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Article

In Silico Identification and Expression Analysis of Nuclear Factor Y (Nf-Y) Transcription Factors in Cucumber

by
Lianghai Chen
1,†,
Yong Zhou
1,2,†,
Wei Lai
3,
Lifang Hu
2,3,
Lunwei Jiang
1 and
Shiqiang Liu
1,*
1
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
2
Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
3
College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Agronomy 2020, 10(2), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020236
Submission received: 30 December 2019 / Revised: 29 January 2020 / Accepted: 30 January 2020 / Published: 5 February 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Improvement of Vegetable Crops)
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Abstract

:
The nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) transcription factors (TFs) play vital regulatory roles in diverse developmental processes and responses to abiotic stresses in plants. However, the NF-Y genes remain largely unknown in cucumber. In this study, based on phylogenetic and protein structure analyses, we identified 27 CsaNF-Y members of this gene family in the cucumber genome, including 7 NF-YAs, 13 NF-YBs, and 7 NF-YCs. Their chromosome locations, gene structures, conserved domains, gene duplication, and promoter regions containing stress- and hormone-responsive cis-elements were also analyzed. As reported earlier, RNA-seq data showed that the expression of some CsaNF-Y genes was tissue-specific and varied during fruit development. The qRT-PCR results showed that all the detected CsaNF-Y genes were differentially regulated by drought and salt stress. Taken together, our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of CsaNF-Y genes in the development and abiotic stress response of cucumber and lay the foundation for future crop improvement.

1. Introduction

Nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) transcription factors (TFs), also known as heme activator protein (HAP) or CCAAT-binding factor (CBF), are present in nearly all eukaryotes [1,2,3]. NF-Y TFs consist of three distinct subunits: NF-YA (HAP2 or CBF-B), NF-YB (HAP3 or CBF-A), and NF-YC (HAP5 or CBF-C), which are characterized by their conserved domains and sequence lengths [4,5]. Each of NF-Y TFs contain highly evolutionarily conserved domains in their central regions for DNA binding and NF-Y subunit interaction to form heterotrimeric complexes. In mammals and plants, NF-YB and NF-YC can form a dimer in the cytoplasm, and then this dimer is transferred into the nucleus to interact with NF-YA to form a NF-YA/NF-YB/NF-YC heterotrimer complex, which could bind to the CCAAT box in eukaryotic promoter regions to activate or inhibit the expression of downstream target genes [2,6,7].
Among yeast and mammals, each subunit of the NF-YA, NF-YB, and NF-YC proteins is encoded by a single gene, while each subunit of NF-Y protein is encoded by a multigene family in plants [8,9], suggesting that all the three types of NF-Y genes have undergone multiple duplications in plants. For example, 36 and 34 NF-Y genes were identified in Arabidopsis and rice (over 10 genes for each subunit), respectively [10,11]. In recent years, the NF-Y gene family has been identified and characterized in a number of plant species, including 23 NF-Y genes in barley (Hordeum vulgare) [12], 24 in Citrus grandis [13], 24 in peach (Prunus persica) [14], 25 in castor bean (Ricinus communis) [15], 35 in tea plant (Camellia sinensis) [16], 42 in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) [17], 44 in banana (Musa acuminata) [18], and 51 in cassava (Manihot esculenta) [19]. Many reports have shown that NF-Y TFs are involved in various physiological and biochemical processes of plants, such as flowering [20,21], seed germination [22], hypocotyl elongation [23], photomorphogenesis [24], root development [25,26], and grain filling and endosperm development [27,28,29]. In addition, the NF-Y TFs have been found to play critical roles in responses to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses [2,5,19], and the biological functions of some NF-Y TFs in regulating plants’ responses to various abiotic stresses have been studied in detail. For example, maize ZmNF-YA3 was found to have dual functions in photoperiod-dependent flowering and drought and high-temperature tolerance through binding to the promoter of FLOWERING LOCUS T-like12 (FT-like12) and interacting with several important TFs in JA- and ABA-associated signaling pathways [30]. A wheat nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) B subfamily gene TaNF-YB3;l can also confer tolerance to drought stress through the modulation of an ABA-signaling pathway [31].
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is one of the worldwide popular vegetable crops, and belongs to the genus Cucumis in Cucurbitaceae, which is prone to be threatened by various abiotic stresses [32]. Therefore, identification and characterization of genes related to stress resistance in cucumber would be of great significance to the improvement of resistance, yield, and quality of cucumber plants in future cucumber planting. In this study, we performed the genome-wide identification and systematic analysis of NF-Y TFs in cucumber, including genome distributions, gene and protein structures, phylogenetic relationships, and promoter sequences. Moreover, the expression patterns of the CsaNF-Y genes in various tissues and fruit development stages, as well as in response to various abiotic stress treatments were also determined. The results will provide a basis for further revealing the biological roles of CsaNF-Y genes in the development and stress responses of cucumber.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Plant Materials and Abiotic Stress Treatments

