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Article

Immobilization of Eversa Lipase on Octyl Agarose Beads and Preliminary Characterization of Stability and Activity Features

by
Sara Arana-Peña
†,
Yuliya Lokha
† and
Roberto Fernández-Lafuente
*
Departamento de Biocatálisis, Instituto de Catálisis-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Both authors have evenly contributed to this paper.
Catalysts 2018, 8(11), 511; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8110511
Submission received: 11 October 2018 / Revised: 22 October 2018 / Accepted: 31 October 2018 / Published: 2 November 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Biocatalysis and Metabolic Engineering for Biomanufacturing)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Eversa is an enzyme recently launched by Novozymes to be used in a free form as biocatalyst in biodiesel production. This paper shows for first time the immobilization of Eversa (a commercial lipase) on octyl and aminated agarose beads and the comparison of the enzyme properties to those of the most used lipase, the isoform B from Candida antarctica (CALB) immobilized on octyl agarose beads. Immobilization on octyl and aminated supports of Eversa has not had a significant effect on enzyme activity versus p-nitrophenyl butyrate (pNPB) under standard conditions (pH 7), but immobilization on octyl agarose beads greatly enhanced the stability of the enzyme under all studied conditions, much more than immobilization on aminated support. Octyl-Eversa was much more stable than octyl-CALB at pH 9, but it was less stable at pH 5. In the presence of 90% acetonitrile or dioxane, octyl-Eversa maintained the activity (even increased the activity) after 45 days of incubation in a similar way to octyl-CALB, but in 90% of methanol, results are much worse, and octyl-CALB became much more stable than Eversa. Coating with PEI has not a clear effect on octyl-Eversa stability, although it affected enzyme specificity and activity response to the changes in the pH. Eversa immobilized octyl supports was more active than CALB versus triacetin or pNPB, but much less active versus methyl mandelate esters. On the other hand, Eversa specificity and response to changes in the medium were greatly modulated by the immobilization protocol or by the coating of the immobilized enzyme with PEI. Thus, Eversa may be a promising biocatalyst for many processes different to the biodiesel production and its properties may be greatly improved following a suitable immobilization protocol, and in some cases is more stable and active than CALB.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Lipases are very interesting enzymes in biocatalysis due to their broad substrate specificity, their selectivity and high stability, combined in many instances with a very high enantio or regio selectivity and specificity [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. Moreover, they can perform their function in a wide diversity of reaction media [11,12,13].
One of the hottest topics in lipase application is the production of biodiesel [14,15,16]. Although, currently, chemical catalysis is used in most factories, the use of lipases may have interest to save energy, reduce contaminants and side-products and also to prevent pretreatment of the oils (as acid oils are not compatible with alkali catalysis) [17,18].
Lipases catalytic mechanism is quite peculiar, as the enzyme is in a conformational equilibrium [19,20,21]. In the closed form, a polypeptide (named lid) blocks the active center, making the enzyme inactive in many cases. In the open form, the lid is shifted and exposes to the medium a large hydrophobic pocket containing the active center. This pocket may become adsorbed and stabilized to any hydrophobic surface, like drops of oils (the so-called interfacial activation) [21,22], but also to hydrophobic proteins [23,24], another open form of a lipase [25,26] or a hydrophobic support [27].
Thus, hydrophobic supports can promote the one step immobilization/stabilization/purification and hyperactivation of lipases [28], because the open form of the lipase becomes fixed after immobilization [29]. Moreover, the lipase is in monomeric form [25,26,27,28,29], ensuring that all lipases have a similar conformation and state.
