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Article

Effects of Additives and Metals on Crystallization of Nano-Sized HZSM-5 Zeolite for Glycerol Aromatization

by
Wei Xu
1,2,3,
Lijing Gao
3,* and
Guomin Xiao
3
1
School of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211167, China
2
Energy Research Institute, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211167, China
3
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Catalysts 2019, 9(11), 899; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9110899
Submission received: 10 October 2019 / Revised: 25 October 2019 / Accepted: 26 October 2019 / Published: 28 October 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalytic Conversion of Biomass Derived Compounds (Carbohydrates, Furanic Derivatives, and Glycerol))
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Nano-sized HZSM-5 (n-HZSM-5) was synthesized and applied in the aromatization of glycerol. The effects of additives (carboxymethylcellulose sodium, NaCl, sodium alginate, etc.) on the chemical and physic properties of n-HZSM-5 during preparation were investigated. Metal modification was also investigated based on the synthesized n-HZSM-5. The results showed that the addition of carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMC-Na), NaCl and sodium alginate (SA) led to forming smaller sizes of HZSM-5 and promoted the acid amounts of the catalysts, which increased its catalytic activities for obtaining BTX. The highest BTX yield of ~35% was obtained by SA derived n-HZSM-5, and the life of the catalyst were both obviously promoted by the additives with a highest of ~11 h by γ-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)propytrimethoxysilane (KH-560) derived n-HZSM-5. BTX yields could be improved by 40%by the addition of Zn and Cd in n-HZSM-5 while having little effect on the catalyst life.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

As a major by-product of biodiesel, the effective use of glycerol can promote the development of the biodiesel industry [1]. Due to its chemical and physical properties, purification of crude glycerol is extremely diseconomy, which makes it mostly treated as an industrial waste [2,3]. Thus, the utilization of glycerol is important for the economic aspect as well as the environmental ones [4,5].
Conversion of glycerol to hydrocarbons, especially benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) seems to be a promising way for its rational use and has attracted much concerns [6,7]. The catalytic process for glycerol to aromatics can usually be considered as a derivative of methanol or olefins to aromatics [8], which includes numerous steps such as dehydrogenation, dehydration, hydrogenolysis, deoxygenation, cracking, hydrogenation, oligomerization, and cyclization [9,10]. All these reactions could be catalyzed by Brønst or Lewis acid. HZSM-5, which is made by ammonium ion exchange of Na-ZSM-5, still has its unique 3D Crisscrossed-tunnel structure system. The diameter of the linear channels is about 5.3 × 5.6 Å and the diameter of the sinoidal channels is about 5.1 × 5.5Å [11]. These pore sizes are similar to the kinetic diameter of xylene, which only allow molecules with a size not exceeding tetramethylbenzene to pass. Thus, HZSM-5 has a good shape selectivity of aromatic rings [12]. At the same time, the surface of HZSM-5 has various acidic sites including Brønst and Lewis acid, which can catalyze multiple steps in the aromatization reaction, and the researchers can use various methods to change the acidity of HZSM-5 catalysts by adjusting the kinds, strength and amount of the acid sites. Thus, Catalysts based on HZSM-5 have so far been found to be the most effective catalyst for the aromatization of glycerol [13]. Metals such as Zn [14], Sn [15] and Cu [16] modified HZSM-5 would improve the selectivity of aromatics to 25~30% with a glycerol conversion of ~100%. However, the catalytic performance, especially the stability is still far for industrial use. A aromatics yield of 20.9% with only a lifetime of 3 h were obtained by Hoang et.al [13] for pure glycerol over bare HZSM-5. It is believed that the coke formation cause by the sole micropores, which seriously restricts the diffusion of coke precursors lead to the coverage of the active sites and the deactivation of the catalyst. On another hand, the density and distribution of acid sites was also found to be related to the coke deposition [17,18,19]. Therefore, it is generally believed that adjusting the strength and distribution of the HZSM-5 acid sites can enhance lifetime in the glycerol aromatization process.
Another way to prolong the catalysts life is changing the pore properties of HZSM-5 for overcoming the diffusion limitations and reducing coking. Research [20,21] showed hierarchical porous ZSM-5 zeolite, which facilitates the diffusion and increases the capacity of coke with its mesopores, maintains high selectivity for aromatics by micropores simultaneously. A desilication process with alkali is commonly used for the synthesis of hierarchical ZSM-5, which can also adjust the acidity properties [22]. As the density and distribution of acid sites was also found to be related to the coke deposition [17,18,19], adjusting them was believed to be beneficial to reduce coking. It is demonstrated that nano-zeolites with grain sizes that are less than 100 nm can also solve the diffusion problems besides the hierarchical porous structure. Hoang et.al [23] found that smaller crystallite presented slower deactivation for the aromatization of propanal. Good catalytic and diffusion performance of nanocrystallite ZSM-5 was also reported by Jia et.al [24] and Yang et.al [25] for methanol to aromatics, but there still is a lack of studies on the effect of catalyst size, especially nanocrystllite HZSM-5, on glycerin to aromatics. Alkali metal salts, polymers, etc. have been used for the synthesis of nano-sized zeolites as additives [26]. Studies [27,28] showed that the ions in metal salts mainly affect the nucleation process while the three-dimensional network or hydroxyl groups mainly play roles in controlling zeolite growth rate and preventing the agglomeration.
In this work, in order to prolong the catalysts life in glycerin aromatization, n-HZSM-5 was introduced to solve diffusion problems and reduce coking. All studied n-HZSM-5 was prepared by introducing different additives in the synthesis gel, which including metal salt and polymer hydrogel. The effects of the additives on zeolites’ chemical and physic properties as well as the catalytic performance were investigated. A relation between additives, catalyst structure, catalytic activity and life was expected.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Effects of Additives