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. var. sativus cv. 9930) was used in this study. Two-week-old cucumber seedlings were subjected to abiotic stress treatments including drought and salt as described in our previous study [32]. In brief, the seedlings were treated with 10% PEG-6000 (Sigma–Aldrich, Shanghai, China) and 200 mM NaCl to induce drought stress and salt stress, respectively. The leaf samples were collected at different time points (0, 6, 12, and 24 h), and each sample was harvested from over 10 plants with three biological replicates. All of the samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80 °C until use.

2.2. Identification and Protein Property Analysis of NF-Y Members in Cucumber

The Hidden Markov model (HMM) of the NF-Y conserved domains (PF02045 and PF00808) were downloaded from Pfam database (http://pfam.xfam.org/), and then used as Blast queries to search against the cucumber proteome (version 2.0, http://cucurbitgenomics.org/organism/2) using HMMER software (http://hmmer.org) with an E-value of 1e−5. In addition, the amino acid sequences of the Arabidopsis NF-Y proteins were downloaded from TAIR (http://www.arabidopsis.org/) based on a previous report [10], and also used as query sequences for Blast searching against the cucumber proteome. After removal of the redundant sequences, the remaining sequences were checked by the Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool (SMART) (http://smart.embl-heidelberg.de/) to scan the complete NF-Y domains. The protein properties of NF-Y members, such as number of amino acids, molecular weight (MW), isoelectric points (pI), and grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY), were examined with the ProtParam program (http://web.expasy.org/protparam).

2.3. Chromosomal Location, Sequence Alignment, and Phylogenetic Analysis

The chromosomal locations of the cucumber NF-Y genes were obtained in the cucumber genome database (http://cucurbitgenomics.org/organism/2), and drawn with the MapChart software (https://www.wur.nl/en/show/Mapchart.htm) as previously described [33]. Duplication analysis was conducted using MCScanX software (http://chibba.pgml.uga.edu/mcscan2), and tandem and segmental duplication events were determined based on the previous description [34]. For sequence alignment of cucumber NF-Y proteins, their amino acid sequences were aligned using MAFFT (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/msa/mafft/) with default settings and visualized with GeneDoc. Moreover, multiple sequence alignments of NF-Y proteins from cucumber, Arabidopsis thaliana, and rice were also carried out with MAFFT, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining (NJ) algorithm in MEGA 7.0 (https://www.megasoftware.net) with the bootstrap of 1000 replicates [35].

2.4. Gene Structure and Promoter Region Analysis

For gene structure analysis, the mRNA sequences and corresponding genomic DNA (gDNA) sequences of cucumber NF-Y genes were retrieved from the cucumber genome database, and the gene structures were determined by comparing the mRNA and gDNA sequences using GSDS tool (http://gsds.cbi.pku.edu.cn/). For promoter region analysis, the cis-elements in the 2.0 kb upstream region from translation start code ATG of each cucumber NF-Y gene were investigated using the PlantCARE tool (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/).

