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Article

Synthesis and Luminescence Properties of New Metal-Organic Frameworks Based on Zinc(II) Ions and 2,5-Thiophendicarboxylate Ligands

by
Anna Lysova
1,2,
Denis Samsonenko
1,2,
Danil Dybtsev
1,2 and
Vladimir Fedin
1,2,*
1
Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
2
Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Str., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crystals 2018, 8(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8010007
Submission received: 29 November 2017 / Revised: 21 December 2017 / Accepted: 22 December 2017 / Published: 24 December 2017
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crystal Structure Analysis of Supramolecular and Porous Solids)
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Abstract

:
Six new metal-organic frameworks based on 2,5-thiophendicarboxylate (tdc2–) and zinc(II) ions were prepared in different reaction conditions, and their crystal structures were determined by XRD analysis. The compound [Zn(tdc)(dabco)(H2O)]∙DMF (1) is based on mononuclear Zn(II) ions connected by tdc2– and dabco linkers into square-grid layered nets. The compound [Zn3(tdc)3(dabco)2] (2) is a rare example of monocoordinated dabco ligands in the metal-organic framework chemistry. Its crystal structure contains trinuclear linear carboxylate building units, connected into a distorted primitive cubic net. Similar trinuclear units were also found in [Zn5(tdc)4(Htdc)2(dabco)2]∙4DMF∙14H2O (3), although as a part of more complicated pentanuclear motives. The compound [Na2Zn(tdc)2(DMF)2] (4), quantitatively isolated by the addition of NaOH to the mixture of Zn(NO3)2 and H2tdc, is based on 1D chain motives, interconnected by tdc2– linkers into a three-dimensional framework. The compounds [Zn3(tdc)3(DMF)2]∙0.8DMF∙1.1H2O (5) and [Zn3(tdc)3(DMF)3]∙0.8DMF∙1.3H2O (6) were prepared in very similar reaction conditions, but with different times of heating, indirectly indicating higher thermodynamic stability of the three-dimensional metal-organic framework 6, compared to the two-dimensional metal-organic framework 5. The crystal structures of both 5 and 6 are based on the same trinuclear linear units as in 2. Luminescence properties of the compounds 4–6 were studied and compared with those for Na2tdc salt. In particular, the luminescence spectra of 4 practically coincide with those for the reference Na2tdc, while 5 and 6 exhibit coherent shifts of peaks to higher energies. Such hypsochromic shifts are likely associated with a different effective charge on the tdc2– anions in Na2tdc and sodium-containing 4, compared to zinc-based 5 and 6.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Porous coordination polymers (metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)) represent periodic one- (1D), two- (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) structures consisting of metal ions or polynuclear fragments connected by bridging organic ligands. For the last two decades, such compounds have been attracting a great deal of attention due to their fascinating properties and potential applications, such as luminescence sensing [1,2,3,4,5], storage and/or separation of a gases [6,7,8], heterogeneous catalysts [9,10,11], drug delivery [12,13,14], etc. To a large extent, such a variety of potential applications for MOFs is conditioned by the design of porous structures with a precise distribution of functional groups along the internal surface [15,16,17,18]. However, the rational synthesis of a target metal-organic framework is still a very challenging task since many critical reaction parameters, such as temperature, time, solvent composition and acidity/basicity of the reaction medium [19], are hard to understand and rationalize. A systematic analysis and investigation of the reciprocal relations between synthetic conditions, on the one hand, and a crystal structure of a product, on the other, comprise a continuously topical subject of inorganic chemistry, as well as material science. In this work, six new MOFs based on zinc(II) ions and 2,5-thiophendicarboxylates (tdc2−), isolated within a narrow range of reaction conditions, were obtained and characterized. The solid state photoluminescence studies suggest a ligand-centered nature of the corresponding electron transitions.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Reagents and Instruments

The reagents and solvents (zinc nitrate hexahydrate, ammonium oxalate monohydrate, sodium hydroxide, N,N′-dimethylformamide (DMF) (all from “Reactiv”, Novosibirsk, Russia), acetonitrile (MeCN) (“Cryochrom”, St. Petersburg, Russia), 2,5-thiophendicarboxylic acid (H2tdc, “TCI”, Tokyo, Japan), 1,4-diazobicyclo[2,2,2]octane (dabco), triethylamine (NMe3), ethylene glycol (all from “Sigma-Aldrich”, St. Louis, MI, USA) were at least of reagent grade and used as purchased without additional purification. FT-IR spectra were recorded in the range 400–4000 cm–1 for the KBr-pelleted samples on a VERTEX 80 spectrometer (“Bruker”, Billerica, MO, USA). The elemental analyses were obtained on an analyzer Vario MICRO Cube (“Elementar Analysensysteme”, Langenselbold, Germany). The powder X-ray diffraction data were obtained on a Shimadzu XRD 7000S powder diffractometer (Cu-Kα irradiation, “Shimadzu”, Duisburg, Germany). The thermogravimetric analyses were carried out in He or O2/Ar atmosphere on a NETZSCH TG 209 F1 thermoanalyzer (“NETZSCH”, Selb, Germany) with the heating rate of 10 deg/min. The luminescence spectra were recorded on a FluoroLog@-3 Photoluminescence Spectrometer (Horiba Jobin Yvon S.A.S., Villeneuve d’Ascq, France), equipped by a 450-W xenon lamp, an excitation/emission monochromator and an FL-1073 PMT detector. The excitation was performed with λex = 350 nm, and the emission was recorded at λem = 425 nm. Quantum yield was measured using an integrating sphere.