2.1.1. Characterization of the n-HZSM-5 Catalysts

The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the catalyst synthesized with different additives are presented in Figure 1. As shown in this figure, all the samples have the diffractions in 2θ range of 1~10° and 22.5~25°, which were attributed to the characteristic diffraction of HZSM-5 [29]. Compared with commercial HZSM-5, a single phase was presented, indicating that the synthesized catalyst was pure HZSM-5 and crystallized quite well. The crystallinity was calculated by the ratio of the diffraction area (2θ = 22.5~25°) according to ASTM D5758-01 and the results are shown in Table 1. It can be seen from Table 1 that the addition of NaCl, PEG-10000 and KH-560 led to the decrease of crystallinity, while CMC-Na and SA have less effect on the crystallinity of HZSM-5. Indicating that the additives used could more or less influence the nucleation and crystallization process besides CMC-Na and SA.
The TEM images of the catalysts are shown in Figure 2. It can be seen from this figure that the common HZSM-5 presented a rectangular shape with crystalline size of 200~300 nm. With the addition of CMC-Na (HZSM-5-C), NaCl (HZSM-5-N) or SA(HZSM-5-S), the crystalline size decreased to less than 100 nm. The reason why NaCl reduced the crystal size could be that Na+ and Cl− might adhered to the surface of the particle and played a role as dispersants, which restrained their growth and agglomeration. In addition, Na+ could also play a role of cation template similar as TPA+, which would accelerate the nucleation and lead a smaller crystal. CMC-Na and SA contributed a polymer hydrogel system, which allowed ZSM-5 crystallized in a three-dimensional network of the cross-linked structure to obtain small crystals [28,30,31]. However, the crystalline size had little change and even increased with the addition of PEG-10000 (HZSM-5-P) and KH-560 (HZSM-5-K). HZSM-5-K specially presented a crystalline size about 400 nm with an ellipse shape. Magnified images of them showed bright point on the crystalline particles, indication the presence of mesoporous in the crystalline particle of HZSM-5-P and HZSM-5-K. It can be conclude that NaCl, CMC-Na and SA led to the n-HZSM-5 while PEG-10000 and KH-560 facilitated the formation of hierarchical pores.
Figure 3 showed the N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms of the catalysts. It can be seen that all of the HZSM-5 synthesized with additives exhibited hysteresis loops at P/P0 = 0.85~1.0 compared with common HZSM-5, which might be caused by the intergranular mesoporous or inter mesopores generated by the agglomeration of nanocrystals. This coincided with the TEM results. The detailed textural properties of the catalysts are listed in Table 2. It can be seen that the participation of additives in crystallation all led to the increase of specific surface area. Compared with HZSM-5, the volume of microporous almost remained constant, while the volume of mesoporous increased except for HZSM-5-C. The agglomeration of nano-crystals, which is shown in Figure 2, might have led to the decrease of mesoporous as well as the extra specific surface area. It was also shown that the HZSM-5-P and HZSM-5-K presented an obviously incensement in mesoporous. Combined with the TEM characterization, this might be attributed to the mesoporous in the crystalline particle.
Figure 4 presents the NH3-TPD profiles of the catalysts. In general, a lower temperature desorption at 150~300 °C and a higher one at 350~550 °C were detected, which were assigned to the weak and strong acid sites, respectively. Moreover, the desorption peaks of both strong and weak acid sites of HZSM-5-C, HZSM-N and HZSM-5-S shifted to higher temperatures compared to that of other catalysts. This indicated that the acidity of these samples was enhanced. The acid amounts calculated from the NH3-TPD profiles were listed in Table 3. It can be seen from this table that the addition of CMC-Na, NaCl and SA could significantly increase the amount of weak and strong acid sites of the catalyst, while PEG-10000 and KH-560 had little effect on it. It was believed that the acidity of HZSM-5 is mainly influence by the content and distribution of aluminum. The increase in acid amount might be caused by Na+ and crystalline size. Na+ led to the framework aluminum to the sinusoidal channel and straight channel [32]. In addition, the increase of silicon hydroxyl with smaller crystalline size also resulted in the increase of acid amount on the surface of the synthesized HZSM-5 [33]. On the other hand, although the composites of aluminum and silicon were the same in the synthesized gel, the additives would influence the inter-reaction of them and lead to the differences in Si/Al ratio. This was also confirmed by the Si/Al ratio obtained by ICP-OES listed in Table 3, which shows that a larger Si/Al ratio exhibited lower acid amounts.

