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Article

Metal Complexes of π-Expanded Ligand (7): Syntheses, Structures and Properties of Pt(II) Complexes Containing the Isomeric 1- and 2-Alkyliminomethyl Pyrene Ligands

by
Xuan-Dien Luong
1,2,* and
Xuan-Truong Nguyen
1
1
School of Chemical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 1 Dai Co Viet, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
2
Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Ohsawa, Hachi-Oji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crystals 2020, 10(6), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10060476
Submission received: 18 April 2020 / Revised: 6 May 2020 / Accepted: 22 May 2020 / Published: 3 June 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Optoelectronic Materials)
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Abstract

:
A [O,N] bidentate π-expanded ligand system, (E)-1-(n-octylimino)methylpyren-2-ol (2), was newly synthesized via a six-step synthesis from pyrene. The ligand 2 reacts with [PtCl2(PhCN)2] in chlorobenzene and the presence of a base at reflux for 2 h under the formation of (2(Pt)) complex with a yield of 70%. The molecular structure of (2(Pt)), studied by common spectroscopic methods and X-ray diffraction, shows a square planar geometry with a trans-configuration of the ligands. The molecular structure, absorption spectra, electrochemical properties, and phosphorescence characteristics of the (2(Pt)) complex are discussed, emphasizing the comparison with those of the previously reported Pt complex (1(Pt)) containing the isomeric ligands of 2, (E)-2-(n-octylimino)methylpyren-1-ol. The DFT calculations of the two Pt complexes are carried out and exhibit a clear explanation of the relationship between their physico-chemical characteristics.

1. Introduction

Platinum(II) complexes have attracted much attention due to their applications in electroluminescence, photovoltaics, optical limiting, photocatalysis, and molecular probes, etc. [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16]. These complexes show a 3MLCT/3IL mixed triplet excited state, and thus the emission is assigned as phosphorescence, featuring large Stoke shifts and long excited state lifetimes [1,11,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26]. Although a larger number of platinum(II) complexes with emission spectra that collectively span the completely visible spectrum have now been extensively designed and synthesized, it remains a challenge to obtain species that emit efficiently at the extremes of the spectral range [27].
Our research group has been interested in π-expanded ligand and the corresponding metal complexes [28,29]. Previously, we already reported one pyrene-based ligand, namely (E)-2-(n-octylimino)methylpyren-1-ol (1) and its Pt(II) and Pd(II) complexes [28,29]. Reflecting the expanded π-system of pyrene, for example, these complexes show a bathochromic shift in absorption spectrum compared with simple salicylaldimine complexes [28]. In order to obtain further understanding of pyrene-based ligands and their metal complexes and enhance the photophysical properties of the obtained molecule, we designed an isomer of 1, (E)-1-(n-octylimino)methylpyren-2-ol (2), synthesized the Pt complex of the new ligand, and tried to clarify the differences in the physico-chemical characteristics of the two isomeric Pt complexes.
This research strategy was previously used for salicylaldimine-type ligands based on naphthalene by Calvin in 1948 (Chart 1) [30]. However, the difference in atomic coefficient for the 1- and 2-positions of naphthalene is small; therefore, both complexes do show similar properties. We focused on the special characteristics of molecular orbitals such as the 2- and 7-positions of pyrene that are the node of both the HOMO and LUMO of the molecule [31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38]. Therefore, the replacement of the positions of hydroxyl and imine groups would induce a drastic change in the properties of platinum complexes.
In this work, we report the synthesis and characterization of the new isomer 2(Pt) of the previous platinum complex 1(Pt) (Chart 2). With the exchange of functional groups at the 2-position and 1-position of the ligand structure, the profound differences in the structural, electronic, and photophysical properties of both obtained isomers were observed.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Synthesis

Pyrene is most commonly functionalized at the 1-position because electrophilic substitutions prefer to occur at this position. Generally, the 2-substitued derivatives are obtained through the reduction of pyrene to 4,5,9,10-tetrahydropyrene, substitution, and reoxidation [39], which is both effortful and low yielding. Recently, an Ir(I)-catalyzed C-H borylation developed by Marder and co-workers, has enabled the 2-position to be functionalized at a much higher yield [31,32,33,34,35,37]. As the steric demand of the catalyst restricts the substitution to the 2-position, it allows the regioselective synthesis of the precursor 2-hydroxypyrene [33].
The syntheses of ligand 2 and the corresponding platinum complex 2(Pt) were shown in Scheme 1. The important intermediate, pyrene with the hydroxyl group at 2-position and aldehyde at 1-position is a known compound; we modified the scheme with the mentioned method. By using the Ir(I) catalyzed borylation, the desired boronic acid ester was obtained at a 49% yield. A treatment of H2O2 afforded 2-hydroxypyrene at the excellent yield of 95%. After the protection of the methoxymethyl (MOM) ether with the chloromethyl methyl ether (MOMCl) in acetone and the presence of potassium carbonate, ether 5 was selectively lithiated with n-butyllithium using the ortho-directing MOM group [40] and quenched with DMF to form the formyl group and afforded 2-methoxymethoxy-1-pyrene carboxaldehyde 4 [41,42]. The obtained molecule shows identical spectroscopic properties with those of the previous report. The imine formation reaction was carried out by the treatment of amine on molecule 3 to afford igand 2. Metallation reactions were carried out with a platinum reagent to produce platinum complex 2(Pt), accounting for the stability of the complex and the future applications.
The platinum complex 2(Pt) was synthesized in a similar metallation method [28] to ligand 2 with PtCl2(PhCN)2 in chlorobenzene and the presence of a base, sodium acetate or sodium propionate, at reflux for 2 h to give 70% in yield. Previously, the platinum complex 1(Pt) was synthesized in a 80% yield. Therefore, the metallation reaction of ligand 2 had been more difficult than that of ligand 1.

