C₅H₄)(2,7-tBu₂Flu)}Nd(1,3-C₃H₃(SiMe₃)₂)(THF) (1) in the presence of 10 equiv of (nBu)₂Mg as scavenger was first assessed (

Table 1. Styrene/β-myrcene and styrene/farnesene copolymerizations catalyzed by 1 ^a.

Entry	Comonomer	[St]0 [M]	[St]0/[Nd]	[Comon]0/[St]0	Tpolym [°C]	Time [min]	Prod. b [kg·mol−1·h−1]	Conv. St [%]	Conv. Comon [%]	Comon. Inc. c [mol %]	Tm d [°C]	Tc d [°C]	Tg d [°C]	∆Hm d [J·g−1]	Mn × 10−3 [g·mol−1] e	ÐM e
1 f	My	-	0	∞	60	1320	0.74	-	11.6	100	no	no	−58	no	3.87	1.33
2 f	My	-	0	∞	120	1320	5.0	-	78.8	100	no	no	−44	no	5.43	1.53
3	-	4.4	8000	0	60	120	248	60	-	0	251,265	231	100	30.0	22.6 k	2.5 k
4	My	4.4	8000	0.125	60	120	127	28.2	13.1	5.6	208,226	176	73	14.4	23.2	1.8
5 g	My	4.4	16,000	0.125	60	120	114	12.6	6.2	5.7	220,235	187	78	20.4	26.8	1.4
6	My	4.4	8000	0.25	60	120	56	11.6	5.7	10.9	206	156	70	9.9	25.1	1.3
7 h	My	4.4	20,000	0.25	120	120	374	27.1	26.7	19.7 g	no	no	45	no	30.3	1.8
8	My	4.4	8000	0.5	60	180	20	5.4	2.4	18.1	no	no	48	no	36.6	2.7
9 i	My	4.4	4000	0.5	60	180	54	29.2	14.8	20.0	no	no	33	no	28.2	2.3
10	My	3.3	6000	1	60	360	6.4	3.9	1.7	30.8	no	no	12	no	35.3	2.3
11 j	Fa	-	0	∞	60	1320	0.28	-	15.1	100	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
12 j	Fa	-	0	∞	120	1320	0.34	-	18.6	100	nd	v	nd	nd	nd	nd
13	Fa	4.4	8000	0.125	60	120	198	45.1	9.4	2.5	246 257	214	83	29.2	31.4 k	3.9 k
14	Fa	4.4	8000	0.125	120	240	234	>99	30.0	3.4	227	165	86	23.1	18.4 k	2.2 k
15	Fa	4.4	8000	0.25	60	120	84	19.2	1.6	2.0	243 257	224	85	31.1	20.8 k	3.6 k,*
16	Fa	3.8	7000	0.5	60	180	31	11.5	1.1	4.7	225 241	204	66	18.4	14.7 k	2.3 k
17	Fa	2.7	5000	1	60	360	28	26.6	2.9	9.8	212	149	63	9.0	14.4 k	2.9 k

^a General conditions unless otherwise stated: 10 µmol of 1; solvent = cyclohexane (T_polym = 60 °C) or n-dodecane (T_polym = 120 °C); [Nd] = 5.4 × 10⁻⁴ mol·L⁻¹; [Mg(nBu)₂]/[Nd] = 10; styrene, β-myrcene and farnesene (75:25 mixture of α- and β-isomers) purified through neutral alumina, stirring on CaH₂, trap-to-trap vacuum distillation and stored at −27 °C on 3 Å molecular sieves; no: not observed; ^b Productivity calculated over the whole reaction time; ^c Determined by ¹H NMR spectroscopy; ^d Determined by DSC from second run; ^e Determined by GPC at 30 °C in THF; ^f β-Myrcene homopolymerization, [My]₀/[Nd]₀ = 1000, [Nd] = 3.6 × 10⁻³ mol·L⁻¹, [My]₀ = 3.6 mol·L⁻¹; ^g [Nd] = 2.7 × 10⁻⁴ mol·L⁻¹; ^h [Nd] = 2.2 × 10⁻⁴ mol·L⁻¹; ⁱ [Nd] = 1.1 × 10⁻³ mol·L⁻¹; ^j Farnesene homopolymerization, [Fa]₀/[Nd]₀ = 200, [Nd] = 1.6 × 10⁻² mol·L⁻¹, [Fa]₀ = 3.2 mol·L⁻¹; ^k Determined by GPC at 135 °C in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene; * Bimodal distribution.