2.2. Single-Crystal X-ray Diffraction

The diffraction data for the compounds 1–6 were collected on an automated Agilent Xcalibur diffractometer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) equipped with a two-dimensional AtlasS2 detector (graphite monochromator, λ(MoKα) = 0.71073 Å, ω-scans). Integration, absorption correction and determination of unit cell parameters were performed using the CrysAlisPro program package [20]. The structures were solved by a dual space algorithm (SHELXT [21]) and refined by the full-matrix least squares technique (SHELXL [22]) in the anisotropic approximation (except hydrogen atoms). Positions of hydrogen atoms of organic ligands were calculated geometrically and refined in the riding model. In all structures, solvate guest molecules are highly disordered and could not be modeled as a set of discrete atomic sites. The final formula of the compound 3 was calculated from the data of the PLATON/SQUEEZE procedure [23] (1191 ē in 4359 Å3). The crystallographic data and details of the structure refinements are summarized in Table 1. Selected interatomic distances and valence angles are given in Tables S1–S6. CCDC 1586559–1586564 contain the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge from The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center at http://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif.

2.3. Synthetic Procedures and Analyses

2.3.1. Synthesis of [Zn(tdc)(dabco)(H2O)]∙DMF (1)

Zero-point-one-six grams (0.54 mmol) Zn(NO3)2∙6H2O, 0.046 g (0.27 mmol) H2tdc, 0.015 g (0.13 mmol) dabco and 0.038 g (0.27 mmol) ammonium oxalate monohydrate in 3.2 mL DMF were stirred with a magnetic stirrer for 1 h. An opaque solution was filtered, and NMe3 (9.3 μL, 0.067 mmol) was added to the supernatant. The mixture was homogenized in an ultrasonic bath and filtered again. The vial with the resulting supernatant solution was heated at 130 °C for 2 days. The product 1 was isolated as colorless plate single-crystals, whose crystal structure and chemical composition were established by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction method.

2.3.2. Synthesis of [Zn3(tdc)3(dabco)2] (2)

Zero-point-zero-eight grams (0.27 mmol) Zn(NO3)2∙6H2O, 0.046 g (0.27 mmol) H2tdc and 0.015 g (0.13 mmol) dabco in 2.0 mL DMF and 0.5 mL MeCN were stirred with a magnetic stirrer for 1 h. Then, 0.7 mL of ethylene glycol were added; the vial was closed and kept at 130 °C for 2 days. Some single crystals in the form of plates were isolated, and their crystal structure and chemical composition were established by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction method.

2.3.3. Synthesis of [Zn5(tdc)4(Htdc)2(dabco)2]∙4DMF∙14H2O (3)

Zero-point-zero-two grams (0.07 mmol) Zn(NO3)2∙6H2O, 0.013 g (0.07 mmol) H2tdc and 0.002 g (0.02 mmol) dabco in 1.4 mL DMF and 0.7 mL MeCN were stirred with a magnetic stirrer for 1 h. Then, 1.1 mL of ethylene glycol were added; the vial was closed and kept at 70 °C for 13 days. Some single thick rhombohedral plates were isolated (0.003 g, 2%), and their crystal structure and chemical composition were established by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction method and confirmed by an elemental analysis.
Elemental analyses. Found: C 34.3, H 4.4, N 5.6, S 9.0%. Calculated for [Zn5(tdc)4(Htdc)2(dabco)2]∙4DMF⋅14H2O: C 34.0, H 4.5, N 5.3, S 9.1%.

2.3.4. Synthesis of [Na2Zn(tdc)2(DMF)2] (4)

A microcrystalline powder of the compound 4 formed in the reaction of 0.08 g (0.27 mmol) Zn(NO3)2∙6H2O, 0.093 g (0.54 mmol) H2tdc and 0.022 g (0.54 mmol) NaOH in 3.2 mL DMF. The mixture was sonicated till a homogeneous suspension was formed, which was sealed in a vial and heated at 130 °C for 3 h. A microcrystalline powder was filtered, washed by DMF and dried in air. Yield: 0.16 g (ca. 99%). Elemental analyses: Found: C 36.0, H 3.0, N 4.7, S 11.4%. Calculated for [Na2Zn(tdc)2(DMF)2]: C 36.2, H 3.0, N 4.7, S 10.7%. TG analysis. Found (wt% loss): 6% at 70 °C, 23% at 280 °C. Calculated for 2 H2O: 6%, 2DMF: 23%. IR data (cm–1): 3862 (w), 3606 (w), 3347 (w), 3177 (w), 3101 (m), 3091 (w), 3058 (w), 2994 (w), 2953 (m), 2932 (m), 2863 (m), 2804 (w), 2788 (w), 2767 (m), 2582 (w), 2014 (w), 1833 (w), 1672 (s), 1592 (s), 1543 (w), 1533 (m), 1495 (w), 1469 (w), 1437 (w), 1385 (w), 1364 (s), 1342 (w), 1320 (w), 1252 (w), 1135 (m), 1096 (с), 1064 (w), 1036 (s), 924 (w), 848 (m), 810 (s), 774 (s), 685 (m), 662 (m), 572 (w), 5581 (w), 545 (w), 508 (m), 478 (w), 406 (w) (Figure S1).
The needle-like crystals of 4, suitable for single-crystal XRD, could be obtained in a slightly modified procedure. The above-mentioned homogeneous suspension was filtered, and a supernatant solution was heated in a sealed vial at 130 °C for 1 day. The needle-like crystals of 4 were isolated (0.02 g, 13%).
The compound 4 can be also obtained, although with notably lower yields not exceeding 60%, when other sodium(I) salts (NaNO3, NaClO4, NaCl, NaBr) are added to the reaction mixture instead of NaOH.