2.1.2. Catalytic Performance of the n-HZSM-5 Catalysts

According to the glycerin aromatization reaction in fixed-bed and production analysis methods in our previous study [34,35], the catalytic performance of the catalysts were evaluated. The yields and distributions of different aromatics are shown in Figure 5. As shown in the figure, the product distribution obtained by all the catalysts presented a similar tendency, where Xylene dominated and then toluene. The catalyst prepared with additives mainly influenced the content of xylene of the product, and the fractions of it with all these catalysts decreased compared with HZSM-5. In addition, the content of C9+ increased obviously, especially that catalyzed by HZSM-5-P and HZSM-5-K. As the BTX mainly transformed from the dealkylation of C9+, the smaller crystalline particle (HZSM-5-C, HZSM-5-N and HZSM-5-S) and the mesoporous in the crystalline particle (HZSM-5-P and HZSM-5-K) made the C9+ easier to diffused from the catalyst, which led to the increase in C9+ components. It was also found that the yields of total aromatics increased in the reactions catalyzed by HZSM-5-C, HZSM-5-N and HZSM-5-S. According to the proposed reaction pathway by Sikarin Tamiyakul et al. [9] and the acid amount results in Table 3, it can be concluded that a reasonable higher acid amounts improved the formation of aromatics. Among all catalysts, n-HZSM-5-S that has the highest acid amount shown in Table 3, showed the best performance on total aromatic yield (from 22% by HZSM-5 to 35%).
The total carbon yields of BTX with different catalysts are shown in Figure 6. It can be seen that the yields of BTX presented an increased tendency firstly then became relatively steady and finally decreased rapidly (to yield <10%), which indicated the activation, stable catalyzing and deactivation process of the catalyst. the yields of BTX and the life of the catalyst were both promoted by the catalyst preparing additives. Typically, the highest yields obtained by HZSM-5-S and HZSM-5-N increased ~50% compared to that by HZSM-5. It was believed that the more acid sites led to the higher yield of BTX, thus, the HZSM-5-C, HZSM-5-S and HZSM-5-N achieved higher BTX yields. At the same time, the catalyst life was doubled. The longest catalyst life was HZSM-5-K which was prolonged by about three times compared to HZSM-5. This proved that smaller crystal size and mesoporous could solve some diffusion problems and reduce coking, which could prolong the catalyst life. However, Combined with the results in Table 3 and Figure 5, less acid sites and larger pore size of n-HZSM-5-K made it non-beneficial to obtain BTX. Therefore, n-HZSM-5-S was chosen as the best catalyst and studied in the following effects of metal-modified work.