, entries 1 and 2) [16]; this showed, however, very low productivity (0.74 kg·mol⁻¹·h⁻¹ at 60 °C; 5.0 kg·mol⁻¹·h⁻¹ at 120 °C). Signals in the ¹H NMR spectrum of the recovered poly(My) recorded in 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane-d₂ were assigned using the previously reported NMR data for poly(β-myrcene) samples [4,18]. Two distinct signals at δ 4.82 and 5.19 ppm revealed the presence of both 1,4- and 3,4-sequences (Figure 1). A 50:50 ratio of 1,4-/3,4- was obtained at T_polym = 60 °C; an increase of the polymerization temperature induced an increase in 3,4-insertions (1,4-/3,4- = 25:75 for T_polym = 120 °C, see the Supporting Information, Figure S1). The ¹³C{¹H} NMR spectrum also showed characteristic signals corresponding to both 1,4- and 3,4-regioinsertions (Supporting Information, Figures S2 and S3); however, the resolution was not sufficient to distinguish unambiguously the signals corresponding to cis- and trans-1,4 insertions. The molecular weight of the poly(My) was determined by GPC (gel permeation chromatography) and found to be relatively low (M_n = 3900 g·mol⁻¹). DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) analyses revealed a T_g of ca. −58 °C, consistent with a 50:50 ratio of 1,4- and 3,4-segments [4,15]. Farnesene homopolymerization was also explored (Table 1, entries 11 and 12); however, the productivities were even lower than for β-myrcene homopolymerization (0.28–0.34 kg·mol⁻¹·h⁻¹) and a lower monomer loading was required to recover some poly(Fa) (i.e., [Fa]₀/[Nd]₀ = 200 instead of [My]₀/[Nd]₀ = 1000). NMR data recorded for the recovered polymer were consistent with those reported in the literature [6,19], and revealed a poly(Fa) microstructure made of a mixture of 1,4- and 3,4-insertions (Supporting Information, Figures S6 and S7). Note that some of those poly(Fa) materials were found to be hardly or even not at all soluble in most of the common solvents (CH₂Cl₂, CHCl₃, THF, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene), possibly due to the presence of reticulated materials. Thus, DSC and GPC analyses were most often uninformative.

2.2. Copolymerizations of Styrene with β-Myrcene and Farnesene

A series of styrene/β-myrcene and styrene/farnesene copolymerizations catalyzed by 1 were performed (Scheme 1, Table 1).

As judged by the relatively narrow monomodal molecular weight distributions (Ð_M = 1.3–2.7), true copolymers were produced. Depending on the quantity of incorporated β-myrcene, the resulting copolymers were either white powders or transparent hard elastomeric materials. On the other hand, all poly(S-co-Fa) samples were white powders. The catalyst productivity decreased with an increase of the [terpene]₀/[St]₀ feed ratio (from 127 to 6.4 kg·mol⁻¹·h⁻¹ and from 198 to 28 kg·mol⁻¹·h⁻¹ in the cases of styrene/β-myrcene and styrene/farnesene copolymerization, respectively, entries 4–10 and entries 13–17); this is consistent with the fact that 1 is poorly active towards β-myrcene and farnesene homopolymerization (entries 1–2 and 11–12). On the other hand, as the [terpene]₀/[St]₀ feed ratio was raised, the terpene content in the resulting copolymers increased as expected; thus, a wide range of compositions was obtained (My content = 5.6–30.8 mol % and Fa content = 1.5–9.8 mol %). It should be noted that, under similar copolymerization conditions, the incorporation of farnesene in the copolymer is 2–3 times lower than the incorporation of β-myrcene (for instance, compare entries 4 and 13 or 10 and 17). This difference is due to the fact that commercially available farnesene is a mixture of α- and β-isomers (ca. 75:25 mixture of α/β; see Figure S21); however, only the β-isomer was incorporated, as evidenced from the ¹H NMR data (see the Supporting Information, Figure S12), whereas the initial ratio [Fa]₀/[St]₀ was calculated considering the entire amount of farnesene (i.e., both α- and β-isomers). We assume that the trisubstituted C³=C bond in the α-isomer, as compared to the disubstituted C³=C one in the β-isomer, most likely accounts for lower reactivity of the α-isomer (selective polymerization of β-farnesene was already reported in the literature; see [6]). In addition, an increase in polymerization temperature logically induced an increase in productivity (6 times higher when going from 60 °C to 120 °C in the case of styrene/β-myrcene copolymerization), but also an increase in the amount of terpene incorporated in the copolymer (from 10.9 to 19.7 mol % and from 2.0 to 3.4 mol % for β-myrcene and β-farnesene, respectively; entries 6 and 7 and entries 13–14, respectively).