2.2. X-ray Crystal Analysis

All the spectroscopic data support the formation of the desired platinum complex. Crystallization was attempted for the isomeric complex 2(Pt) and, fortunately, single crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis were obtained by the slow diffusion of ethylacetate into a solution of 2(Pt) in chloroform. The molecular structure and selected geometric parameters of 2(Pt) were shown in Figure 1 and Table 1, along with the isomer 1(Pt).
While the crystal of 1(Pt) is made up two crystallographically independent complexes, Complex #1 and Complex #2, and the structure of Complex #1 is represented in Figure 1, the crystal structure of 2(Pt) is made up of only one type of crystallographical complex. Both platinum complexes 2(Pt) and 1(Pt) have a square planar four coordination geometry and the ligands coordinate in a trans manner, which is common in this class of complex. The structure of the complex 2(Pt) is more stair-stepped than that of complex 1(Pt); the distance between the mean square planes of two pyrene moieties is 0.708 and 0.604 Å for 2(Pt) and 1(Pt)#2, respectively. The different interactions between the hydrogen atoms of alkyl group and the oxygen atoms of the confront ligand are 2.269 and 2.351 (2.386) Å for 2(Pt) and 1(Pt), respectively, and the interaction between the nitrogen atom and the oxygen atom of the confront ligand is 2.723 and 2.772 (2.787) Å for 2(Pt) and 1(Pt). Furthermore, we emphasize the difference in bond distance for the oxygen-platinum coordination bond. A bond distance of 1.953 Å was observed for the compound 2(Pt), and this distance is shorter than that of the isomer 1(Pt), considering the standard deviation of the measurement.

2.3. IR and 1H NMR Spectra

Dissimilarities between the two isomeric platinum complexes were observed in spectroscopic studies. The vibration spectra of 2(Pt) and 1(Pt) were completely different in the 4000~400 cm−1 range. For such complexes, the imine C=N stretching mode (νC=N) gives the most important absorption [28,29]. The frequency of this band is known to be dependent on the coordination position [43]. The bands were observed at 1602 and 1615 cm−1 for 2(Pt) and 1(Pt) [28], respectively. Other characteristic absorptions such as νC–O(phenolic) and the pyrene C–H out of plane mode (γC–H(pyrene)) for 2(Pt) and 1(Pt) were different as well (see Supplementary Materials).
Similarly, the H-NMR spectra of 2(Pt) and 1(Pt) were different from one another (see Supplementary Materials). The signal attributable to imine hydrogen, H11 (in the formula shown in Supplementary Materials), was shifted to a lower field region in 2(Pt)—9.06 and 8.43 ppm for 2(Pt) and 1(Pt), respectively. The signal of the pyrene-nucleus hydrogen close to the metal, H3, shows the opposite upfield-shift behavior—7.58 and 8.02 ppm for 2(Pt) and 1(Pt), respectively. The octyl-group also showed upfield-shift behavior for H12—4.22 and 4.36 ppm for 2(Pt) and 1(Pt), respectively. This upper field shift is caused by the electropositive Pt, which gives a shielding effect through the inductive effect [28,29]. Therefore, by increasing the distance from the metal, there will be less upper field shift observed (see Supplementary Materials).