2.3.5. Synthesis of [Zn3(tdc)3(DMF)2]⋅0.8DMF⋅1.1H2O (5)

Zero-point-zero-six grams (0.20 mmol) Zn(NO3)2∙6H2O and 0.034 g (0.20 mmol) H2tdc in 3.2 mL DMF/MeCN mixture (1:1 by volume) were stirred with a magnetic stirrer for 1 h, followed by heating at 90 °C for 1 day in a sealed glass vial. The crystals in the form of rectangular plates with skew edges were filtered, washed by DMF and dried in air. Yield: 0.033 g (53%). Elemental analyses: Found: C 34.15, H 2.7, N 4.0, S 10.2%. Calculated for [Zn3(tdc)3(dmf)2]∙0.8DMF⋅1.1H2O: C 34.06, H 3.0, N 4.2, S 10.3%. TG analysis. Found (wt% loss): 6% at 165 °C, 16% at 265 °C. Calculated for 0.8 DMF: 6%, 2DMF: 16%. IR data (cm–1): 3398 (w), 3266 (w), 3111 (w), 2932 (w), 1670 (s), 1647 (w), 1622 (w), 1597 (w), 1575 (m), 1559 (s), 1532 (m), 1471 (w), 1383 (s), 1372 (s), 1309 (w), 1253 (w), 1204 (w), 1110 (m), 1064 (w), 1044 (w), 1024 (w), 841 (w), 823 (w), 811 (w), 767 (s), 682 (m), 572 (w), 522 (w), 500 (w), 466 (m), 379 (w) (Figure S2).

2.3.6. Synthesis of [Zn3(tdc)3(DMF)3]∙0.8DMF⋅1.3H2O (6)

The synthesis of 6 was carried out in an exactly the same conditions as for 5, but the resulting reaction mixture was heated at 90 °C for 2 days. The polyhedral crystals were filtered, washed by DMF and dried in air. Yield: 0.038 g (58%). Elemental analyses: Found: C 35.15, H 3.2, N 5.2, S 9.3%. Calculated for [Zn3(tdc)3(dmf)3]∙0.8DMF⋅1.3H2O: C 35.04, H 3.5, N 5.3, S 9.5%. TG analysis. Found (wt% loss): 22% at 260 °C. Calculated for 3DMF: 22%. IR data (cm–1): 3420 (w), 3113 (w), 2932 (m), 2817 (w), 2582 (w), 1668 (m), 1576 (m), 1528 (w), 1372 (s), 1252 (w), 1110 (s), 1048 (w), 1024 (w), 823 (m), 779 (w), 766 (s), 683 (s), 558 (w), 500 (w), 464 (w) (Figure S3).