2.2. Effects of the Metals

2.2.1. Characterization of the Modified n-HZSM-5 Catalysts

According to the catalytic performance presented above, HZSM-5-S was chosen for further metal-modification studies. The catalyst prepared was denoted as [M]-HZSM-5-S, where M represented the metals added. Due to the preparation methods, the XRD patterns of the modified catalyst were almost the same as the bare ones. Meanwhile, the N2 adsorption and NH3-TPD profiles all showed similar tendency as Figure 3 and Figure 4, which was in accordance with the literature [35]. Thus, only the physical properties and acidic amounts were provided, as shown in Table 4. Combined with Table 2, it can be seen that BET surface of the catalysts decreased slightly with the modification of the metal, while the volume of mesopores increased. This might be attributed to the intergranular mesoporous by incorporation of metal species introduced, demonstrating that metals have been incorporated into the framework of HZSM-5. Compared to the properties of HZSM-5-S shown in Table 3, the strong acid amount decreased obviously while the weak acid amount was almost unchanged with the introduction of metals. This may be caused by the metal species incorporated being replaced by parts of the conventional acid sites and forming some new acid sites.

2.2.2. Catalytic Performance of Modified [M]-HZSM-5-S

The product distributions and yields of BTX for aromatization of glycerol obtained by [M]-HZSM-5-S are shown in Figure 7. As presented in Figure 7A, compared with that obtained by HZSM-5-S, the fraction of xylene and C9+ obtained by [Sn]-HZSM-5-S increased while the fraction of benzene and toluene decreased. However, the fractions of benzene and toluene were all increased with Zr, Mn, Cd and Zn-modified HZSM-5-S. This might be attributed to the less acidic [Sn]-HZSM-5-S, which inhibited the decomposition and dealkylation of C9+. As shown in Figure 7B, the catalyst life of metal-modified HZSM-5-S had not much difference compared with t bare HZSM-5-S, indicating that the metal introduced did not destroy the microporous. The [Zn]-HZSM-5-S and [Cd]-HZSM-5-S showed higher BTX yields, and in which [Zn]-HZSM-5-S showed the highest yield in the initial stage (TOS within 5 h). This was consistent with previous research which demonstrated that Zn species presented promoting effects for aromatization [36]. The results showed that the improvement in deoxygenation (Sn) [37], hydrogen transformation (Zr) [38] or oxidation (Mn) [39] efficiency have little effects on the catalyst life and BTX yield. The n-HZSM-5 itself presented a relevant catalytic performance without further modifications [36,40].

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Materials

Tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH, 25 wt. % aqueous solution), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, 28.4 wt. % SiO2), aluminum isopropoxide (AIP, 24.7 wt. % Al2O3), sodium alginate (SA, CP), NaCl (AR), NH4Cl (AR), Polyethylene glycol-1000 (PEG-1000, CP), methanol (AR) and glycerol (AR) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd, China. carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMC-Na, CP) and γ-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)propytrimethoxysilane (KH-560, CP) were purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Bio-Chem Technology Co., Ltd, China. All the reagent were directly used without any further purification.