As a result of the interest for new lipases, the most important enzyme producing companies have developed an intense search for lipases directed to some specific uses. Among them, Novozymes has launched a lipase preparation called Eversa. In 2014, the enzyme was announced as “Novozymes Eversa®, the first commercially available enzymatic solution to make biodiesel from waste oils” [30]. Since then, the enzyme has been mainly used in biodiesel production [31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38]. In all these papers, the enzyme has been used in free form as recommended by the supplier. Thus, there is not a proper characterization of the enzyme in terms of stability, activity, etc. in other reactions. An exception to the use of free enzyme is the very recent paper from Remonatto et al. that used immobilized Eversa, although again without a characterization of the immobilized enzyme properties and focused on biodiesel production [39].
Even though this enzyme may be used in free form, their immobilization may enhance many properties. A proper immobilization may improve enzyme stability, activity, selectivity, or specificity, resistance to inhibitors or chemicals, even purity [40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47]. This improvement has already been shown in biodiesel production using different hydrophobic supports [48,49,50].
On the other hand, following the concept of combilipase, it is difficult to believe that a single lipase may be the ideal one for all oils, and for each of the possible substrates contained in a heterofunctional product like a vegetal oil [51,52]. Therefore, it seems sensitive to evaluate in a more global form the properties of this new lipase.
Thus, in this paper we have intended to immobilize and to perform a first characterization of some features of Eversa (e.g., stability and activity at different pH values versus different substrates, stability in the presence of different organic solvents). To this goal, the enzyme has been immobilized on octyl agarose, via interfacial activation as described above [29]. The main problem of this immobilization protocol is the possibility of enzyme desorption during operation. This may occur at high temperature or in the presence of high concentrations of organic solvents [53], also if the substrate or the product has detergent properties [54,55,56]. To avoid enzyme release, the employment of heterofunctional supports (having acyl groups plus some chemically reactive groups) has proved to be a valid solution [53,57,58]. Another simpler alternative is the chemical or physical crosslinking of the enzyme molecules, which reduces the risks of enzyme release from the support [59]. The coating of immobilized lipases with PEI is one of the most used proposals [60,61,62], as this reagent may have many positive impacts in enzyme properties. [63]. Moreover, lipases coated with PEI have been proposed as a first step in the building of coimmobilized enzymes enabling the reuse of the least stable one [64,65]. Finally, this polymer has been also proposed to coimmobilize enzymes and cofactors [66].
The new Eversa enzyme has been compared with the lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB), perhaps the most popular lipase in biocatalysis, immobilized also in octyl agarose [67,68].
Thus, the main objective of the current paper is to show a first evaluation of the properties of Eversa, immobilized on octyl agarose beads and treated with PEI, under different conditions, which may be expected that will have a likely impressive impact in the next future due to some of their properties [31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39]. Eversa has been also ionically exchanged in aminated agarose for comparison with octyl agarose.
To this goal, Eversa immobilized via interfacial activation or ion exchange has been compared to CALB immobilized via interfacial in terms of activity versus different substrates and under different conditions as well as their stabilities in different media and conditions, to analyze the properties of the new enzyme compared to CALB and the effects of the immobilization of the enzyme, even though the manufacturer claims that this is an enzyme to be used in free form.