3. Results

The colorless plane single crystals [Zn(tdc)(dabco)(H2O)]∙DMF (1, DMF = N,N′-dimethylformamide) were manually isolated out of the reaction mixture of Zn(NO3)2, 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid (H2tdc), 1,4-diazobicyclo[2,2,2]octane (dabco) and (NH4)2(C2O4) in DMF solvent. The crystal structure and chemical composition of 1 were established by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction method. The asymmetric unit of 1 contains a zinc(II) cation, the coordination environment of which consists of two N atoms of two dabco ligands and four O atoms of two carboxylate groups of two tdc2− anions and an aqua-ligand (Figure S4). Zn–O distances are in the range 2.016(3)–2.328(4) Å, and the Zn–N distance is 2.202(2) Å. One of the COO-groups is coordinated to zinc bidentately with one Zn–O distance being longer than another one. Each tdc2− anion connects with two Zn(II) cations to form a polymeric carboxylate chain. Polymeric chains connect with each other via bridging dabco ligands with the formation of metal-organic layers with a square-grid topology (sql), parallel to the ab plain (Figure 1). Such grids are packed one atop another (AAAA packing mode), forming open channels in the c crystallographic direction with a rectangular cross-section, which are filled with guest DMF molecules.
The colorless plate single crystals [Zn3(tdc)3(dabco)2] (2) were manually isolated out of the reaction mixture of Zn(NO3)2, H2tdc and dabco in the DMF/acetonitrile/ethylene glycol mixture. The crystal structure and chemical composition of 2 were established by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction method. The asymmetric unit in 2 contains two zinc(II) cations. Zn(1) is located in a distorted octahedral coordination environment of six O atoms of six tdc2− anions. Zn(2) has a distorted tetrahedral coordination environment, which consists of three O atoms of three tdc2− anions and one N atom of a terminal dabco ligand (Figure S5). The Zn–O distances are in the range 1.919(3)–2.117(5) Å, and the Zn–N distance is 2.049(3) Å. Zn(1) connects two Zn(2) via six bridging COO-groups to form a trinuclear unit {Zn3(μ2-RCOO)6(dabco)2} (Figure 2a), which in turn, are connected to each other via bridging tdc2− anions to form a 3D MOF (Figure 2b) with primitive-cubic topology (pcu).
The compound [Zn5(tdc)4(Htdc)2(dabco)2]∙4DMF∙14H2O (3) was prepared by heating of Zn(NO3)2, H2tdc and dabco in a DMF/acetonitrile/ethylene glycol mixture. The product was isolated as colorless thick rhombohedral plate single crystals with low yield, allowing the characterization of the compound by XRD and microelemental analyses only. The asymmetric unit of the structure 3 contains three Zn(II) cations. One Zn(1) and two Zn(2) cations connect each other via six bridging COO-groups of tdc2− anions to form trinuclear unit {Zn3(μ2-RCOO)6(dabco)2} similar to that found in the structure 2. The Zn(3) cation has a distorted tetrahedral coordination environment consisting of three O atoms of three tdc2− anions and one N atom of dabco ligand to form the tetrahedral {Zn(RCOO)3} coordination node (Figure S6). Zn–O distances are in the range 1.9298(17)–2.1033(17) Å, and Zn–N distances are 2.061(2) and 2.098(2) Å. Each {Zn3(μ2-RCOO)6(dabco)2} unit connects two mononuclear {Zn(RCOO)3} fragments via bridging dabco ligands to form complex pentanuclear blocks {Zn5(μ2-RCOO)6(dabco)2(RCOO)6} (Figure 3a). These blocks are interconnected via bridging tdc2− anions to form a 3D open metal-organic framework (Figure 3b) with complicated topology and high accessible void volume (46% by PLATON). The pores consist of two types of intersecting channels running along the b and c axes, respectively (Figure S7), filled with highly disordered solvent DMF and water molecules, whose composition was established by the PLATON SQUEEZE routine and microelemental analysis.
The compound [Na2Zn(tdc)2(DMF)2] (4) was obtained with almost quantitative yield by heating of Zn(NO3)2, H2tdc and NaOH in DMF solvent. Its crystal structure and chemical composition were established by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction method and confirmed by elemental, thermogravimetric analyses and IR data. An asymmetric unit of the structure 4 contains one Zn(II) cation and one Na(I) cation (Figure S8). The Na+ cation has a distorted octahedral coordination environment consisting six O atoms of one DMF molecule and five coordinated COO-groups. The Na–O distances are in the range 2.243(3)–2.647(2) Å. The Zn(II) cation also has a distorted octahedral coordination environment, which consists of six O atoms of five COO-groups. One of the COO-groups is coordinated to zinc bidentately with one Zn–O distance being longer than the other one. The Zn–O distances are in the range 1.981(4)–2.422(5) Å. Zn(II) and Na(I) cations are interconnected via bridging COO-groups to form polymeric carboxylate chains running along the c axis (Figure 4a). The chains are interconnected via bridging tdc2− anions along the a and b directions to form a 3D metal-organic framework (Figure 4b).