2.5. Expression Analysis of Cucumber NF-Y Genes With RNA-seq Data

For analysis of the cucumber NF-Y genes in different tissues, the RNA-seq data from ten different tissues (unexpanded ovary, fertilized ovary, unfertilized ovary, root, stem, leaf, male flower, female flower, tendril, and basal tendril) were retrieved in Sequence Read Archive under BioProject PRJNA80169 [36]. The expression of the cucumber NF-Y genes was analyzed based on these data, and the expression values were indicated as the RPKM values. To analyze the cucumber NF-Y genes during fruit ripening, the RPKM values of each NF-Y gene in leaves and fruits (10 days after pollination, 10 DAP; 20 DAP; 30 DAP; and 40 DAP) were obtained in the fruitENCODE database (http://www.epigenome.cuhk.edu.hk/encode.html). The expression values were log2-transformed and the heat maps were created with the TBtools software [37].

2.6. RNA Extraction and Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR)

Total RNA was isolated using the Eastep Super Total RNA Extraction Kit (Promega, Madison, WA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocols. The genomic DNA contamination was eliminated by RNase-free DNase I (TianGen, Beijing, China), and the first-strand cDNA was obtained using the M-MLV reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The qRT-PCR was performed using the TB Green Premix Ex TaqII Kit (TaKaRa Biotechnology, Dalian, China) and the amplification program was set as previously described [32]. Three biological replicates were performed to test the expression of all the selected genes. Their relative transcript levels were calculated with the 2−ΔΔCT method by using CsACT3 as an internal reference [38]. The qRT-PCR data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance using Tukey’s “Honest Significant Difference” method, and the significance was set at P < 0.05. Gene-specific primers used for qRT-PCR are presented in Table S1.

3. Results

3.1. Genome-Wide Identification of the NF-Y Gene Family in Cucumber

After the removal of redundant sequences and conserved domain analysis, 27 NF-Y genes were identified in the cucumber genome, including 7 NF-YAs, 13 NF-YBs, and 7 NF-YCs, which were named in accordance with their positions and relative distance on cucumber chromosomes (Table 1). The gDNA and CDS lengths of the identified CsaNF-Y genes ranged from 357 bp (CsaNF-YB3) to 5290 bp (CsaNF-YA4), and 357 bp (CsaNF-YB3) to 1035 bp (CsaNF-YA4), respectively. Besides, these genes encoded proteins ranging from 118 (CsaNF-YB3) to 344 (CsaNF-YA4) amino acids in length, and the MWs and pIs values of CsaNF-Y proteins varied from 13.09 to 38.98 kDa and 4.68 to 9.53, respectively (Table 1). The grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY) values of the CsaNF-Y proteins were calculated to be lower than 0 except for CsaNF-YC2 (Table 1), suggesting that they are hydrophilic.

3.2. Phylogenetic Analysis, Chromosomal Location, and Gene Duplication of the NF-Y Gene Family

To further understand the phylogenetic relationships of NF-Y proteins between cucumber and other plant species, a phylogenetic tree was generated with the NF-Y amino acid sequences from cucumber, Arabidopsis [10,39], and rice [11]. As shown in the phylogenetic tree (Figure 1), these NF-Y proteins could be classified into three subfamilies named as NF-YA, NF-YB, and NF-YC, which was in accordance with our identification results. In addition, cucumber NF-Ys displayed closer relationships with AtNF-Ys than with OsNF-Ys (Figure 1).
All the CsaNF-Y genes were distributed throughout all seven chromosomes of cucumber, except for chromosome 2 (Figure 2). Chromosomes 3 and 6 harbored the largest number of CsaNF-Y genes (seven genes each), followed by chromosome 1 (five genes), and two chromosomes (chromosomes 4 and 7) each contained three CsaNF-Y genes, while chromosome 5 harbored the fewest CsaNF-Y genes (two genes) (Figure 2).
To identify potential segmental and tandem duplications within the cucumber genome, we assessed the duplication events among the identified CsaNF-Y genes using the criteria from a previous study [34]. Tandem duplication was detected for one pair of CsaNF-Y genes, CsaNF-YB6 and CsaNF-YB7, whereas segmental duplication was found for four pairs of genes, including CsaNF-YA1 and CsaNF-YA5, CsaNF-YA1 and CsaNF-YA7, CsaNF-YB5 and CsaNF-YB11, and CsaNF-YB8 and CsaNF-YB10 (Figure 2).