2. Results

2.1. Immobilization of CALB and Eversa

Figure 1 shows the immobilization courses of CALB and Eversa on octyl agarose beads and in the case of Eversa, on monoaminoethyl-N-ethyl-agarose (MANAE) agarose beads. CALB slightly decreased its activity after immobilization on octyl agarose, while the activity of Eversa remained almost intact, being immobilization marginally more rapid, using both enzymes immobilization yield is over 95%. Eversa on MANAE also maintains full activity, but immobilization yield is around 80%.
Figure S1 shows the SDS-PAGE of Eversa and CALB, both in free and immobilized on octyl agarose. Both enzymes are quite pure, purification after immobilization is therefore negligible.
Most lipases increase its activity after immobilization on octyl agarose [27], CALB is a known exception due to the small lid that not fully isolated the active center [53], Eversa has a similar behavior.

2.2. Modification of Octyl-Eversa with PEI

The modification of octyl-Eversa con PEI did not have a significant effect on enzyme the standard activity assay (recovered activity versus pNPB was 105% after PEI coating).

2.3. Thermal Stability of the Different Lipase Biocatalysts

The three immobilized Eversa preparations (enzyme immobilized on octyl, enzyme immobilized on octyl and then modified with PEI and the enzyme immobilized on MANAE agarose) and the free Eversa were inactivated at different pH values, and compared to octyl-CALB (Figure 2).
At pH 5 and 80 °C (Figure 2a), immobilized CALB is clearly the most stable preparation, retaining almost 60% of the initial activity after 2 h while the most stable immobilized Eversa preparation retained only around 15%. Octyl-Eversa modification with PEI did not result in a significant stabilization, but both preparations were much more stable than the enzyme immobilized on MANAE or the free enzyme, both almost fully inactive in the first measure.
At pH 7 and 80 °C (Figure 2b), octyl-Eversa presented a stability similar to that at pH 5, while CALB become more unstable. That way, octyl-Eversa become more stable than octyl-CALB in the first inactivation steps, but later CALB retained similar activity. The coating with PEI of octyl-Eversa also offered some stabilization in the first inactivation steps, but this effect is not so clear later. Again, free enzyme and MANAE-Eversa were almost fully inactive in the first activity determination point.
Finally, at pH 9 (temperature was decreased to 65 °C because of the lower stability of all preparations) all Eversa preparations, including the free enzyme, became more stable than octyl- CALB (only 15% of residual activity after 15 min while the less stable Eversa preparation presented 60% after 2 h). Immobilization on octyl greatly improved the stability of Eversa, while PEI coating has no effect except in the first steps of the inactivation.
The results fit the expect ones: immobilization on octyl-agarose should provide certain stabilization because the open and stabilized form of the lipase has some thermodynamic advantages [69,70]. That way this preparation interfacially activated versus an octyl layer is even more stable than multipoint covalently attached preparations [71], and that way it is expected that this can be more stable than the ionically adsorbed enzyme, where stabilization is hard to expect [72]. CALB is more stable than Eversa at pH 5 while at pH 7 differences are short and at pH 9, CALB is much more unstable than Eversa. This should be associated to differences on enzymes structures.

2.4. Inactivation of the Enzyme Preparations in Organic Solvents

The four enzyme immobilized preparations were incubated in 90% of different solvents at pH 7 and 25 °C (Figure 3). Using acetonitrile, Eversa preparations were more stable than octyl-CALB. Even there was a clear hyperactivation of the Eversa biocatalysts. For example, MANAE-Eversa after 45 days gave a 60% of hyperactivation. PEI coating of octyl-Eversa had not a positive effect. In dioxane, all preparations maintained their activity almost intact after 45 days, octyl-Eversa-PEI showing the highest activity after 45 days (120%), shortly followed by octyl-CALB.
Differences become clearer using methanol. In this case, Eversa become clearly less stable than CALB, and octyl-Eversa is the most stable preparation. In this case, MANEA- or PEI-coated preparations were much less stable than the octyl preparation.
The solvent inactivation of octyl lipase preparations is associated to the enzyme release from the support [53,54,55,56,60,61,62] and this will not occur in MANAE. Apparently, Eversa became so strongly adsorbed on octyl agarose that this effect was not very significant. Furthermore, the coating of the enzymes with PEI has prevented enzyme leakage and the promotion of a certain solvent partition as main functions [60,61,62]. Using octyl-Eversa, only using dioxane the effect is somehow positive, with acetonitrile and methanol the PEI coating effect is even negative. The presence of a cationic polymer or surface near the enzyme may stabilize incorrect structures, with negative effects on enzyme stability [73].
Considering that this enzyme has been designed to produce biodiesel [31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39], it is surprising that methanol, a substrate in this reaction, is the one with a higher negative effect on enzyme stability when compared to CALB. However, it may be expected that in anhydrous media the effect of methanol may be different, but this relatively poor stability of the Eversa enzyme in methanol should be considered in the biodiesel reaction design.