2.4. Photophysical Study

The absorption and emission spectra of the ligands 2 and 1 and their corresponding platinum complexes 2(Pt) and 1(Pt) are shown in Figure 2. Their photophysical properties, such as their absorption and emission maxima wavelengths (λabs and λem, respectively), molar extinction coefficient (εmax), fluorescene quantum yields (ϕf, for ligands), phosphorescence quantum yields (ϕp, for complexes), and fluorescence lifetimes (τf, for ligands and phosphorescence lifetime (τp, for complexes)), are listed in Table 2.
An interesting observation is the red-shift in the absorption spectra of complexes 2(Pt) and 1(Pt) (103 and 90 nm, respectively), which is well aligned with that of the corresponding ligands 2 and 1. These large shifts suggest that the π-conjugation was enhanced due to the bidentate complexation of the ligand to the d8 spectroscopically inactive Pt2+ cation. As the bidentate coordination restricts the rotation around the C1–C17 bond and C2–C17 bond, it causes the imino-hydroxypyrene backbone to be in a planar conformation for both 2(Pt) and 1(Pt). Moreover, an intensity-borrowing phenomenon was observed when considering the transition intensities of both complexes.
The phosphorescene spectra of complexes 2(Pt) and 1(Pt) show redshifts (106 and 26 nm, respectively) relative to ligands 2 and 1 similar to what we observed in the absorption spectra. Both of these redshifts observed in the absorption spectra and phosphorescene spectra can be attributed to the highly resonant π-conjugated framework of the deprotonated imino-hydroxylpyrene ligand, as it lowers the π*-π energy gap in the ligand molecular orbitals [44].
The most interesting point is that the phosphorescence lifetime of the isomeric platinum complex 2(Pt) is much longer than that of the complex 1(Pt)—0.53 and 0.13 μs for 2(Pt) and 1(Pt), respectively. Meanwhile, the phosphorescence quantum yield of complex 2(Pt) is slightly larger than that of complex 1(Pt)—1.3% and 1.0% for 2(Pt) and 1(Pt), respectively. These can be explained by the differences in their structures and the effect of the nodal plane of pyrene.

2.5. Electrochemical Properties

To estimate the HOMO–LUMO gap induced by the changing of the coordinating group on pyrene, electrochemical studies were carried out. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) of the two complexes was carried out in the dry 0.1 M PhCN [n-Bu4N]PF6 supporting electrolyte, with Fc/Fc+ as the reference redox (see general experimental section). The recorded voltammogram is shown in Figure 3 for the range in which all the redox reactions occurred.
Both the isomers 2(Pt) and 1(Pt) exhibit irreversible first oxidation waves. The first oxidation wave of 2(Pt) (0.35 V) is shifted positively by 0.11 V compared to that of 1(Pt) (0.24 V), which indicates that the HOMO level of 2(Pt) lies lower than that of 1(Pt), assuming that the relaxation and electron correlation effects are of the same level in both complexes. In other words, the nodal plane of pyrene decreases the energy level of the HOMO of the complex 2(Pt), which contributes in part to the hypsochromic-shifted absorption (see absorption spectra). No reduction waves were observed under this measurement condition.

2.6. Molecular Orbital Calculations

Theoretical studies were carried out to obtain further understanding of 1(Pt) and 2(Pt). The DFT calculations using Gaussian 09 were performed with density functional theory, B3LYP, using the basic set 6-31G(d) for N, O, H, and C atoms and the basic set LanL2DZ for the Pt atom. All of the geometries were optimized, and the calculated distance and angles for the complexes 2(Pt) and 1(Pt) were well in agreement with the actual values obtained from the single crystal X-ray diffraction study (see Table 1).
As seen in Figure 4, the frontier molecular orbitals of these platinum complexes are mainly dominated by atomic orbitals originating from ligands in both cases and the contribution of platinum ions is small. The energy levels of the Kohn–Sham frontier orbitals are shown in Figure 4. The shape and energy levels of each frontier orbital of 2(Pt) are different from those of 1(Pt)—i.e., the size of each atomic coefficient (see Figure 4 and Figure 5). It should be emphasized that the most important phenomena attributable to isomerism should be the drastic changes in the energy levels of the orbitals. From Figure 5, the frontier orbitals of ligand 2 are stabilized than those of ligand 1. This property reflects how the metal ligand bondings induce the HOMOs of both the complexes that contain the antibonding π-interaction between platinum and oxygen. Furthermore, a significant difference was observed for 144 ag of HOMO: −4.89 and −4.69 eV for 2(Pt) and 1(Pt), respectively. Therefore, the energy level of the HOMO of complex 2(Pt) is more stabilized than that of complex 1(Pt). This molecular orbital characteristic well explains the higher first oxidation potential in the cyclic voltammogram and blue-shift in the absorption spectroscopy of 2(Pt) compared to those of 1(Pt).
The lowest excitation found in 2(Pt) was assigned to be the HOMO to LUMO transition, Au. The absorption spectrum was assigned by time-dependent density functional theory (TDFT) and has been summarized in Table 3.

3. Experimental Section

3.1. General Procedures

General experimental details are already reported in previous reports [28,29,45,46,47].