3.3. Conserved Domain Analysis of CsaNF-Y Proteins

Full-length CsaNF-YAs, CsaNF-YBs, and CsaNF-YCs were aligned by MAFFT to determine the evolutionarily conserved domains for DNA-binding and NF-Y subunit interaction. The multiple alignment results revealed that a heterodimerization domain (for interaction with other subunit of NF-Y) and a DNA-binding domain (for recognition of CCAAT binding sites) were commonly found in CsaNF-Y proteins, and these domains of CsaNF-YAs were found to be much more conserved than those of CsaNF-YBs and CsaNF-YCs (Figure 3). The CsaNF-YA proteins contained two highly conserved sub-domains, one domain for interaction with NF-YB/C and one domain for DNA binding, which were separated by a relatively conserved linker (Figure 3A). In addition, three histidine (H) and three arginine (R) residues were present in DNA binding domain of the majority of the CsaNF-YAs, while CsaNF-YA2 had obviously different residues from other six CsaNF-YA members in DNA binding domain (Figure 3A). Furthermore, the core histone structures including the HFM (histone fold motif) of the core histone H2B and H2A were present in CsaNF-YB and CsaNF-YC proteins, respectively (Figure 3B,C). CsaNF-YB proteins contained a DNA-binding domain, a NF-YA interaction domain, and a NF-YC interaction domain, and the region of the NF-YC interaction domain was so long that it overlapped with the NF-YA interaction and DNA-binding domains (Figure 3B). Most CsaNF-YC proteins contained one DNA-binding domain, two NF-YA interaction domains and one NF-YB interaction domain. The two NF-YA interaction domains were separated by the NF-YB interaction domain, and the DNA-binding domain was embedded in the first NF-YA interaction domain (Figure 3C).

3.4. Gene Structure Analysis of CsaNF-Y Genes

To determine the exon–intron structures of the CsaNF-Y genes, we compared the mRNA sequences with the corresponding gDNA sequences by GSDS tool. As a result, the intron numbers of CsaNF-Y genes varied from 0 to 5 (Figure 4). Most CsaNF-YA genes contained four introns, with the exception of CsaNF-YA2 and CsaNF-YA4, which had two and five introns, respectively. Among the CsaNF-YB genes, three contained four introns (CsaNF-YB1, CsaNF-YB8, and CsaNF-YB10), one contained two introns (CsaNF-YB12), two contained only one intron (CsaNF-YB5 and CsaNF-YB7), while seven other CsaNF-YB genes were intronless (Figure 4). As for the CsaNF-YC genes, the largest number of introns was found for CsaNF-YC3 and CsaNF-YC6 (five introns); CsaNF-YC7 and CsaNF-YC4 contained one and two introns, respectively; while CsaNF-YC1, CsaNF-YC2, and CsaNF-YC5 had no intron (Figure 4).