2.5. Effect of pH on Lipase Activity versus pNPB

Figure 4 shows the specific activity of Eversa and CALB at different pH values after immobilization on different supports. First point that is evident is that all Eversa preparations were much more active than CALB versus this substrate, except MANAE and free enzyme at pH 4.
The maximum activity was observed in all cases at the highest studied pH, pH 9. At higher pH the low stability of pNPB reduces the reliability of the results. Free Eversa activity greatly increased when increasing the pH value, while the other preparations increase of activity is in a milder way. The largest difference when comparing the activities at pH 4 and 9 was that between octyl coated with PEI and the free enzyme. Using octyl-Eversa- PEI the increment in activity from pH 4 to pH 9 is 2.5 times while for the free enzyme is 48 folds. For octyl-Eversa, it is eight-fold and for MANAE-Eversa, it is 34.
After immobilization on octyl agarose beads, the activity almost remained unaltered at pH 7, however greatly increased at acid pH value decreased the enzyme activity at alkaline pH value (mainly at pH 9). The coating of octyl-Eversa with PEI has no significant effect at pH 7, but at all other pH values produced a very significant increase in activity (e.g., at pH 4 from 33 to 130 and at pH 9 from 240 to 330). Immobilization of Eversa on MANAE gave very low activity at pH 4 (just over the free enzyme), at pH 7 the activity is similar to all other preparations, but at pH 8 and 9 it behaves more similarly to the free enzyme and gave the highest activity among the immobilized preparations.
This great difference of the effects of pH value on the activity of different enzyme preparations agrees with previous reports [74] and can be explained by the complexity of the lipase activity: we are measuring in some of them the activity of the active form and the percentage of molecules on the open form, the strength of the interaction between the enzyme and cationic (MANAE, PEI) or even anionic groups in the support [64], and the activity of the structure of the “open form” resulting in each condition. These results exemplify that a lipase cannot be discarded by a negative result in a specific condition, neither a positive one should be expected to be extrapolated to any other condition [74].

2.6. Effect of Some Ions on the Lipase Stability

It has been recently described that some anions, like phosphate, have a negative effect on the stability of many lipases [75]. However, these effects were only on stability at high temperature or very high buffer concentration, the activity remained unaltered when changing the buffer [75]. On the other hand, some cations (e.g., Ca2+) have shown to have positive effects on some lipase stabilities [76,77]. Curiously, this effect depends on the pH and immobilization lipase form [76,77].
Thus, we have decided to analyze the effect of CaCl2 and sodium phosphate on the stability of the different Eversa forms at pH 7, compared to octyl-CALB. Figure 5 shows the results.
Using free Eversa, the effects of the additives are not very significant. Stability in phosphate is slightly lower than in Tris, and CaCl2 has no effect. Using MANAE, the negative effect of phosphate is clear, while the effect of CaCl2 is negligible. In these cases the inactivations were performed at 72 °C because at 78 °C the inactivation was too rapid to be able to perform a reliable comparison. The other biocatalysts were inactivated at 78 °C. The situation using octyl-Eversa was different; here a positive effect of CaCl2 and a negative effect of phosphate were evident. The coating with PEI reduces the effect of the ions, but that were still clear. Octyl-CALB stability is strongly reduced in 100 mM sodium phosphate, while the addition of 10 mM CaCl2 has not an evident effect (slightly higher stability in initial steps of the inactivation).
Thus, phosphate negative effect on lipase stability previously described [75] is also found using Eversa, although the effect is maximized in the octyl preparation. In any case, this effect is much lower than the one found using octyl-CALB, where phosphate produces a drastic reduction on enzyme stability, while using octyl-Eversa is reduced just by 2–3 folds. The positive effect of CaCl2 on lipase stability is only found using octyl-Eversa, in a similar way to the previous results, [76] but it is not very significant (a 2–3 fold factors) compared to the values described with other enzymes [76].
Differences between CALB and Eversa should be based in differences in enzyme structure, in the case of MANAE and octyl-Eversa, this should be based in the fact that while in one case the open structure is stabilized [29], in the ion exchanged enzyme the conformational equilibrium remains. Apparently, the immobilization of Eversa on octyl agarose beads permits to maximize the positive or negative effects of the studied ions.