3.2. Synthesis of the Isomeric Platinum Complex

The preparation of the isomeric platinum complex 1(Pt) was performed as previously reported [28].
Preparation of 4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-2-pyren-2-yl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolane [2-(Bpin)-pyrene] (7): In a nitrogen-filled three-neck flask, [Ir(μ-OMe)(cod)]2 (99.77 mg, 0.15 mmol), 4,4’-di-tert-butyl-2,2’-dipyridyl (80.96 mg, 0.30 mmol), and bis(pinacolato)diboron (281 mg, 1.11 mmol) were dissolved in cyclohexane (30 mL). To this mixture, pyrene (1.012 g, 5.00 mmol) and bis(pinacolato)diboron (735 mg, 2.89 mmol) were added and the reaction was stirred at 70 °C for 17 h under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was passed through a silica plug (eluent: CH2Cl2) and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The purification of the residue by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: hexane/CH2Cl2 1:1) obtained 7 (788 mg, 49% using NMR for weight calculation), unreacted pyrene (332 mg, 33%), and pyrene-2,7-bis(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolane) (133 mg using NMR for weight calculation). To get a purer product, subsequent recrystallization from hexane was performed to give 7 as a white solid.
1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.64(s, 2 H), 8.17 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2 H), 8.11 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2 H), 8.06 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2 H); 8.01 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 1.46 ppm (s, 12 H).
Preparation of 2-hydroxypyrene (6): Compound 7 (125 mg, 0.38 mmol) and NaOH (47 mg, 1.18 mmol) were dissolved in n-butyronitrile (8 mL). To this mixture, an aqueous solution of H2O2 (134 mg, 1.18 mmol, 30%) and 0.8 mL of water was added. After being stirred at room temperature for 30 min, the solution was acidified to pH 1–2 using 1M HCl. The product was diluted with water (15 mL) and extracted with CHCl3 with (3 × 15 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with water (30 mL) and brine (15 mL), dried over MgSO4, and the solvent was removed under a reduced pressure. The residue was washed with hexane (3 × 3 mL) to obtain 6 (79 mg, 95%) as a light-brown solid.
1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.16 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2 H), 8.06 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2 H), 7.98–7.91 (m, 3 H), 7.64 (s, 2 H), 5.17 (s, 1 H).
Preparation of 2-Methoxymethoxypyrene (5). To a stirring solution of 2-hydroxypyrene (208 mg, 0.953 mmol) and K2CO3 (666 mg, 4.82 mmol) in acetone (10 mL) at 0 °C under nitrogen, chloromethyl methyl ether (100 μL, 1.31 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 90 min. Additional chloromethyl methyl ether (20 μL, 0.26 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred for another 90 min. The product was diluted with water and extracted with CHCl3. The combined organic phases were washed with water and brine, dried over MgSO4, and the solvent was removed under a reduced pressure. The crude material was purified by chromatography over silica gel eluting with 1:1 hexane:CH2Cl2 to yield the pure product 5 (248 mg, 99%) as a pale yellow solid. To get a purer sample, the product was recrystallized with hexane. Rf = 0.27 (hexane/ dichloromethane) = 1:1 as eluent).
M.p. 89–90 °C; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.15 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2 H), 8.05 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2 H), 7.99 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2 H), 7.94 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.86 (s, 2 H), 5.46 (s, 2 H), 3.60 (s, 3 H); 13C NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ = 155.4, 132.6, 130.3, 128.1, 126.9, 125.2, 125.1, 124.6, 120.7, 112.6, 95.0, 56.2; IR (KBr): 3038, 2911, 2826, 1639, 1628, 1600, 1481, 1450, 1406, 1319, 1283, 1213, 1155, 1135, 1082, 1073, 998, 976, 958, 932, 914, 867, 855, 838, 813, 756, 705, 637, 613, 562, 551, 500, 419; MS (APCI): Calcd. for C17H10O2 (M+): 262; Found: 262; Anal. Calcd for C18H14O2: C 82.42, H 5.38; found: C 82.61, H 5.37.
Preparation of 2-Methoxymethoxy-1-pyrenecarbaldehyde (4): To a stirring solution of 5 (180 mg, 0.686 mmol) and distilled N,N,N’,N’-tetramethylethylenediamine (0.160 mL, 1.07 mmol) in dry cyclopentyl methyl ether (9 mL) cooled to 0 °C under nitrogen, n-butyllithium (0.7 mL of 1.6 M in hexane solution, 1.11 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred for 1 h. Dry DMF (0.140 mL, 1.807 mmol) was added and the reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature with stirring over 1 h before being quenched with a dilute NH4Cl aqueous solution. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc, washed with water and brine, dried over MgSO4, and the solvent was removed under a reduced pressure. The crude material was purified by chromatography over silica gel eluting with 40:1 CH2Cl2:EtOAc to afford the pure product 4 (196 mg, 98%) as a yellow solid. To get a purer sample, the product was recrystallized with ethyl acetate to give 151.4 mg (76%). Rf = 0.33 (chloroform as eluent).
M.p. 158 °C; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 11.14 (s, 1 H), 9.53 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1 H), 8.28–8.20 (m, 3 H), 8.14 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1 H), 8.00 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.96 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.92 (s, 1 H), 5.55 (s, 2 H), 3.63 (s, 3 H); 13C NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ = 192.7, 159.3, 137.2, 131.8, 131.6, 131.0, 130.2, 129.8, 127.2, 126.9, 126.8, 125.8, 124.3, 123.9, 120.4, 117.3, 110.4, 95.3, 56.7; IR (KBr) 3040, 2997, 2967, 2951, 2914, 2875, 2783, 1664, 1639, 1626, 1595, 1583, 1538, 1499, 1490, 1482, 1471, 1420, 1399, 1382, 1367, 1279, 1246, 1230, 1220, 1187, 1165, 1154, 1132, 1113, 1099, 1067, 1029, 991, 937, 922, 896, 857, 841, 826, 778, 761, 712, 683, 673, 649, 608, 590, 538, 502, 445, 420; MS(APCI): Calcd. for C19H14O3 ([M+H]+): 291; Found: 291; Anal. Calcd for C19H14O3: C 78.61, H: 4.86; found: C: 78.77, H: 4.81.