3.2. Catalysts Preparation and Characterization

The n-HZSM-5 were synthesized by hydrothermal method [35] with adding different additives. Typically, certain amounts of AIP was dissolved in TPAOH. Deionized water and TEOS were added into the obtained gel followed by stirring at 40 °C for 5 h. The molar ratio of the composites in the above gel was 100SiO2:1Al2O3:25TPAOH: 2000H2O. Additives were added in the gel with a ratio of 0.009 g/g gel and maintained stirring at 40 °C for another 24 h. Then the mixture was transferred into a Teflon-lined autoclave for static crystallization at 170 °C for 24 h. After cooling to room temperature, the precipitate was filtered and washed with deionized water, followed by calcinated at 550 °C in air for 5 h. Finally, the HZSM-5 was obtained by three times of ion-exchange between the as-prepared zeolites with NH4Cl aqueous solution (1.0 mol/L) at 80 °C for 8 h, then dried at 80 °C overnight and calcinated at 550 °C in air for 5 h. The catalyst prepared with CMC-Na, NaCl, SA, PEG-10000 and KH-560 were denoted as HZSM-5-C, HZSM-5-N, HZSM-5-S, HZSM-5-P and HZSM-5-K, respectively. Bare HZSM-5 was prepared as the same procedure without the addition of additives.
For the preparation of metal modified catalysts, the metal salts were added in the synthesize gel before crystallization. The molar ratio of metal salts and Al2O3 were kept at 0.25:1 [35].
X-ray diffraction (XRD) data were collected on a Rigaku Ultima IV instrument with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.15406 nm) at 40 kV and 20 mA; the range of the scan was 5~50°. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were obtained with a FEI Tecnai G2 20 instrument operating with an accelerating voltage of 120 kV. Temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD) was conducted with a Xianquan TP-5076 automated adsorption system with an online thermal conductivity detector (TCD). The Si and Al contents were measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) on a Varian 720-ES instrument.
N2 adsorption analysis was obtained on a 3H-2000PS1 (BeiShiDe Instrument Company) specific area and pore size analysis instrument. The samples were degassed at 200 °C for 5 h under vacuum prior to the analysis and the specific surface areas were determined by multi-point BET method.

3.3. Catalytic Reaction Procedure

The catalytic aromatization of glycerol was conducted in an experimental scale fixed-bed reactor reported in our previous work [34,35]. According to the previous studies, 1.2 g of catalyst with a size of 40~60 mesh (0.30 mm < d <0.45 mm) was packed in the stainless-steel reactor (inner diameter: 8 mm). The reactor was heated to 400 °C and kept for 1 h under a N2 flow of 30 mL/min. Then, glycerol dissolved in methanol solution (40 wt. %) was pumped into the reactor with a weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 0.96 h−1 associated with preheated to 290 °C. The liquid products were collect by condensation and analyzed by gas chromatograph (GC-7890, Shanghai Techcomp Ltd) equipped with a FID detector and a capillary column (SE-30, 30 m × 0.25 mm). Chlorobenzene was used as the internal standard. As presented in our previous studies, since glycerol and methanol were totally converted in each case, carbon yield was used to characterize the catalytic efficiency. The yields were calculated with the following formula [35]:
Y i e l d   % = M i M in × 100 %
where Min was the moles of carbon in the feedstock. Mi was the moles of carbon in specific product.

4. Conclusions

In this paper, n-HZSM-5 was prepared by the addition of different additives in a synthesized gel. The effects of the additives were evaluated by characterization and the catalytic activities in the production of aromatics from glycerol. The results showed that all the n-HZSM-5 catalysts synthesized had better catalytic efficiency and life than conventional HZSM-5. The addition of CMC-Na, NaCl and SA was beneficial for the formation of smaller sized HZSM-5, and SA was the best among them. At the same time, the acid amounts of the catalysts were also promoted by them, which led to the higher catalytic activities for BTX. Despite the relatively lower acid amount, KH-560, which introduced more mesoporous, made the catalyst more stable in the catalytic system. Based on the SA-derived n-HZSM-5, the effects of metal modification were evaluated. The results showed that the BTX yields could be improved by Zn and Cd. However, the introduction of metals has little effect on the catalyst life.

Author Contributions

W.X. and L.G. conceived and designed the experiments; W.X. performed the experiments and analysis; W.X. mainly wrote the paper and all authors revised the paper. W.X., L.G., G.X. have read the final version of the manuscript.