3.5. Bioinformatics Analysis of Putative CsaNF-Y Promoters

To investigate the potential functions of CsaNF-Y genes, 2.0-kb promoter region of each CsaNF-Y gene was analyzed by PlantCARE. A total of 15 cis-elements were found in the promoters of the CsaNF-Y genes, including six stress-responsive elements and nine hormone-responsive elements (Figure S1). Amongst these cis-elements, ARE (anaerobic induction element) and ERE (ethylene-responsive element) were the most abundant stress-responsive element and hormone-responsive element, being present in 24 and 21 CsaNF-Y genes, respectively. In addition, five other stress-responsive elements, including MBS, LTR, W-box, WUN-motif, and TC-rich repeats, were also present in a series of CsaNF-Y genes (Figure S1), indicating their important roles in responses to various stresses. Besides ERE, five kinds of other hormone-responsive cis-elements, including abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive element (ABRE), methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-responsive element (CGTCA-motif), salicylic acid (SA)-responsive elements (TCA-element), auxin-responsive elements (AuxRR-core and TGA-element), and gibberellin-responsive elements (P-box, GARE-motif, and TATC-box), were found in the promoter regions of 16, 12, 11, 12, and 14 CsaNF-Y genes, respectively (Figure S1), indicating that the CsaNF-Y genes may also play important roles in hormone responses.

3.6. Expression Profiles of CsaNF-Y Genes in Various Tissues and Organs

To gain insights into the tissue expression profiles of CsaNF-Y genes, we analyzed their expression levels in ten tissues (unexpanded ovary, fertilized ovary, unfertilized ovary, root, stem, leaf, male flower, female flower, tendril, and basal tendril) using publicly available RNA-seq data [36]. According to the transcriptomic dataset, five genes (CsaNF-YB2, CsaNF-YB3, CsaNF-YB5, CsaNF-YB6, and CsaNF-YB7) showed RPKM values lower than 1.0 in all the tested tissues, while other 22 CsaNF-Y genes were expressed in at least one of the tested tissues (Figure S2). Several genes, such as CsaNF-YB1, CsaNF-YB8, CsaNF-YC1, and CsaNF-YC7, had relatively higher expression levels in all detected tissues (Figure S2), suggesting that they might play essential roles in plant growth. In addition, some CsaNF-Y genes exhibited tissue-specific expression patterns, suggesting that these genes possibly play certain roles in organ development of cucumber. For example, CsaNF-YA3 and CsaNF-YB13 were more abundantly expressed in roots, and CsaNF-YB1 and CsaNF-YC7 had higher expression in unfertilized ovaries. In addition, CsaNF-YB9 and CsaNF-YC2 were highly expressed in male and female flowers, respectively (Figure S2).
To better examine the functions of CsaNF-Y genes in the growth and development of cucumber, their expression profiles during fruit development were analyzed according to a previous study [40]. The RPKM values of 10 CsaNF-Y genes (CsaNF-YA2, CsaNF-YA4, CsaNF-YB2, CsaNF-YB3, CsaNF-YB5, CsaNF-YB6, CsaNF-YB7, CsaNF-YB13, CsaNF-YC2, and CsaNF-YC6) were 0 or lower than 1.0 during fruit development, suggesting that they are not expressed in fruit (Figure S3). The expression levels of several CsaNF-Y genes, such as CsNF-YA1, CsNF-YA3, CsNF-YA6, and CsNF-YC7, gradually increased during fruit development and reached the maximum at 40 DPA, indicating their vital roles in fruit ripening. CsNF-YA5 and CsNF-YA7 exhibited up-regulated expression at the onset of fruit development (20 DPA or 30 DPA), but their expression levels were significantly down-regulated at 40 DPA (Figure S3). In contrast, CsaNF-YB4, CsaNF-YC4 and CsaNF-YC5 showed significant decreases in expression during fruit development (Figure S3), suggesting their possible roles in suppressing the ripening of fruit.