2.7. Enzyme Specificity

To investigate of the immobilization of Eversa may alter the enzyme specificity as described with other lipases [74,78], several substrates have been used. Table 1 shows the activity of different immobilized enzyme preparations versus p-NPB, R or S methyl mandelate and triacetin.
As described above, Eversa is more active versus pNPB than CALB at all pHs studied. In all cases, the activity increases with pH. Coating of octyl-Eversa with PEI increases the activity mainly at pH 5 and 9, while it had a marginal effect at pH 7. MANAE-Eversa is the least active Eversa immobilized biocatalyst at pH 5 and the most active at pH 9.
Focusing on mandelate esters, the situation is quite different. Octyl-CALB is much more active than all Eversa preparations, preferring the R isomer, with a ratio in the rate of hydrolysis of the R isomer versus S enantiomer near 10 in all range of studied pH values. Activity is higher at pH 7 than at pH 5 or 9, but the enantiomeric ratio is lower at that pH. This enzyme is particularly active versus aromatic acyl donors. Although Eversa is hundreds fold less active; the most active Eversa preparation is octyl-Eversa. This enzyme prefers the hydrolysis of the S isomer, but with very low differences (maximum, a factor of less than 2). The effect of the pH on the enzyme activity depends on the preparation. Octyl-Eversa has the maximum activity versus methyl mandelate at pH 5 (in opposition with the behavior using pNPB), with a significant drop at pH 9. The picture is similar after coating with PEI, although activity is 20–40% lower. MANAE-Eversa has optimal activity at pH 7, with higher activity at pH 9 than at pH 5 in opposition to the octyl preparations. This preparation offered the highest (a factor of 2 at pH 5) and the lowest (at pH 7, with identical activities) differences in the reaction with both enantiomers.
Using triacetin, octyl-Eversa is quite more active than octyl-CALB, mainly at alkaline and acid pH values. While CALB maintains a maximum activity at pH 7 (less than 20 U/mg) with around a 50% decrease a pH 5 or 9, octyl-Eversa maintains a similar level of activity (from around 25 U/mg at pH 5 to around 21 U/mg at pH 9), although the maximum activity is found at pH 5 and the minimum at pH 9 (similar to mandelate esters, and opposite to pNPB). The coating with PEI produced a slightly increase in the activity (similar to using pNPB and opposite to the results using mandelate esters), and a change in the effect of the pH: now there a valley at pH 7 (22.3 U/mg) and at pH 5 (28.3 U/mg) and pH 9 (25 U/mg) the activities were higher. MANAE-Eversa have lower activity than even octyl-CALB, but it presented a clear maximum at pH 9, at this pH value the activity is higher than the activity of octyl-CAB. Minimal activity is found at pH 5.
The results above newly exemplify how immobilization of an enzyme on different supports or the physical treatment of the immobilized enzymes may greatly alter enzyme specificity and response to the changes in the medium [74,78]. Results suggested that Eversa is specially indicated to reactions where the acyl donor is aliphatic, if the acyl door is aromatic the activity greatly decrease.
Octyl-Eversa was reused seven times in hydrolysis of (R) or (S)-methyl mandelate at pH 7 without any significant change in enzyme activity (results not shown).

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Materials

Commercial solutions of lipase B from Candida antartica (CALB) (7.3 mg of protein per mL) and lipase Eversa Transform 2.0 FG (55.4 mg of protein per mL) were kindly gifted by Novozymes (Alcobendas, Spain). p-nitrophenyl butyrate (p-NPB), branched polyethyleneimine (PEI), (MW 25,000), octyl Cl-4B Sepharose beads, R- and S-methyl mandelate, triacetin, 1,4-dioxane and acetonitrile were from Sigma Aldrich (Alcobendas, Spain). Low molecular weight (LMW) calibration kit for SDS electrophoresis (14.4–97 kDa) was from GE Healthcare (Madrid, Spain), and 4% BCL agarose beads standard from Agarose Bead Technologies (Lisbon, Portugal). All other reagents were of analytical grade. Protein concentration was determined using Bradford’s method [79] with bovine serum albumin as a standard. Monoaminoethyl-N-ethyl-agarose (MANAE-agarose) was prepared as previously described [80,81].

3.2. Determination of Enzyme Activity

Enzyme activity was measured by recording the increase in absorbance at 348 nm produced by the release p-nitrophenol in the hydrolysis of 0.4 mM p-NPB in 25 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7.0 and 25 °C (ε under these conditions is 5150 M−1 cm−1), between 50 and 200 µL of enzyme solution or suspension were added to 2.5 mL of substrate solution to commence the reaction.