Preparation of 2-Hydroxy-1-pyrenecarbaldehyde (3): To a stirring solution of 4 (120 mg, 0.413 mmol) in THF (20 mL) at room temperature, hydrochloride solution (0.8 mL, 5 M) was added and the reaction was heated at 65 °C for 10 h. The solution was then cooled to room temperature and the solvent was removed and the residue was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel eluting with CH2Cl2 to afford 108 mg of pure product as a yellow solid (quantitative). To get a purer product, the obtained sample was recrystallized with ethyl acetate. Rf = 0.42 (chloroform as eluent).
M.p. 180 °C; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ = 12.52 (s, 1H), 11.10 (s, 1H), 8.64 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1 H), 8.24 (d, J = 8.96 Hz, 2 H), 8.19 (d, J = 7.5, 1 H), 8.09 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.98 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.84 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.59 (s, 1 H); 13C-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ = 193.6, 161.4, 139.2, 133.9, 132.1, 131.0, 129.9, 129.3, 127.6, 126.7, 125.6, 124.4, 119.1, 118.6, 113.3, 112.1; IR (KBr) 1635, 1594, 1580, 1536, 1438, 1428, 1406, 1335, 1301, 1278, 1243, 1180, 1145, 1134, 1019, 987, 864, 839, 821, 796, 717, 684, 655, 506, 523, 484, 443; MS(APCI): Calcd. for C17H10O2 (M+H+): 247; Found: 247; Anal. Calcd for C17H10O2: C 82.91, H: 4.09; found: C: 82.98, H: 4.07.
Preparation of (E)-2-(n-octylimino)methylpyren-1-ol (2): To a stirring solution of 3 (39 mg, 0.158 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (4 mL) at room temperature, n-octyl amine (25.5 mg, 0.198 mmol) was added and the reaction was carried out for 2 h. The solvent was then removed and the residue was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel eluting with 50:1 CHCl3:EtOAc to afford 56 mg of pure product 2 as a yellow solid (99%). Rf = 0.65 (chloroform/ethyl acetate) = 5:1 as eluent).
M.p. 88 °C, 1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ = 15.30 (s, 1 H), 9.52 (s, 1 H), 8.44 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1 H), 8.20-8.10 (m, 3 H), 8.01 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.90 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.87 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.68 (s, 1 H), 3.80 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 2 H), 1.82 (quintet, 2 H), 1.48 (quintet, 2 H), 1.43–1.23 (m, 8 H), 0.88 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3 H); 13C NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ = 161.5, 161.1, 135.4, 131.4, 130.1, 129.7, 129.3, 129.1, 126.9, 126.3, 126.1, 124.9, 124.8, 119.8, 118.6, 113.9, 110.9, 59.8, 31.8, 31.1, 29.4, 29.2, 27.3, 22.7, 14.1; IR (KBr) 3043, 2948, 2932, 2924, 2890, 2845, 1620, 1583, 1551, 1543, 1448, 1466, 1355, 1300, 1243, 1178, 1149, 1128, 1089, 1073, 1055, 860, 838, 819, 799, 757, 728, 684, 662, 590, 419; MS (APCI): Calcd. for C25H27NO ([M+H]+): 358; Found: 358. Anal. Calcd for C25H27NO: C 83.99, H 7.61, N 3.92. Found: C 83.80, H 7.61, N 3.93; λmax (CH2Cl2)/nm 411 (ε/dm3 mol−1 cm−1 4,925), 372 (35,435), 354 (25,225), 336 (sh) (10,751).
Preparation of the new Pt(II) pyrene complex, 2(Pt): The same procedures described for 1(Pt) were followed [28].
Procedure A: To a mixture of 2 (20 mg, 0.056 mmol) and anhydrous CH3COONa (10.5 mg, 0.127 mmol) in 4 mL of PhCl, PtCl2(PhCN)2 (12 mg, 0.025 mmol) was added at 140 °C. The mixture was stirred for 2 hours. After being cooled to room temperature, the solvent was removed and the residue was washed with methanol to obtain 2(Pt) as a red solid. Yield: 14.1 mg (61%); Rf = 0.41 (hexane/chloroform = 1:3 as eluent).
Procedure B: To a mixture of 2 (53 mg, 0.148 mmol) and anhydrous C2H5COONa (71.6 mg, 0.745 mmol) in 2 mL of PhCl, PtCl2(PhCN)2 (31.5 mg, 0.067 mmol) was added at 140 °C. The mixture was stirred for 1.5 hours. After being cooled to room temperature, the solvent was removed and the residue was purified by chromatography (hexane/chloroform = 1:3 as eluent) to give 2(Pt) as a red solid. Yield: 42.1 mg (70%).
Mp: decomposed at 216 °C; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.06 (s, 2 H), 8.28 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 2 H), 8.20–8.13 (m, 4 H), 8.06 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 2 H), 7.95 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 2 H), 7.82 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 2 H), 7.69 (d, 9.1 Hz, 2 H), 7.58 (s, 2 H); 4.22 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 4 H), 2.08 (m, 4 H), 1.61-1.21 (m, 16 H), 0.83 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 6 H); 13C-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ = 162.3, 153.8, 135.7, 132.4, 130.3, 129.6, 129.3, 128.7, 127.1, 126.1, 125.9, 125.0, 124.7, 120.4, 118.5, 117.1, 114.6, 60.1, 33.0, 31.9, 29.5, 29.4, 27.1, 22.6, 14.1; IR (KBr) 3035, 2922, 2851, 1602, 1574, 1527, 1451, 1428, 1405, 1371, 1295, 1217, 1191, 1179, 1153, 1135, 1091, 861, 834, 812, 774, 755, 683, 672, 663, 530, 501, 429; MS(APCI): Calcd. for C50H52N2O2Pt ([M+H]+): 908; Found: 908. Anal. Calcd for C50H52N2O2Pt: C, 66.14; H, 5.77; N, 3.09. Found: C, 66.11; H, 6.01; N, 2.94; λmax (CH2Cl2)/nm 514 (ε/dm3 mol−1 cm−1 5164), 419 (90,574), 395 (53,934), 375 (28,293). The single crystals suitable for X-ray crystallography analysis were obtained by the vapor diffusion of a solvent system of CHCl3/EtOAc.
Details of the crystallization procedures and the important crystallographic parameters can be found in the experimental section and Table 4, while full CIFs are available elsewhere.