3.7. Expression Patterns of CsaNF-Y Genes in Response To Various Abiotic Stresses

To study the roles of CsaNF-Y genes in abiotic stress response, the expression profiles of six selected CsaNF-Y genes (2 each in distinct subunits) in response to drought and salt stresses were assessed using qRT-PCR. All the six CsaNF-Y genes displayed relatively high expression in various tissues and organs (Figures S2 and S3). Upon the drought stress, the expression of four CsaNF-Y genes (CsaNF-YA5, CsaNF-YA6, CsaNF-YB4, and CsaNF-YC7) increased to varying degrees, while that of CsaNF-YC3 decreased (Figure 5). The expression levels of the up-regulated CsaNF-Y genes peaked at 12 h, with the exception of CsaNF-YB4, whose expression reached the peak at 6 h (Figure 5). Under salt stress conditions, all of the tested CsaNF-Y genes were significantly up-regulated (Figure 6). The expression levels of CsaNF-YA5 and CsaNF-YB11 significantly increased and reached the highest values at 6 h, while those of CsaNF-YB4, CsaNF-YC3, and CsaNF-YC7 reached the maximum values until 24 h (Figure 6). Notably, CsaNF-YA6 was the most observably induced gene, and its expression sharply increased at 12 h and displayed a 23.2-fold change under salt stress (Figure 6).