The powder X-ray diffraction data clearly support the phase purity of the sample (Figure 5). Microelemental (Carbon-Hydrogen-Nitrogen-Sulfur, CHNS) analyses, thermogravimetric analysis and FT-IR spectroscopy confirm the chemical formula of 4 and support the nature of the compound. The TGA of 4 shows a three-step decomposition curve (Figure S9). The first weight loss (6.0 mass. %) at 70 °C corresponds to two H2O molecules. The second step (23%) at 280 °C corresponds to the evaporation of two coordinated DMF molecules. The irreversible decomposition of the framework 4 takes place above 300 °C. The IR spectrum of 4 shows typical stretchings for carboxylate groups (1592 and 1364 cm−1), C–H valence vibrations (3101–2863 cm−1) and the characteristic peak for the C=O group of the DMF molecules (1672 cm–1) (Figure S1). Photoluminescence measurements of 4 reveal a broad excitation peak at λ = 375 nm (detection at 425 nm) and a broad emission peak at λ = 434 nm (excitation at 350 nm).
The compound [Zn3(tdc)3(DMF)2]∙0.8DMF∙1.1H2O (5) was prepared by solvothermal reaction of Zn(NO3)2 and H2tdc in a DMF/acetonitrile mixture at 90 °C. After one day, the product was isolated as colorless rectangular plate single crystals (Figure S10a), the structure and chemical composition of which were established by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction method and confirmed by elemental, thermogravimetric and IR analysis. The asymmetric unit of 5 contains three Zn(II) cations. Zn(1) and Zn(3) have distorted tetrahedral coordination environment consisting of four O atoms of three tdc2− anions and a DMF ligand (Figure S10). Zn(2) has a distorted octahedral coordination environment of six O atoms of six tdc2− anions. Zn–O distances are in the range 1.9223(15)–2.1911(15) Å. Zn(II) cations are interconnected via bridging COO-groups to form trinuclear unit {Zn3(μ2-RCOO)6} (Figure 6a). Such units are interconnected via bridging tdc2− anions to form trigonal metal-organic layers (hxl) running parallel to the ab plane (Figure 6b).
The powder X-ray diffraction data support the phase purity of the bulk sample (Figure 5). Microelemental (CHNS) analyses, thermogravimetric analysis and FT-IR spectroscopy confirm the chemical formula of 5 and support the nature of the compound. The TGA of 5 shows a three-step decomposition curve (Figure S11). The first weight loss (6.0 mass. %) at 165 °C corresponds to 0.8 DMF molecules. The second step (16%) at 265 °C corresponds to the evaporation of two coordinated DMF molecules. The irreversible decomposition of the framework 5 takes place above 320 °C. The IR spectrum of 5 shows typical stretchings for carboxylate groups (1559 and 1383 cm−1), C–H valence vibrations (3111 and 2932 cm−1), O–H vibrations (3398 cm−1) and the characteristic peak for the C=O group of the DMF molecules (1670 cm–1) (Figure S2). Photoluminescence measurements of 5 reveal a broad excitation peak at λ = 347 nm (detection at 425 nm) and a broad emission peak at λ = 416 nm (excitation at 350 nm).
The compound [Zn3(tdc)3(DMF)3]∙0.8DMF∙1.3H2O (6) was prepared by further heating of the crystals of 5 (vide infra) at 90 °C for one day. Overall, after two days of heating, the shape of the crystalline precipitate was changed to the 3D polyhedrons (Figure S10b). The product was isolated with moderate yield, and its crystal structure and chemical composition were established by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction method and confirmed by elemental, thermogravimetric and IR analysis. The asymmetric unit of the structure 6 contains three zinc(II) cations (Figure S12). Zn(1) has a distorted octahedral coordination environment consisting of six O atoms of four tdc2− anions and one DMF ligand. One of the COO-groups is coordinated to Zn(1) bidentately with one Zn–O distance being longer than the other one. Zn(2) has a distorted pentagonal pyramidal coordination environment consisting of five O atoms of three tdc2− anions and two DMF ligands. Zn(3) has a distorted octahedral coordination environment of five tdc2− anions, as one of the COO-groups is coordinated to Zn(3) in a bidentate manner. Zn–O distances are in the range 1.9746(14)–2.2615(15) Å. Zn(II) cations are interconnected via bridging carboxylate groups to form trinuclear linear unit {Zn3(μ2-RCOO)5(dmf)3(RCOO)2}. These units are further extended through a bridging carboxylate group into polymeric chains in a head-to-tail mode (i.e., Zn(1) of one trinuclear unit is always connected to Zn(2) of another one), running along the c axis (Figure 7a). Finally, these chains are interlinked by thiophenedicarboxylate bridges to form a 3D metal-organic framework with narrow triangular channels along the c axis (Figure 7b).
The powder X-ray diffraction data support the phase purity of the sample (Figure 5). Microelemental (CHNS) analyses, thermogravimetric analysis and FT-IR spectroscopy confirm the chemical formula of 6 and support the nature of the compound. The TGA of 6 shows a two-step decomposition curve (Figure S13). The first weight loss (22.0 mass. %) at 260 °C corresponds to the elimination of three coordinated DMF molecules. The irreversible thermolysis of the framework 6 starts above 320 °C. The IR spectrum of 6 shows typical stretchings for carboxylate groups (1576 and 1372 cm−1), C–H valence vibrations (3113 and 2932 cm−1), O–H vibrations (3420 cm−1) and the characteristic peak for the C=O group of the DMF molecules (1668 cm–1) (Figure S3). Photoluminescence measurements of 6 reveal a broad excitation peak at λ = 350 nm (detection at 425 nm) and broad emission peak at λ = 422 nm (excitation at 350 nm).

