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Polymers
Volume 17
Issue 3
10.3390/polym17030395
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Tackling the Problem of Tendon Adhesions: Physical Barriers Prepared from α-Amino Acid-Based Poly(ester amide)s

by
Sofia Saraiva
1,
Francisca Rénio
1,
Patrícia Pereira
1,2,
Patrícia Santos
1,
Carlos T. B. Paula
1,2,
Amílcar Ramalho
3,
Arménio C. Serra
1 and
Ana C. Fonseca
1,*
1
Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), ARISE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Pólo II, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
2
IPN, Instituto Pedro Nunes, Associação para a Inovação e Desenvolvimento em Ciência e Tecnologia, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal
3
Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), ARISE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Pólo II, Rua Luís Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Polymers 2025, 17(3), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17030395
Submission received: 7 December 2024 / Revised: 25 January 2025 / Accepted: 29 January 2025 / Published: 1 February 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymeric Membrane Science and Surface Modification Technologies)
Versions Notes

Abstract

In this work, electrospun membranes of α-amino acid based poly(ester amide)s (AAA-PEAs) from L-alanine (PEA_ala) or L-phenylalanine (PEA_phe) were successfully prepared to be used as physical barriers in the orthopedic field. Also, blends of these two polymers were used in different weight ratios (25:75, 50:50 and 75:25) to obtain physical barriers with different properties. All membranes had a suitable pore size to prevent fibroblast infiltration, and their porosity and permeability values were in a range that allowed the passage of nutrients. The membrane made from a blend of 25%wt of PEA_ala and 75% wt of PEA_phe showed the highest value of swelling capacity, suggesting a higher lubricant feature. The same membrane suffered a more pronounced degradation, as evidenced by the in vitro enzymatic degradation tests. All membranes showed suitable toughness values, a crucial property with regard to application. In vitro cytotoxicity tests performed with a NIH3T3 fibroblast cell line revealed decreased cell viability after 7 days, suggesting that these membranes are not ideal substrates to promote fibroblast adhesion and proliferation. These membranes as physical barriers represent a significant advance in the field given the limited literature on electrospun AAA-PEAs and their use to prevent tendon adhesion.
Keywords: poly(ester amide)s; α-amino acids; electrospinning; tendon adhesions poly(ester amide)s; α-amino acids; electrospinning; tendon adhesions

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MDPI and ACS Style

Saraiva, S.; Rénio, F.; Pereira, P.; Santos, P.; Paula, C.T.B.; Ramalho, A.; Serra, A.C.; Fonseca, A.C. Tackling the Problem of Tendon Adhesions: Physical Barriers Prepared from α-Amino Acid-Based Poly(ester amide)s. Polymers 2025, 17, 395. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17030395

AMA Style

Saraiva S, Rénio F, Pereira P, Santos P, Paula CTB, Ramalho A, Serra AC, Fonseca AC. Tackling the Problem of Tendon Adhesions: Physical Barriers Prepared from α-Amino Acid-Based Poly(ester amide)s. Polymers. 2025; 17(3):395. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17030395

Chicago/Turabian Style

Saraiva, Sofia, Francisca Rénio, Patrícia Pereira, Patrícia Santos, Carlos T. B. Paula, Amílcar Ramalho, Arménio C. Serra, and Ana C. Fonseca. 2025. "Tackling the Problem of Tendon Adhesions: Physical Barriers Prepared from α-Amino Acid-Based Poly(ester amide)s" Polymers 17, no. 3: 395. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17030395

APA Style

Saraiva, S., Rénio, F., Pereira, P., Santos, P., Paula, C. T. B., Ramalho, A., Serra, A. C., & Fonseca, A. C. (2025). Tackling the Problem of Tendon Adhesions: Physical Barriers Prepared from α-Amino Acid-Based Poly(ester amide)s. Polymers, 17(3), 395. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17030395

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