Funding

The research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21406034 & 21676054), Jiangsu Planned Projects for Postdoctoral Research Funds (No. 2018K013A) and Talents Introduction Foundation of Nanjing Institute of Technology (YKJ201936).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. XRD patterns of the synthesized HZSM-5 zeolites.
Figure 1. XRD patterns of the synthesized HZSM-5 zeolites.
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Figure 2. TEM images of the synthesized HZSM-5 zeolites.
Figure 2. TEM images of the synthesized HZSM-5 zeolites.
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Figure 3. N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms of the synthesized HZSM-5 zeolites.
Figure 3. N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms of the synthesized HZSM-5 zeolites.
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Figure 4. NH3-TPD images of synthesized HZSM-5 zeolites.
Figure 4. NH3-TPD images of synthesized HZSM-5 zeolites.
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Figure 5. The yields and distribution of aromatics obtained by HZSM-5 zeolites synthesized with different additives.
Figure 5. The yields and distribution of aromatics obtained by HZSM-5 zeolites synthesized with different additives.
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Figure 6. The total carbon yield of BTX obtained by HZSM-5 zeolites synthesized with different additives.
Figure 6. The total carbon yield of BTX obtained by HZSM-5 zeolites synthesized with different additives.
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Figure 7. The yields and distribution of aromatics (A) and total carbon yield of BTX (B) obtained by [M]-HZSM-5-S.
Figure 7. The yields and distribution of aromatics (A) and total carbon yield of BTX (B) obtained by [M]-HZSM-5-S.
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Table
Table 1. Crystallinity of HZSM-5 synthesized with different additives.
Table 1. Crystallinity of HZSM-5 synthesized with different additives.
SamplesHZSM-5-CHZSM-5-NHZSM-5-SHZSM-5-PHZSM-5-K
Crystallinity a/%100.190.9103.179.183.6
a Relatively crystallinity compared with commercial HZSM-5 (100%).
Table
Table 2. Physical properties of HZSM-5 synthesized with different additives.
Table 2. Physical properties of HZSM-5 synthesized with different additives.
CatalystsSBET a (m2/g)Smicro b (m2/g)Vtotal (mL/g)Vmicro b (mL/g)Vmeso c (mL/g)
HZSM-5375.5207.50.490.110.38
HZSM-5-C379.2225.80.310.120.18
HZSM-5-N385.8202.40.530.110.39
HZSM-5-S400.0199.00.570.110.45
HZSM-5-P408.4216.10.670.110.55
HZSM-5-K468.6298.70.720.150.59
a From N2 absorption measurements (BET method). b From N2 absorption measurements (t-plot). c From N2 absorption measurements (BJH method).
Table
Table 3. Distribution of acid sites and SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of the catalyst.
Table 3. Distribution of acid sites and SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of the catalyst.
CatalystsTotal Acid (mmol/g)Weak Acid (mmol/g)Strong Acid (mmol/g)SiO2/Al2O3 (mol %)
HZSM-50.420.150.2766.4
HZSM-5-C0.860.340.5254.9
HZSM-5-N0.920.370.5556.4
HZSM-5-S1.240.440.8050.3
HZSM-5-P0.310.120.1970.3
HZSM-5-K0.520.190.3363.7
Table
Table 4. Physical properties and acids amounts of the [M, Al]-H-S catalysts.
Table 4. Physical properties and acids amounts of the [M, Al]-H-S catalysts.
CatalystsSBET a (m2/g)Smicro b (m2/g)Vmicro b (mL/g)Vmeso c (mL/g)Total Acid (mmol/g)Weak Acid (mmol/g)Strong Acid (mmol/g)
[Sn]-HZSM-5-S384.0193.90.100.520.880.420.46
[Zr]-HZSM-5-S376.6203.10.110.461.020.410.61
[Mn]-HZSM-5-S391.5198.00.110.491.090.430.67
[Cd]-HZSM-5-S386.2205.40.110.611.110.420.69
[Zn]-HZSM-5-S384.4186.80.100.771.140.420.72
a From N2 absorption measurements (BET method). b From N2 absorption measurements (t-plot). c From N2 absorption measurements (BJH method).

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Xu, W.; Gao, L.; Xiao, G. Effects of Additives and Metals on Crystallization of Nano-Sized HZSM-5 Zeolite for Glycerol Aromatization. Catalysts 2019, 9, 899. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9110899

AMA Style

Xu W, Gao L, Xiao G. Effects of Additives and Metals on Crystallization of Nano-Sized HZSM-5 Zeolite for Glycerol Aromatization. Catalysts. 2019; 9(11):899. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9110899

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xu, Wei, Lijing Gao, and Guomin Xiao. 2019. "Effects of Additives and Metals on Crystallization of Nano-Sized HZSM-5 Zeolite for Glycerol Aromatization" Catalysts 9, no. 11: 899. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9110899

APA Style

Xu, W., Gao, L., & Xiao, G. (2019). Effects of Additives and Metals on Crystallization of Nano-Sized HZSM-5 Zeolite for Glycerol Aromatization. Catalysts, 9(11), 899. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9110899

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