4. Discussion

Despite our numerous efforts, the crystalline phases of the coordination polymers 1 and 2 were always contaminated by another crystalline phase of zinc(II) thiophenedicarboxylate, whose structure and properties will be reported elsewhere. The compound 3 was obtained with marginally low yield, rendering impossible a full characterization of the compounds aside from the single-crystal X-ray diffraction and elemental (CHN) analyses. Among all conditions, only the reaction mixture of 4 was modified with the addition of various Na(I) compounds, which expectedly results in the incorporation of Na(I) cations into the coordination structure. Furthermore, the addition of base (NaOH), compared to the neutral salts (e.g., NaBr or NaNO3), facilitates a deprotonation of the 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid, thus greatly increasing the yield of 4 to a virtually quantitative one. Furthermore, the compounds 5 and 6 were obtained in very similar reaction conditions with the reaction time being the only factor. It indicates that the compound 5, which crystallizes after one day of heating, is a less thermodynamically stable product than the compound 6, which is formed after re-crystallization of 5 after another day of heating. The apparently greater stability of the phase 6 could result from an increased density and dimensionality of the metal-organic framework due to “polycondensation” of the isolated trinuclear building units {Zn3(RCOO)6}, found in 5, into infinite chains, featured in 6. Such an important interplay between the thermodynamics and kinetics of the formation of the crystals of MOFs is rarely reported in such chemistry [24,25].
Three reported compounds (2, 5, 6) are based solely on trinuclear carboxylate {Zn3(RCOO)6} linear building units, sometime referred to as “pin-wheel” complexes. Furthermore, the compound 3 contains these complexes as a part of more complicated pentanuclear motives. The trinuclear linear carboxylate blocks are rather common in zinc-organic frameworks, as well as in other MOFs [26] and often result in layered structures with a trigonal pattern of the 2D grids (hxl), as found in the compound 5. However, other topologies with higher (3D) dimensionalities may also be observed in such MOFs, distorted primitive-cubic (pcu), featured in 2, being a notable example [27]. The formation of terminal dabco molecules in 2 is surprising as this ligand is a very strong donor and tends to coordinate from both nitrogen atoms [28]. The most recent Crystal Structure Database (CSD ver. 5.38, updates May 2017) search reveals only 55 hits (12% out of the total 469 dabco-based coordination complexes) where mono-coordinating dabco ligands have ever been elucidated. The zinc(II)-containing MOF structures 1, 3 and 4 are rather unique as we fail to find any similar type of networks in the CSD.
The solid-state photoluminescence properties were studied for compounds 4–6 since these were obtainable in bulk amounts. As a reference, the luminescence spectrum of a sodium thiophenedicarboxylate salt Na2tdc was also recorded. Due to its ionic nature, the corresponding excitation/emission may only result from intraligand π↔π* electron transitions of the tdc2– anion. Both the excitation and emission spectra of the coordination polymers 4–6, as well as Na2tdc were found to be alike (Figure 8), indicating a similar nature of the luminescence. This is not to be unexpected since zinc(II) cations usually do not interfere with the nature of the ligand-centered electron transitions, not to mention spectroscopically innocent Na(I) ions. In particular, the maxima of the excitation (λ = 375 nm) and emission (λ = 434 nm) peaks for 4 coincide with those for the reference compound Na2tdc, which agrees with the markedly anionic nature of the tdc2– species in the sodium-containing 4. The peaks of the luminescence spectra for the zinc-based coordination polymers 5 and 6 exhibit a minor shift to higher energies. The recorded maxima for the compound 5 were observed at 347 and 416 nm for the excitation and emission lines, respectively, while for 6, these were found at 350 and 422 nm. Such hypsochromic shift of the peaks is plausibly related to a lower actual charge on the thiophenedicarboxylate anions in 5 and 6 as a result of a more covalent nature of the Zn–O coordination bonds, compared to mainly ionic Na–O bonds in 4 and Na2tdc. The measured intensities of the photoluminescence for all compounds were relatively low; however, we were able to determine the quantum yield ϕ = 2% for 6.

5. Conclusions

In summary, six new metal-organic frameworks based on 2,5-thiophendicarboxylic acid and zinc(II) ions were obtained in a rather narrow range of synthetic conditions. Moreover, a rarely reported kinetic vs. thermodynamic interplay was observed for two particular compounds as a longer reaction time results in a complete re-crystallization of a less stable structure into a new product. Four out of six compounds feature trinuclear linear carboxylate building units {Zn3(RCOO)6}, which are rather common in MOF chemistry, interconnected into different types of topologies. Interestingly, in one compound, such units were found to be decorated by mono-coordinated dabco ligands. The solid state photoluminescence measurements reveal the influence of the chemical composition on the luminescence properties of the investigated materials as lower energies (longer wavelengths) of the peaks were detected for sodium(I)-containing compounds.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/8/1/7, Table S1: Selected bond lengths and angles for 1; Table S2: Selected bond lengths and angles for 2; Table S3: Selected bond lengths and angles for 3; Table S4: Selected bond lengths and angles for 4; Table S5: Selected bond lengths and angles for 5; Table S6: Selected bond lengths and angles for 6; Figure S1: IR spectrum of compound 4; Figure S2: IR spectrum of compound 5; Figure S3: IR spectrum of compound 6; Figure S4: Coordination environment of Zn(II) cation in the structure 1. Ellipsoids of 50% probability. Hydrogen atoms are omitted. Symmetry codes for related atoms: (i) ½ − x, ½ − y, z; (ii) x, 1 − y, z; (iii) ½ − x, ½ + y, z; (iv) −x, 1 − y, z; (v) 1 − x, 1 − y, 1 – z; Figure S5: Coordination environment of Zn(II) cations in the structure 2. Ellipsoids of 50% probability. Hydrogen atoms are omitted. Symmetry codes for related atoms: (i) 1 − x, y − ½, ½ − z; (ii) 1 − x, 1 − y, −z; (iii) x, 3/2 − y, z − ½; (iv) x − 1, y, z; (v) 2 − x, 1 − y, −z; Figure S6: Coordination environment of Zn(II) cations in the structure 3. Ellipsoids of 50% probability. Hydrogen atoms are omitted. Alternative disposition of tdc2− anions is shown by a dashed line. Symmetry codes for related atoms: (i) −x, 1− y, 1 − z; (ii) ½ − x, ½ − y, 1 − z; (iii) ½ + x, y − ½, z; (iv) ½ − x, ½ + y, 3/2 − z; (v) ½ − x, ½ + y, ½ − z; Figure S7: Representation of void space in the structure 3; Figure S8: Coordination environment of Zn(II) and Na+ cations in the structure 4. Ellipsoids of 50% probability. Hydrogen atoms are omitted. Alternative disposition of tdc2- anions and DMF molecules are shown by a dashed line. Symmetry codes for related atoms: (i) ½ − x, y, z; (ii) x, y, 1 + z; (iii) x, ½ + y, ½ + z; (iv) x, y, z − 1; (v) x, ½ + y, z − ½; (vi) ½ − x, y, z − 1; (vii) 1 − x, 1 − y, z; Figure S9: TG curve of compound 4, Figure S10. (a) Crystals of 5; (b) crystals of 6; Figure S10. Coordination environment of Zn(II) cations in the structure 5. Ellipsoids of 50% probability. Hydrogen atoms are omitted. Symmetry codes for related atoms: (i) 3/2 − x, ½ + y, ½ − z; (ii) ½ − x, ½ − y, ½ − z; (iii) x, 1 + y, z; Figure S11: TG curve of compound 5; Figure S12: Coordination environment of Zn(II) cations in the structure 6. Ellipsoids of 50% probability. Hydrogen atoms are omitted. Symmetry codes for related atoms: (i) 1 − x, y − ½, ½ − z; (ii) −x, ½ + y, ½ − z; (iii) x, ½ − y, z − ½; (iv) x, 3/2 − y, z − ½; Figure S13: TG curve of compound 6. Crystallographic data for the structural analysis have been deposited with the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, CCDC Nos. 1586559–1586564. Copies of the data can be obtained free of charge from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, U.K. (fax: +44-1223-336-033; e-mail: [email protected]).