3.3. Immobilization of Enzymes

The enzymes were insolubilized employing 1 mg or 0.5 mg of protein per g of wet support, for CALB and Eversa respectively. First, the commercial solutions of enzymes were diluted in the appropriate volume of 5 mM sodium phosphate at pH 7. Then, the support was added, 1 g of wet support per 10 mL of enzyme solution and left under mild stirring. The activities of suspension and supernatant were measured employing pNPB. After full enzyme immobilization, the suspensions were filtered and immobilized lipase biocatalysts were washed several times with distilled water.

3.4. Coating of Immobilized Eversa by Polyethylenimine

To 100 mL of 10% PEI solution at pH 7, 10 g of wet immobilized Eversa were added and left under gentle stirring for 18 h at 4 °C. Then, the suspension was filtered and washed several times with distilled water.

3.5. Thermal Stability

Biocatalysts were incubated at pH 9, 7, or 5, using 50 mM sodium carbonate, tris or sodium acetate, respectively, at different temperatures. The activity was measured periodically using pNPB and residual activity was expressed as percentage of initial activity (initial enzyme). In some cases some additives were added (100 mM phosphate, 10 mM CaCl2).

3.6. Stability of the Lipase Biocatalysts in the Presence of Organic Co-Solvents

Immobilized enzymes were incubated in mixtures of 90% (v/v) 1,4-dioxane, methanol or acetonitrile: 10% (v/v) 100 mM Tris-HCL (pH 7) at 25 °C. Periodically, samples were withdrawn, and their residual activities were determined with pNPB. Residual activity was expressed as percentage of initial activity.

3.7. Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity

To study the effect of pH on enzyme activity, biocatalysts were resuspended in 10 mL of 25 mM Tris-HCl buffer pH 7.0 and activity was measured using pNPB as described previously but using 25 mM buffers at different pH (sodium acetate at pH 4–6, sodium phosphate at pH 6–8 and sodium carbonate at pHs 8 and over). In some instances, the activity was measured when the enzyme was added to the buffer and 10 min after to ensure internal and external pH equilibration [74].

3.8. SDS-PAGE Analysis

SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed on a 5% polyacrylamide stacking gel and a 12% polyacrylamide resolving gel according to Laemmli [82] to analyze the amount of proteins that immobilize on a support. In case of free enzymes, the solutions were diluted in rupture buffer (4% SDS and 10% mercaptoethanol) to the final concentration of 1 mg of protein/mL. Using octyl-CALB, 100 mg were re-suspended in 200 µL of rupture buffer and for immobilized EVERSA 100 mg were re-suspended in 100 µL of rupture buffer. The suspensions were boiled for 8 min and 15 µL aliquots of supernatant were loaded. The samples were run at 100 V. Gels were stained with Coomassie brilliant blue.

3.9. Hydrolisis of Triacetin

Triacetin was diluted to 50 mM in 50 mM sodium phosphate pH 7.0. Biocatalyst samples between 0.15–0.45 g were added to 5 mL of triacetin solution and the reaction suspensions were kept under gentle stirring at 25 °C. The concentrations of reaction products were determined by RP-HPLC (Jasco PU-2085) coupled with a UV-1575 Intelligent UV–VIS detector. A 20 µL sample of proper dilution of the reaction mixture was injected and separation was performed on a Kromasil C18 column (15 cm × 0.46 cm) using 15% acetonitrile-water (v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min at 25 °C. Detection was set at 230 nm. Retention times were 25 min for triacetin and 5 min for diacetin. Activity was determined with a maximum triacetin hydrolysis of 15% to prevent hydrolysis of 1,3 diacetin [83]. One unit of enzyme activity was determined as the amount of enzyme necessary to produce 1 µmol of diacetin per minute under the conditions described above.

3.10. Hydrolysis of Methyl Mandelate

A total of 0.05–0.45 g of wet biocatalyst were added to 5 mL of 50 mM R- or S-methyl mandelate in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7.0 and 25 °C. The conversion degree was determined using HPLC as in above point, employing acetonitrile/10 mM ammonium acetate (35:65, v/v) at pH 2.8 as mobile phase. Retention times were 2.4 min for acid and 4.2 min for ester.