4. Discussion

In this study, genome-wide identification and characterization of NF-Y gene family were carried out, and a total of 27 CsaNF-Y genes (including 7 NF-YAs, 13 NF-YBs, and 7 NF-YCs) were identified in cucumber (Table 1). Similar to that in other plants, the NF-Y subunit in cucumber also exists in multiple copies (Table 1; Figure 1), suggesting that the cucumber NF-Y gene family has undergone a number of duplication events. In the present study, eight segmentally duplicated genes and two tandemly duplicated genes were identified in the cucumber genome (Figure 2). In previous research, a total of 15 and 4 OsNF-Y genes could be assigned as segmentally and tandemly duplicated genes in rice [11], 12 and 9 SiNF-Y genes made up to six segmental duplication events and four tandem duplication events, respectively [41]. These results indicate that both of segmental and tandem duplications play a crucial role in the expansion of NF-Y genes across different plants.
The phylogenetic analysis suggested that the NF-Y proteins from cucumber, Arabidopsis, and rice could be classified into three subfamilies named as NF-YA, NF-YB, and NF-YC, and NF-Y proteins from cucumber had closer phylogenetic relationship with those from Arabidopsis than with those from rice (Figure 1). In addition, the multiple sequence alignments revealed that nearly all CsaNF-Y proteins possess evolutionarily conserved domains for DNA binding and heterotrimerization (Figure 3), which is in agreement with the NF-Y protein characteristics [14,16,41,42]. Previous studies have shown that NF-YA genes always display a highly structured intron–exon organization and the majority of them have 3–6 introns, while the NF-YB and NF-YC genes exhibit variable intron/exon organizations [15,16,41]. In this study, CsaNF-YA genes contained 2–5 introns, and multiple intron/exon organizations were observed for NF-YB and NF-YC genes (Figure 4), which is in agreement with previous studies, revealing the conserved features of the evolution of these subunits in plants. In addition, the CsaNF-YBs (7/13) and CsaNF-YCs (3/7) were prevalently lack of introns (Figure 4), which is a universal feature of NF-YB and NF-YC genes in other plant species, such as peach, in which 6 out of 12 NF-YBs and 4 out of 6 NF-YCs have no introns [14]; tea plant, in which 7 out of 15 NF-YBs and 6 out of 10 NF-YCs have no introns [16]; castor bean, in which 8 out of 12 NF-YBs and 3 out of 7 NF-YCs have no introns [15]; chickpea, in which 11 out of 21 NF-YBs and 7 out of 11 NF-YCs have no introns [43]; and banana, in which 12 out of 16 NF-YBs and 12 out of 14 NF-YCs have no introns [18]. The similar conserved domain arrangements and intron/exon organizations in each subunit indicate that NF-Y genes are highly conserved during the evolution of plants, which may contribute to their crucial biological functions.
It has been demonstrated that NF-Y genes have diverse expression patterns in different tissues of plants. For example, five RcNF-Y genes were highly and specifically expressed in the early and later stages of developing endosperm in castor bean [15]. In walnut, 24 out of 33 JrNF-Y genes displayed higher expression levels in female flower buds than in leaf buds, suggesting that these genes play direct or indirect roles in the process of flower bud development [42]. In this study, nearly all CsaNF-YA genes were highly expressed in ovaries at different stages (Figure S2), indicating that they might participate in the regulation of ovary development in cucumber. In addition, some CsaNF-Y genes showed high abundance of expression in flowers (Figure S2), suggesting their importance in the control of flowering. Amongst them, CsaNF-YB4 and CsaNF-YB11 are orthologous to AtNF-YB2 and AtNF-YB3, both of which have been identified as regulators that control photoperiod-dependent flowering time by interacting with other AtNF-Y subunit proteins [44]. In addition, OsNF-YB8 and OsNF-YB10 were clustered with CsaNF-YB4, CsaNF-YB11, AtNF-YB2, and AtNF-YB3 (Figure 1), and overexpression of OsNF-YB8 and OsNF-YB10 could complement the late flowering phenotype of Arabidopsis nf-yb2 nf-yb3 mutants [21]. CsaNF-YC1 is orthologous to AtNF-YC3 and AtNF-YC9, which were found to have overlapping functions in CONSTANS-mediated floral promotion [24,45]. It should be noted that CsaNF-YB13 was specifically expressed in root (Figure S2), indicating its particular role in root development. Furthermore, the expression levels of several CsaNF-Y genes, such as CsNF-YA1, CsNF-YA3, CsNF-YA6, and CsNF-YC7, gradually increased throughout the fruit development stage, while some other CsaNF-Y genes, such as CsaNF-YB4, CsaNF-YB11, CsaNF-YC4, and CsaNF-YC5, showed significant decreases in expression during fruit development (Figure S3), suggesting that they might participate in the regulation of fruit development, and have the potential to improve the fruit yield of cucumber.
Recently, numerous reports have revealed the important functions of NF-Y genes in mediating abiotic stress tolerance in plants [2,46]. In this study, six stress-responsive elements and nine hormone-responsive elements were observed in the promoters of CsaNF-Y genes (Figure S1), suggesting that some of the CsaNF-Y genes may also participate in stress responses. We then determined the expression of NF-Y genes under drought and salt stresses by qRT-PCR. Under the two stress conditions, four CsaNF-Y genes (CsaNF-YA5, CsaNF-YA6, CsaNF-YB4, and CsaNF-YC7) were up-regulated at certain time points, suggesting that these genes may play positive roles in response to these abiotic stresses (Figure 5 and Figure 6). The possible roles of these CsaNF-Y genes in regulating stress tolerance should be further determined through genetic transformation. In a previous study, Picea wilsonii PwNF-YB3 transcript was induced by salinity and PEG treatments, and overexpression of PwNF-YB3 resulted in enhanced drought and salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis plants [47]. Similarly, bermudagrass CdtNF-YC1 was up-regulated under salt, drought, and ABA stresses, and its overexpression conferred tolerance to drought and salt stress in transgenic rice and seashore paspalum plants [48,49]. Therefore, the four CsaNF-Y genes (CsaNF-YA5, CsaNF-YA6, CsaNF-YB4, and CsaNF-YC7) may have the potential roles in the resistance to drought and salt stress. In addition, CsaNF-YB11 was induced by salt stress but not by drought stress (Figure 5 and Figure 6), implying its special role in response to salt stress. CsaNF-YB4 and CsaNF-YB11 are homologous with AtNF-YB2 and AtNF-YB3 (Figure 1), which were reported to specifically enhance drought and heat stress tolerance in Arabidopsis through specifically activating the drought-inducible and heat-inducible genes, respectively [50]. Moreover, CsaNF-YC3 was induced by salt stress but suppressed by drought stress (Figure 5 and Figure 6), indicating that it may have opposite functions in response to salt and drought stress. In a previous study, overexpression of TaNF-YA10-1 in Arabidopsis significantly increased the sensitivity of the plant to salinity, but the transgenic plants displayed enhanced drought tolerance [51]. Therefore, the CsaNF-Ys are crucial candidate genes for genetic improvement of drought and salt stress tolerance in cucumber.