The reactivity ratios of r_ST = 2.06 and r_MY = 0.37 were determined according to the Fineman−Ross equation (Supporting Information, Figure S8) [20]. These values indicate a preference for the insertion of styrene, regardless of the last inserted monomer unit, consistent with the fact that 1 is 3 orders of magnitude more productive in catalyzing styrene homopolymerization than in catalyzing β-myrcene homopolymerization (entries 1 and 3) [21].

Microstructures of the copolymers were examined by ¹³C{¹H} NMR spectroscopy (Figure 2). Single and relatively sharp signals in the ipso carbon (δ 145.2 ppm) and methylene (δ 43.8 ppm) regions of the spectra are indicative of the presence of poly(S-co-My) and poly(S-co-Fa) with sPS sequences. These signals broadened with an increase of terpene content, due to the increasing presence of styrene-terpene junctions (see Figure 3 for poly(S-co-My) copolymers and Supporting Information, Figure S14, for poly(S-co-Fa) copolymers). Note that the spectra were recorded using a regular NMR sequence that does not necessarily return quantitative signals; thus, the syndiotacticity content was not quantified. In addition, the presence of both 1,4- and 3,4-units for both copolymers confirms that complex 1 is not regioselective towards β-myrcene or β-farnesene. The non-regioselectivity of 1 in those St/My and St/Fa copolymerizations contrasts with styrene/isoprene copolymers containing regular trans-1,4-polyisoprene units obtained in the presence of {CpCMe₂Flu}Nd(C₃H₅)(THF) [17]. We assume that this arises from the more sterically hindered C³=C bond in the higher β-myrcene and β-farnesene monomers and/or from the presence of 2,7-tert-butyl substituents on the fluorenyl moiety of catalyst 1. The presence of a unique T_g for all co- and terpolymers suggests a random distribution of comonomers within sPS segments (consistent with the aforementioned broadening of ¹³C NMR signals due to increasing presence of styrene-terpene junctions).

As expected, properties of the copolymers were dependent on their composition, which is easily tunable by adjusting the monomer feed ratio. The T_g values significantly decreased with the increase of β-myrcene and β-farnesene contents (Figure 4), and poly(S-co-My) materials incorporating between 10 and 20 mol % of β-myrcene units were completely amorphous. As compared with isoprene-based copolymers [17], a wider range of thermal properties is potentially available using these terpenes as comonomers. As shown in Figure 4, the T_g values of the three copolymers were similar at low comonomer incorporation levels (T_g = 70–77 °C for 3–9 mol % of comonomer inserted). For higher amounts of comonomer incorporated (15–30 mol %), the T_g values of poly(S-co-My) copolymers monotonously decreased, while those of poly(S-co-1,4-trans-IP) reached a plateau at ca. 60 °C.

2.3. Terpolymerizations of Styrene with β-Myrcene and Ethylene

A series of styrene/β-myrcene/ethylene terpolymerizations was also performed under the same conditions (Scheme 2,

Table 2. Styrene/β-myrcene/ethylene terpolymerizations catalyzed by 1 ^a.

Entry	[St]0 [M]	[St]0/[Ln]	[My]0/[St]0	Time [min]	Prod. b [kg·mol−1·h−1]	C2 Inc. c [mol %]	My Inc. c [mol %]	Tm d [°C]	Tc d [°C]	Tg d [°C]	∆Hm d [J·g−1]	Mn × 10−3 [g·mol−1] e	ÐM e
1	4.4	8000	0.125	120	250	18.8	4.9	no	no	61	no	38.2	1.31
2 f	4.4	16,000	0.125	120	255	19.4	4.3	no	no	63	no	45.3	1.6
3	4.4	8000	0.25	120	167	22.4	9.1	no	no	58	no	35.9	1.29
4	4.4	8000	0.5	180	123	24.2	20.2	no	no	2	no	122.1	1.5
5	3.3	6000	1	360	64	29.2	31.1	no	no	−21	no	87.6	1.5
6 h	4.4	8000	-	120	>400	9.5	-	218	151	87	15.0	44.6 g	1.9 g