4. Conclusions

Eversa properties such as stability or activity may be enhanced after a proper immobilization, although the supplier recommends use in free form. Immobilization of the enzyme on octyl agarose beads has permitted to improve the enzyme stability under a wide range of conditions. The enzyme immobilized on octyl agarose is quite sensible to the presence of phosphate (negative effect) or Ca2+ (positive effect). The enzyme is extremely stable in acetonitrile or dioxane, but not so stable in the presence of methanol. Compared to CALB, Eversa is more thermostable at pH 9. At pH 7, only octyl-Eversa is slightly more stable than octyl-CALB, octyl-CALB is the most stable preparation while at pH 5. Immobilization on octyl agarose gave higher thermal stability at Eversa in all conditions than immobilization on MANAE agarose, but the coating with PEI has an unclear effect (perhaps due to the low loading of enzyme). Curiously for an enzyme designed to be used in biodiesel production, methanol presented a very negative effect on enzyme stability compared to acetonitrile or dioxane, being this effect more deleterious than for CALB. In any case, Eversa may be an interesting biocatalyst for many reactions different to biodiesel production and its immobilization on octyl agarose impairs many positive effects.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/8/11/511/s1, Figure S1. SDS-PAGE of different lipase preparations. Experiments were performed as described in Methods. Lane 1: Molecular markers, Lane 2: Octyl-CALB, Lane 3: CALB extract, Lane 4: Octyl-Eversa, Lane 5: Eversa extract.

Author Contributions

R.F.-L. conceived, designed the experiments, and wrote the paper; S.A.-P. and Y.L. performed the experiments and helped in writing the paper.

Funding

We gratefully recognize the support from the MINECO from Spanish Government, (project number CTQ2017-86170-R) and Colciencias (Colombia) (project number FP 44842-076-2016).