4. Conclusions

With the aim to understand the effect of the nodal plane of pyrene on the properties of metal complexes, we designed and synthesized successfully ligand 2 for a comparison with the previous reported isomeric form 1. The Pt complex 2(Pt) was obtained in a seven-step synthesis and characterized by spectroscopies and diffraction studies. Reflecting the effect of the nodal plane of pyrene, the obtained metal complex shows a slight color and higher oxidation potential. The Pt-O coordination bond distances are different between the two isomeric platinum complexes. The most interesting point is that the phosphorescence lifetime of the new isomeric platinum complex is longer than that of the reported isomeric platinum complex. As a result, the results here reported show that performing research on the modifications of pyrene rings or functional groups on imine groupl enhances the photophysical properties of pyrene-based materials.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/10/6/476/s1. CCDC 1575072 contains the supplementary crystallographic data for 2(Pt). These data can be obtained free of charge via http://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/conts/retrieving.html, or from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK; fax: (+44) 1223-336-033; or e-mail: [email protected]. Three electronic supplementary informations (ESIs) are available: i.e., ESI-#1: spectroscopic results; ESI-#2: X-ray structure report; ESI-#3: theoretical studies; and CIF-file of 2(Pt), CCDC 1575072.

Author Contributions

Investigation, formal analysis, data curation, writing—original draft preparation, writing—review and editing, X.-D.L.; formal analysis, X.-T.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by the Priority Research Program sponsored by the Asian Human Resources Fund from Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG) and a National Foundation for Science & Technology Development (NAFOSTED) grant funded by the Vietnamese Ministry of Science and Technology (Grant No. 104.05-2017.26). L.X.D. appreciates Tokyo Metropolitan University (TMU) for a pre-doctoral fellowship. We appreciate the scientific and supervision support of Ken-ichi Sugiura and Ken-ichi Yamashita (TMU), the quantum yield and lifetime measurements of Yoshitane Imai and Kazuki Nakabayashi, the technical assistance of Toshihiko Sakurai (TMU), and the manuscript checking of Nguyen Hung Huy (VNU University of Science).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Crystals 10 00476 ch001 550
Chart 1. Designed complexes by M. Calvin.
Chart 1. Designed complexes by M. Calvin.
Crystals 10 00476 ch001
Crystals 10 00476 ch002 550
Chart 2. Platinum complexes discussed in this paper.
Chart 2. Platinum complexes discussed in this paper.
Crystals 10 00476 ch002
Crystals 10 00476 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Syntheses of the ligand 2 and corresponding platinum complex 2(Pt). The small modified alkyl group was performed to obtain single crystals for X-ray crystal analysis. R = -C8H17 was replaced with -C7H15.
Scheme 1. Syntheses of the ligand 2 and corresponding platinum complex 2(Pt). The small modified alkyl group was performed to obtain single crystals for X-ray crystal analysis. R = -C8H17 was replaced with -C7H15.
Crystals 10 00476 sch001
Crystals 10 00476 g001 550
Figure 1. Molecular structures of 2(Pt) and 1(Pt): (a) top view of 2(Pt); (b) side view of 2(Pt); (c) top view of 1(Pt); (d) side view of 1(Pt). The thermal ellipsoids are scaled to a 50% probability level.