^a General conditions unless otherwise stated: 27–54 µmol of 1; [Nd] = 5.4 × 10⁻⁴ mol·L⁻¹; [Mg(nBu)₂]/[Nd] = 10; T_polym = 60 °C; P_ethylene = 2 bar; styrene and β-myrcene purified through neutral alumina, stirring on CaH₂, trap-to-trap vacuum distillation and stored at −27 °C on 3 Å molecular sieves; no: not observed; ^b Productivity calculated over the whole reaction time; ^c Determined by ¹H NMR spectroscopy; ^d Determined by DSC from second run; ^e Determined by GPC at 30 °C in THF; ^f [Nd] = 2.7 × 10⁻⁴ mol·L⁻¹; ^g Determined by GPC at 135 °C in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene; ^h Styrene-ethylene copolymerization performed under similar conditions.

). The remarkably narrow and monomodal molecular weight distributions suggested the formation of true terpolymers (Ð_M = 1.3–1.6). Complex 1 was moderately productive for styrene/β-myrcene/ethylene terpolymerizations (64–250 kg·mol⁻¹·h⁻¹), and the productivity decreased with an increase in the [My]₀/[St]₀ feed ratio. However, it is noteworthy that these productivities were significantly higher than those obtained for styrene/β-myrcene copolymerizations under the same conditions (6–127 kg·mol⁻¹·h⁻¹, compare Table 1 and Table 2). This difference in productivity between co- and terpolymerizations is even more pronounced with the increase of [My]₀/[St]₀, as productivity values were 2–10 fold larger in terpolymerization than in the corresponding copolymerization. This can be accounted for by the fact that ethylene is a smaller, less sterically demanding monomer than styrene or β-myrcene and, thus, is more easily inserted. Hence, ethylene acts as a “spacer” that facilitates subsequent insertions of styrene or β-myrcene monomer, resulting in higher overall productivities than in copolymerizations without ethylene [22,23,24]. Under the given conditions, the level of β-myrcene incorporated in terpolymers was equivalent to that observed for styrene/β-myrcene copolymers. In addition, the amount of ethylene incorporated in terpolymers increased (from 18.8 up to 29.2 mol %) with an increase in β-myrcene content.

The poly(S-co-E-co-My) terpolymers were also characterized by ¹³C{¹H} NMR spectroscopy (Supporting Information, Figure S18). As previously observed for styrene/β-myrcene copolymers, PS sequences in the terpolymers were predominantly syndiotactic (see the ipso carbon signal at δ 145.2 ppm) and the myrcene units were present as both 1,4- and 3,4-units (for instance, see the resonances at δ 150.9 and 138.6–136.7 ppm assigned to the C2 atom of the backbone of 3,4- and 1,4-insertions, respectively). Again, the T_g values were significantly lower in poly(S-co-E-co-My) terpolymers than in poly(S-co-E-co-1,4-trans-IP) terpolymers (at a given ethylene incorporation level, ca. 20 mol %) [17]. The T_g values were also lower in poly(S-co-E-co-My) terpolymers than in poly(S-co-My) copolymers containing similar β-myrcene incorporation contents.

3. Materials and Methods

General considerations. All experiments were performed under a dry argon atmosphere, using a glovebox or standard Schlenk techniques. Cyclohexane and n-dodecane were distilled from CaH₂ and stored over 3 Å molecular sieves. Toluene was distilled from Na/K alloy and stored over 3 Å molecular sieves. 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane-d₂ (TCE-d₂, 99% D, Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium) was used as received. Styrene (Fisher Chemical, Waltham, MA, USA general purpose grade, stabilized with 10–15 ppm of tert-butylcatechol) was eluted through neutral aluminum oxide, stirred and heated over CaH₂, vacuum-distilled and stored over 3 Å molecular sieves at −30 °C under argon. β-Myrcene (Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium, technical grade, stabilized with 0.01% of α-Tocopherol) and farnesene (75:25 α/β mixture of isomers, generously provided by Total Raffinage-Chimie) was dried over CaH₂, transferred by trap-to-trap under vacuum and stored at −30 °C under argon. (nBu)₂Mg (1.0 M solution in hexanes, Sigma-Aldrich, Lyon, France) was used as received. Ethylene (Air Liquide, Paris, France, N35) was used without further purification.