Acknowledgments

We gratefully recognize the support from the MINECO from Spanish Government, (project number CTQ2017-86170-R) and Colciencias (Colombia) (project number FP 44842-076-2016). The authors wish to thank Ramiro Martínez (Novozymes, Spain) for kindly supplying the enzymes used in this research. The suggestions of Berenguer during the writing of this paper are also gratefully recognized.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Catalysts 08 00511 g001 550
Figure 1. Immobilization courses of Eversa on octyl (a) or MANAE (b) agarose beads and CALB on octyl (c) agarose beads. Experiments were performed as described in methods section. Solid squares: reference, circles: supernatant; empty triangles: suspension.
Figure 1. Immobilization courses of Eversa on octyl (a) or MANAE (b) agarose beads and CALB on octyl (c) agarose beads. Experiments were performed as described in methods section. Solid squares: reference, circles: supernatant; empty triangles: suspension.
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Figure 2. Thermal inactivations of different lipase preparations at pH 5 (a) and 7 (b) (both at 80 °C) or 9 (c) (65 °C). Other specifications are described in methods section. Solid triangles: octyl-CALB, empty squares, dotted line, free Eversa; empty circles: Octyl-Eversa; empty triangles: Octyl-Eversa-PEI; empty rhombus: MANAE-Eversa.
Figure 2. Thermal inactivations of different lipase preparations at pH 5 (a) and 7 (b) (both at 80 °C) or 9 (c) (65 °C). Other specifications are described in methods section. Solid triangles: octyl-CALB, empty squares, dotted line, free Eversa; empty circles: Octyl-Eversa; empty triangles: Octyl-Eversa-PEI; empty rhombus: MANAE-Eversa.
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Figure 3. Inactivation in 90% of acetonitrile (a), dioxane (b) or methanol (c) of different preparations of lipases. Other specifications are described in methods section. Solid triangles: octyl-CALB, empty circles: Octyl-Eversa; empty triangles: Octyl-Eversa-PEI; empty rhombus: MANAE-Eversa.
Figure 3. Inactivation in 90% of acetonitrile (a), dioxane (b) or methanol (c) of different preparations of lipases. Other specifications are described in methods section. Solid triangles: octyl-CALB, empty circles: Octyl-Eversa; empty triangles: Octyl-Eversa-PEI; empty rhombus: MANAE-Eversa.
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Figure 4. Effect of pH on the activity of different preparations of lipases versus pNPB. Experiments were performed as described in Methods. Solid triangles: octyl-CALB, empty squares, dotted line, free Eversa; empty circles: Octyl-Eversa; empty triangles: Octyl-Eversa-PEI; empty rhombus: MANAE-Eversa.
Figure 4. Effect of pH on the activity of different preparations of lipases versus pNPB. Experiments were performed as described in Methods. Solid triangles: octyl-CALB, empty squares, dotted line, free Eversa; empty circles: Octyl-Eversa; empty triangles: Octyl-Eversa-PEI; empty rhombus: MANAE-Eversa.
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Figure 5. Effect of different ions on the stability of diverse lipase preparations an pH 7. (a): free Eversa, (72 °C); (b): MANAE-Eversa (72 °C); (c): Octyl-Eversa (78 °C), (d): Octyl-Eversa-PEI (78 °C), (e): Octyl-CALB (78 °C). Inactivation in 100 mM phosphate: empty squares; inactivation in 100 mM Tris: empty circles; inactivation in 100 mM Tris/10 mM CaCl2: full triangles.
Figure 5. Effect of different ions on the stability of diverse lipase preparations an pH 7. (a): free Eversa, (72 °C); (b): MANAE-Eversa (72 °C); (c): Octyl-Eversa (78 °C), (d): Octyl-Eversa-PEI (78 °C), (e): Octyl-CALB (78 °C). Inactivation in 100 mM phosphate: empty squares; inactivation in 100 mM Tris: empty circles; inactivation in 100 mM Tris/10 mM CaCl2: full triangles.
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Table
Table 1. Activity of different lipase biocatalyst versus different substrates at pH 7 and 25 °C. Other reaction conditions are described in Methods section. Activity is given as micromoles/min/mg of enzyme.
Table 1. Activity of different lipase biocatalyst versus different substrates at pH 7 and 25 °C. Other reaction conditions are described in Methods section. Activity is given as micromoles/min/mg of enzyme.
BiocatalystpHSubstrate
pNPB(R)-Methyl MandelateEnantiomer Activity Ratio (VR/VS)Triacetin
Octyl-Eversa592 ± 50.0112 ± 0.00110.7625.7 ± 0.8
7230 ± 150.0103 ± 0.00090.921.6 ± 0.6
9280 ± 180.0050 ± 0.00070.9420 ± 0.9
Octyl-Eversa treated with PEI5170 ± 100.0083 ± 0.00070.6428.3 ± 1.0
7240 ± 130.0073 ± 0.00040.822.3 ± 0.6
9330 ± 150.0032 ± 0.00050.7725.0 ± 1.2
MANAE-Eversa547 ± 40.0024 ± 0.00030.512.95 ± 0.08
7220 ± 120.0091 ± 0.000814.8 ± 0.3
9410 ± 210.0040 ± 0.00040.7411.0 ± 0.6
Octyl-CALB521 ± 249.3 ± 3.112.09.6 ± 1.0
735 ± 281.1 ± 3.88.419.9 ± 1.6
950 ± 363.3 ± 4.611.310.3 ± 0.5

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Arana-Peña, S.; Lokha, Y.; Fernández-Lafuente, R. Immobilization of Eversa Lipase on Octyl Agarose Beads and Preliminary Characterization of Stability and Activity Features. Catalysts 2018, 8, 511. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8110511

AMA Style

Arana-Peña S, Lokha Y, Fernández-Lafuente R. Immobilization of Eversa Lipase on Octyl Agarose Beads and Preliminary Characterization of Stability and Activity Features. Catalysts. 2018; 8(11):511. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8110511

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arana-Peña, Sara, Yuliya Lokha, and Roberto Fernández-Lafuente. 2018. "Immobilization of Eversa Lipase on Octyl Agarose Beads and Preliminary Characterization of Stability and Activity Features" Catalysts 8, no. 11: 511. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8110511

APA Style

Arana-Peña, S., Lokha, Y., & Fernández-Lafuente, R. (2018). Immobilization of Eversa Lipase on Octyl Agarose Beads and Preliminary Characterization of Stability and Activity Features. Catalysts, 8(11), 511. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8110511

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