Figure 1. Molecular structures of 2(Pt) and 1(Pt): (a) top view of 2(Pt); (b) side view of 2(Pt); (c) top view of 1(Pt); (d) side view of 1(Pt). The thermal ellipsoids are scaled to a 50% probability level.
Crystals 10 00476 g001
Crystals 10 00476 g002 550
Figure 2. Absorption spectra (a) and fluorescence and phosphorescene spectra (b) of ligands 2 and 1 and complexes 2(Pt) and 1(Pt) (for each compound, obtained by exciting at their absorption maximum wavelength) in CH2Cl2 at 25 °C.
Figure 2. Absorption spectra (a) and fluorescence and phosphorescene spectra (b) of ligands 2 and 1 and complexes 2(Pt) and 1(Pt) (for each compound, obtained by exciting at their absorption maximum wavelength) in CH2Cl2 at 25 °C.
Crystals 10 00476 g002
Crystals 10 00476 g003 550
Figure 3. Room temperature cyclic voltammograms of 2(Pt) and 1(Pt) in Ar-saturated 0.1 M [n-Bu4N]PF6 PhCN sochartlution at a scan rate of 0.10 V s−1 with all platinum electrodes.
Figure 3. Room temperature cyclic voltammograms of 2(Pt) and 1(Pt) in Ar-saturated 0.1 M [n-Bu4N]PF6 PhCN sochartlution at a scan rate of 0.10 V s−1 with all platinum electrodes.
Crystals 10 00476 g003
Crystals 10 00476 g004 550
Figure 4. Plots of the (a) HOMO of 2(Pt), (b) LUMO of 2(Pt), (c) HOMO of 1(Pt), and (d) LUMO of 1(Pt) obtained from the RB3LYP/6-31g(d) level for C, H, O, N elements and LanL2DZ for Pt element. All the MO surfaces correspond to an isocontour value (0.02 a.u.).
Figure 4. Plots of the (a) HOMO of 2(Pt), (b) LUMO of 2(Pt), (c) HOMO of 1(Pt), and (d) LUMO of 1(Pt) obtained from the RB3LYP/6-31g(d) level for C, H, O, N elements and LanL2DZ for Pt element. All the MO surfaces correspond to an isocontour value (0.02 a.u.).
Crystals 10 00476 g004
Crystals 10 00476 g005 550
Figure 5. Energy diagrams of the Kohn–Sham orbitals of 2(Pt) and 1(Pt) (B3LYP/LanL2DZ for Pt and 6-31G(d) for other elements) and the shapes of the important orbitals.
Figure 5. Energy diagrams of the Kohn–Sham orbitals of 2(Pt) and 1(Pt) (B3LYP/LanL2DZ for Pt and 6-31G(d) for other elements) and the shapes of the important orbitals.
Crystals 10 00476 g005
Table
Table 1. Comparison of the selected geometric parameters from the X-ray diffraction analysis and DFT calculations (R = CH3) for the complexes 2(Pt) and 1(Pt).
Table 1. Comparison of the selected geometric parameters from the X-ray diffraction analysis and DFT calculations (R = CH3) for the complexes 2(Pt) and 1(Pt).
2(Pt) (R = nC7H15) 1(Pt) (R = nC8H17)
ParametersX-rayOptimized
Geometry		ParametersX-rayOptimized
Geometry
#1#2
N1-Pt12.000(7)2.028N1-Pt12.008(8)2.014(8)2.036
N1i-Pt12.000(7)2.028N1i-Pt12.008(8)2.014(8)2.036
O1-Pt11.953(6)2.011O1-Pt11.996(6)1.991(7)2.020
O1i-Pt11.953(6)2.011O1i-Pt11.996(6)1.991(7)2.020
O1-C21.307(13)1.308O1-C11.291(10)1.292(10)1.306
C1-C21.418(11)1.434C1-C21.430(12)1.394(13)1.429
N1-C181.482(11)1.466N1-C181.479(11)1.479(11)1.466
N1-C171.294(12)1.303N1-C171.295(11)1.295(11)1.299
N1-O1*2.7232.826N1-O1*2.7722.7872.812
O1-H1*2.2692.495O1-H1*2.3512.3862.560
O1*-Pt1-N1*93.0(3)91.216O1*-Pt1-N1*92.4(3)91.8(3)92.20
O1-Pt1-N193.0(3)91.216O1-Pt1-N192.4(3)91.8(3)92.20
O1*-Pt1-N187.0(3)88.78O1*-Pt1-N187.6(3)88.2(3)87.80
N1-Pt1-N1*87.0(3)88.78N1-Pt1-N1*87.6(3)88.2(3)87.80
Table
Table 2. Photophysical parameters of the platinum complexes 2(Pt) and 1(Pt) and of their corresponding neutral ligands 1 and 2 in CH2Cl2 at 25 °C.
Table 2. Photophysical parameters of the platinum complexes 2(Pt) and 1(Pt) and of their corresponding neutral ligands 1 and 2 in CH2Cl2 at 25 °C.
Compoundsλabs (nm)εmax (M−1 cm−1)λem (nm)Φ (%)τ (ns)
143039006228.20.21
241149255536.40.66