Acknowledgments

The work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Project No. 14-23-00013). The authors are grateful to Alexey Ryadun for luminescence measurements.

Author Contributions

Danil Dybtsev and Vladimir Fedin conceived of and designed the experiments. Anna Lysova carried out the synthesis. Denis Samsonenko performed the X-ray structure determination and analyzed the results.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; nor in the decision to publish the results.

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Crystals 08 00007 g001 550
Figure 1. Fragment of the polymeric layer in the structure 1. Hydrogen atoms are omitted. Zn(II) cations are shown with green balls.
Figure 1. Fragment of the polymeric layer in the structure 1. Hydrogen atoms are omitted. Zn(II) cations are shown with green balls.
Crystals 08 00007 g001
Crystals 08 00007 g002 550
Figure 2. (a) Structure of a three-nuclear unit in the structure 2; (b) crystal packing in the structure 2. Hydrogen atoms are omitted. Only one of the possible orientations of tdc2- ligands is shown. Zn(II) cations are shown with green balls.
Figure 2. (a) Structure of a three-nuclear unit in the structure 2; (b) crystal packing in the structure 2. Hydrogen atoms are omitted. Only one of the possible orientations of tdc2- ligands is shown. Zn(II) cations are shown with green balls.
Crystals 08 00007 g002
Crystals 08 00007 g003 550
Figure 3. (a) Structure of a five-nuclear unit in the structure 3; (b) crystal packing of the structure 3. Hydrogen atoms are omitted. Only one of the possible orientations of tdc2− ligands is shown. Zn(II) cations are shown with green balls.
Figure 3. (a) Structure of a five-nuclear unit in the structure 3; (b) crystal packing of the structure 3. Hydrogen atoms are omitted. Only one of the possible orientations of tdc2− ligands is shown. Zn(II) cations are shown with green balls.
Crystals 08 00007 g003
Crystals 08 00007 g004 550
Figure 4. (a) Fragment of a polymeric chain in the structure 4; (b) crystal packing of the structure 4. Hydrogen atoms are omitted. Only one of the possible orientations of tdc2− ligands and DMF molecules is shown. Zn(II) cations are shown with green balls, and Na+ cations are shown with violet balls.
Figure 4. (a) Fragment of a polymeric chain in the structure 4; (b) crystal packing of the structure 4. Hydrogen atoms are omitted. Only one of the possible orientations of tdc2− ligands and DMF molecules is shown. Zn(II) cations are shown with green balls, and Na+ cations are shown with violet balls.
Crystals 08 00007 g004
Crystals 08 00007 g005 550
Figure 5. Powder X-ray diffraction data for compounds 4 (black), 5 (red) and 6 (blue). The experimental data (normal graphs) were collected at room temperature. The theoretical plots (reverse graphs) are simulated from the corresponding single-crystal X-ray diffraction data, collected at 130 K.
Figure 5. Powder X-ray diffraction data for compounds 4 (black), 5 (red) and 6 (blue). The experimental data (normal graphs) were collected at room temperature. The theoretical plots (reverse graphs) are simulated from the corresponding single-crystal X-ray diffraction data, collected at 130 K.
Crystals 08 00007 g005
Crystals 08 00007 g006 550
Figure 6. (a) Structure of a three-nuclear unit in the structure 5; (b) fragment of the polymeric layer in the structure 5. Hydrogen atoms are omitted. Zn(II) cations are shown with green balls.
Figure 6. (a) Structure of a three-nuclear unit in the structure 5; (b) fragment of the polymeric layer in the structure 5. Hydrogen atoms are omitted. Zn(II) cations are shown with green balls.
Crystals 08 00007 g006
Crystals 08 00007 g007 550
Figure 7. (a) Fragment of a polymeric chain in the structure 6; (b) crystal packing in the structure 6. Hydrogen atoms are omitted. Zn(II) cations are shown with green balls.