Instruments and measurements. ¹H and ¹³C{¹H} NMR spectra of co- and terpolymers were recorded on a Bruker AM-500 spectrometer (1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane-d₂, 60 °C, Bruker, Wissembourg, France). GPC analyses of β-myrcene-based polymers were performed in THF at 30 °C using PS standards for calibration. GPC analyses of farnesene-based polymers were performed in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene at 135 °C using PS standards for calibration. Differential scanning calorimetry analyses were performed on a Setaram DSC 131 apparatus (SETARAM Instrumentation, Cranbury, NJ, USA), under continuous flow of helium and using aluminum capsules. Crystallization temperatures were measured during the first cooling (10 °C.min⁻¹), and glass transition and melting temperatures were measured during the second heating (10 °C.min⁻¹).

Typical procedure for styrene-terpene copolymerization. In a typical experiment (Table 1, entry 4), complex 1 (ca. 8 mg), cyclohexane (7.6 mL) and (nBu)₂Mg (0.1 mL of a 1.0 M solution in hexanes) were introduced in the glovebox in a Schlenk flask. The tube was capped with a septum. Out of the glovebox, the tube was heated with an oil bath at 60 °C. Under vigorous stirring, styrene (9.4 mL) and β-myrcene (1.8 mL) were added with syringes. When the desired polymerization time was reached, methanol (10 mL) was added to quench the reaction. The precipitated polymer was washed with methanol (ca. 50 mL), filtered and dried under vacuum at 60 °C until constant weight was reached.

Typical procedure for styrene/β-myrcene/ethylene terpolymerization. In a typical experiment (Table 2, entry 1), a 300 mL-glass high-pressure reactor (TOP-Industrie, Vaux le Pénil, France) was charged with cyclohexane (41 mL) under argon and heated at the appropriate temperature by circulating water in a double mantle. Under an ethylene flow were introduced styrene (50 mL), β-myrcene (9.4 mL), and (nBu)₂Mg (0.5 mL of a 1.0 M solution in hexanes) and the solution of complex 1 in toluene (ca. 43 mg in 2 mL). The ethylene pressure in the reactor was kept constant at 2 bar with a back regulator and the reaction media was mechanically stirred. At the end of the polymerization, the reactor was vented to air, and the copolymer was precipitated in methanol (ca. 500 mL), washed with methanol and dried under vacuum at 60 °C until constant weight was reached.

Calculation of β-myrcene and styrene fractions in poly(S-co-My) copolymers. The fraction of β-myrcene and styrene F_My and F_St in the copolymers was calculated with the following equations:

F_St = A_arom/5

(1)

F_My = (A_aliph − 3(A_arom/5))/13.5

(2)

where A_aliph is the area of aliphatic hydrogens (δ 0.5–2.5 ppm) and A_arom is the area of aromatic hydrogens of styrene (δ 6.5–7.5 ppm). The fraction of β-myrcene can also be determined by considering the area of olefinic hydrogens A_olefin (δ 4.0–5.5 ppm) but the uncertainty in the integration of the latter signals is more important than using the aliphatic hydrogens signals.

Calculation of β-farnesene and styrene fractions in poly(S-co-Fa) copolymers. The fraction of β-farnesene and styrene F_Fa and F_St in copolymers was calculated with the following equations:

F_St = A_arom/5

(3)

F_Fa = (A_aliph − 3(A_arom/5))/20.5

(4)

where A_aliph is the area of aliphatic hydrogens (δ 0.5–2.5 ppm) and A_arom is the area of aromatic hydrogens of styrene (δ 6.5–7.5 ppm).

Calculation of β-myrcene and styrene fractions in poly(S-co-E-co-My) terpolymers. Styrene, β-myrcene and ethylene fractions in terpolymers were calculated using the following equations:

F_St = A_arom/5

(5)

F_My = A_olefin/2.5

(6)

F_Eth = (A_aliph − 3(A_arom/5) − 13.5(A_olefin/2.5))/4

(7)

where A_aliph is the area of aliphatic hydrogens (δ 0.5–2.5 ppm) and A_arom is the area of aromatic hydrogens of styrene (δ 6.5–7.5 ppm).

4. Conclusions

In this contribution, we reported on the production of new poly(S-co-My) copolymers and poly(S-co-E-co-My) terpolymers using a highly productive and syndioselective ansa-lanthanidocene catalyst previously described by our group. The incorporation level and the overall catalytic productivity were somewhat lower as compared to analogous styrene/isoprene copolymerizations. The composition of the final polymers was easily controlled by adjusting the initial feed ratio; thus, a wide range of materials with various thermal properties was obtained. In particular, terpene-based co- and terpolymers featured a wider range of T_g values compared with isoprene-based co(ter)polymers already reported by our group (at a given diene incorporation level) [17], indicating the potentially easier processability of those new materials.