1(Pt)52011,9006481.0130
2(Pt)51451646591.3530
Table
Table 3. Composition, energy (eV), calculated and experimental absorption wavelengths (nm), and oscillator strength (OS) of the relevant electronic transitions of ligands 1 and 2 and of platinum complexes 2(Pt) and 1(Pt) in CH2Cl2 (only transitions with: OS > 0.01 and composition >10% considered; H = HOMO, L = LUMO). a From Table 2.
Table 3. Composition, energy (eV), calculated and experimental absorption wavelengths (nm), and oscillator strength (OS) of the relevant electronic transitions of ligands 1 and 2 and of platinum complexes 2(Pt) and 1(Pt) in CH2Cl2 (only transitions with: OS > 0.01 and composition >10% considered; H = HOMO, L = LUMO). a From Table 2.
StateMain CompositionsEnergy
(eV)		Wavelength
(nm)		λexp
(nm) a		OS
Complex 2(Pt)
1H → L (97%)2.345305140.041
3H-1 → L (96%)2.84437 1.175
6H-2 → L + 1 (92%)3.17391 0.218
8H-3 → L + 1 (84%)3.39366 0.355
15H-6 → L (76%)3.94314 0.115
Complex 1(Pt)
1H → L (96%)2.425135200.104
4H-1 → L + 1 (93%) 3.03410 0.171
5H → L + 2 (95%)3.07403 0.589
9H-2 → L (58%), H-1 → L + 3 (29%)3.46358 0.875
10H-2 → L (34%), H-1 → L + 3 (60%)3.51353 0.018
Ligand 2
1H-1 → L (36%), H → L (57%)3.223854110.246
2H-1 → L(55%), H → L (38%)3.32373 0.436
5H → L + 1 (78%)4.33287 0.222
6H-2 → L (19%), H → L + 2 (63%)4.38283 0.020
7H-1 → L + 1 (36%), H-1 → L + 2 (18%), H → L + 3 (33%)4.62268 0.014
Ligand 1
1H → L (82%), H → L + 1 (12%)3.074044300.118
2H → L(11%), H → L + 1 (79%)3.49355 0.276
4H-1 → L(48%), H-1 → L + 1(31%) 4.25292 0.144
5H-1 → L(39%), H-1 → L + 1(46%)4.44279 1.263
6H-2 → L (76%)4.67266 0.074
Table
Table 4. Crystal data and structure refinement for the platinum complexes 2(Pt) and 1(Pt).
Table 4. Crystal data and structure refinement for the platinum complexes 2(Pt) and 1(Pt).
Complex2(Pt)1(Pt)
FormulaC48H48N2O2PtC50 H52N2O2Pt
M879.98908.03
Crystal Size/ mm0.04 × 0.03 × 0.030.13 × 0.08 × 0.05
Crystal ColorRedRed
λ/Å0.710750.71075
T/K173123
Crystal SystemMonoclinicTriclinic
Space GroupP21/cP-1
a/Å4.8015(9)11.146(4)
b/Å14.434(2)11.495(4)
c/Å27.072(5)17.015(6)
α/deg9085.512(7)
β/deg93.043(7)85.047(6)
γ/deg9064.606(5)
V/Å31873.6(6)1960.0(11)
Z22
ρ/g cm−11.5601.539
μ/mm−13.7883.624
θmax/deg27.5227.52
R10.05000.0544
wR20.23490.1170

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Luong, X.-D.; Nguyen, X.-T. Metal Complexes of π-Expanded Ligand (7): Syntheses, Structures and Properties of Pt(II) Complexes Containing the Isomeric 1- and 2-Alkyliminomethyl Pyrene Ligands. Crystals 2020, 10, 476. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10060476

AMA Style

Luong X-D, Nguyen X-T. Metal Complexes of π-Expanded Ligand (7): Syntheses, Structures and Properties of Pt(II) Complexes Containing the Isomeric 1- and 2-Alkyliminomethyl Pyrene Ligands. Crystals. 2020; 10(6):476. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10060476

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Luong, Xuan-Dien, and Xuan-Truong Nguyen. 2020. "Metal Complexes of π-Expanded Ligand (7): Syntheses, Structures and Properties of Pt(II) Complexes Containing the Isomeric 1- and 2-Alkyliminomethyl Pyrene Ligands" Crystals 10, no. 6: 476. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10060476

APA Style

Luong, X. -D., & Nguyen, X. -T. (2020). Metal Complexes of π-Expanded Ligand (7): Syntheses, Structures and Properties of Pt(II) Complexes Containing the Isomeric 1- and 2-Alkyliminomethyl Pyrene Ligands. Crystals, 10(6), 476. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10060476

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