Figure 7. (a) Fragment of a polymeric chain in the structure 6; (b) crystal packing in the structure 6. Hydrogen atoms are omitted. Zn(II) cations are shown with green balls.
Crystals 08 00007 g007
Crystals 08 00007 g008 550
Figure 8. Solid-state luminescence spectra of the compounds 4–6. The emission spectra are shown with solid lines (λex = 350 nm), and the excitation spectra are shown with dashed lines (λem = 425 nm).
Figure 8. Solid-state luminescence spectra of the compounds 4–6. The emission spectra are shown with solid lines (λex = 350 nm), and the excitation spectra are shown with dashed lines (λem = 425 nm).
Crystals 08 00007 g008
Table
Table 1. Crystal data and structure refinement for 1–6, 130 K.
Table 1. Crystal data and structure refinement for 1–6, 130 K.
Compound123456
CCDC deposition number158655915865601586561158656215865631586564
Empirical formulaC15H23N3O6SZnC30H30N4O12S3Zn3C60H94N8O42S6Zn5C18H18N2Na2O10S2ZnC26H23N3O14S3Zn3C27H27N3O15S3Zn3
M, g/mol438.79930.872128.16597.81893.76925.80
Crystal system OrthorhombicMonoclinicMonoclinicOrthorhombicMonoclinicMonoclinic
Space group Cmm2P21/cC2/cAma2P21/nP21/c
a, Å20.7976(8)10.3232(4)26.8663(7)21.4918(6)16.8119(5)17.7558(4)
b, Å14.0097(6)17.9750(4)19.2844(4)18.8280(5)9.6409(2)9.7309(2)
c, Å6.0284(2)10.5364(4)18.3894(4)5.76625(15)21.1725(6)21.0282(5)
β, deg.90113.613(4)99.832(2)90108.925(3)103.575(2)
V, Å31756.48(12)1791.43(12)9387.6(4)2333.30(11)3246.17(16)3531.75(14)
Z424444
D(calc.), g/cm31.6591.7261.5061.7021.8291.741
μ, mm−11.5562.2341.4811.3272.4652.271
F(000)9129444388121618001872
Crystal size, mm0.48 × 0.09 × 0.030.29 × 0.08 × 0.030.28 × 0.26 × 0.140.45 × 0.15 × 0.050.17 × 0.15 × 0.050.25 × 0.21 × 0.09
θ range for data collection, deg.3.28–28.833.74–29.663.41–29.563.57–29.103.32–29.563.42–29.01
Index ranges−28 ≤ h ≤ 20, −19 ≤ k ≤ 17, −7 ≤ l ≤ 7−10 ≤ h ≤ 14, −24 ≤ k ≤ 17, −13 ≤ l ≤ 13−25 ≤ h ≤ 34, −26 ≤ k ≤ 19, −25 ≤ l ≤ 22−28 ≤ h ≤ 24, −16 ≤ k ≤ 23, −6 ≤ l ≤ 7−22 ≤ h ≤ 16, −13 ≤ k ≤ 12, −21 ≤ l ≤ 29−23 ≤ h ≤ 23, −10 ≤ k ≤ 12, −28 ≤ l ≤ 23
Reflections collected / independent3486 / 17979004 / 423326598 / 111624891 / 230217138 / 766717555 / 7800
Rint0.01850.01930.02600.01780.02420.0238
Reflections with I > 2σ(I)]171334919856229164696807
Goodness-of-fit on F21.0311.0541.0891.2761.0381.031
Final R indices [I > 2σ(I)]R1 = 0.0233, wR2 = 0.0576R1 = 0.0450, wR2 = 0.1045R1 = 0.0391, wR2 = 0.0977R1 = 0.0582, wR2 = 0.1593R1 = 0.0271, wR2 = 0.0584R1 = 0.0271, wR2 = 0.0599
R indices (all data)R1 = 0.0251, wR2 = 0.0584R1 = 0.0578, wR2 = 0.1117R1 = 0.0454, wR2 = 0.1008R1 = 0.0584, wR2 = 0.1594R1 = 0.0371, wR2 = 0.0620R1 = 0.0343, wR2 = 0.0630
Largest diff. peak / hole, e/Å30.336 / −0.2861.161 / −0.7320.820 / −0.6380.874 / −1.4370.544 / −0.3760.525 / −0.402

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MDPI and ACS Style

Lysova, A.; Samsonenko, D.; Dybtsev, D.; Fedin, V. Synthesis and Luminescence Properties of New Metal-Organic Frameworks Based on Zinc(II) Ions and 2,5-Thiophendicarboxylate Ligands. Crystals 2018, 8, 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8010007

AMA Style

Lysova A, Samsonenko D, Dybtsev D, Fedin V. Synthesis and Luminescence Properties of New Metal-Organic Frameworks Based on Zinc(II) Ions and 2,5-Thiophendicarboxylate Ligands. Crystals. 2018; 8(1):7. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8010007

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lysova, Anna, Denis Samsonenko, Danil Dybtsev, and Vladimir Fedin. 2018. "Synthesis and Luminescence Properties of New Metal-Organic Frameworks Based on Zinc(II) Ions and 2,5-Thiophendicarboxylate Ligands" Crystals 8, no. 1: 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8010007

APA Style

Lysova, A., Samsonenko, D., Dybtsev, D., & Fedin, V. (2018). Synthesis and Luminescence Properties of New Metal-Organic Frameworks Based on Zinc(II) Ions and 2,5-Thiophendicarboxylate Ligands. Crystals, 8(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8010007

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