5. Conclusions

In this study, a total of 27 NF-Y family genes including 7 NF-YAs, 13 NF-YBs, and 7 NF-YCs were identified in the whole genome of cucumber. A comprehensive analysis of these NF-Y genes was preformed, including phylogenetic relationships, genomic organizations, gene duplication events, conserved domains, gene structures, and promoter regions. In addition, RNA-seq and qRT-PCR assays were employed to investigate the possible roles of CsaNF-Y genes in fruit development and abiotic stress response. The in silico expression results highlighted the importance of CsaNF-Y genes in fruit development, and modulation of the expression levels of CsaNF-Y genes in response to drought and salt stresses indicates their key roles in stress tolerance. Our results provide the relevant information for further investigation of the biological functions of NF-Y genes and improving cucumber agricultural traits in the future.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/10/2/236/s1: Table S1: The gene-specific primers used for qRT-PCR, Table S2: NF-Y IDs from Arabidopsis and rice, Figure S1: Analysis of stress-responsive and hormone-responsive cis-elements in CsaNF-Y genes. The numbers of cis-elements in the promoter region of each CsaNF-Y gene are boxed and colored, Figure S2: Expression profiles of CsaNF-Y genes in various cucumber tissues and organs. The vertical color scale from red to blue indicates the expression levels of CsaNF-Y genes in log2-transformed RPKM + 1 values, Figure S3: Expression profiles of CsaNF-Y genes during fruit development. The vertical color scale from red to blue indicates the expression levels of CsaNF-Y genes in log2-transformed RPKM + 1 values.

Author Contributions

Data curation, L.C., Y.Z., W.L. and S.L.; funding acquisition, S.L.; investigation, Y.Z., L.H. and L.J.; methodology, L.C., Y.Z., W.L., L.H. and L.J.; resources, L.J. and S.L.; software, L.C., Y.Z., W.L., L.H. and S.L.; validation, L.C., Y.Z. and W.L.; visualization, L.H.; writing—original draft, L.C., Y.Z. and S.L.; writing—review & editing, S.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was funded by the Key Project of Youth Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province (20171ACB21025 and 20181ACB20012), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31660578).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Phylogenetic analysis of NF-Y gene family among cucumber, Arabidopsis, and rice. Full-length NF-Y proteins from cucumber, Arabidopsis, and rice were aligned using MAFFT, and the phylogenetic tree was created with MEGA 7.0 by the neighbor joining (NJ) method with 1000 bootstrap replicates. The protein IDs from Arabidopsis and rice are listed in Table S2.
Figure 1. Phylogenetic analysis of NF-Y gene family among cucumber, Arabidopsis, and rice. Full-length NF-Y proteins from cucumber, Arabidopsis, and rice were aligned using MAFFT, and the phylogenetic tree was created with MEGA 7.0 by the neighbor joining (NJ) method with 1000 bootstrap replicates. The protein IDs from Arabidopsis and rice are listed in Table S2.
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Figure 2. Chromosomal distribution of cucumber NF-Y genes. The chromosome number is indicated at the top, and chromosome 2 harbors no CsaNF-Y genes.
Figure 2. Chromosomal distribution of cucumber NF-Y genes. The chromosome number is indicated at the top, and chromosome 2 harbors no CsaNF-Y genes.
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Figure 3. Multiple alignments of CsaNF-Y protein sequences. (A) Multiple alignments of CsaNF-YA protein sequences. (B) Multiple alignments of CsaNF-YB protein sequences. (C) Multiple alignments of CsaNF-YC protein sequences. The evolutionarily conserved domains including the DNA-binding domains and the NF-Y subunit interaction domains are underlined. The histone-fold motif (HFM) of the core histones (H2A and H2B) are boxed. Three histidine (H) and three arginine (R) residues in the DNA binding domain of the CsaNF-YA proteins are marked with triangles.
Figure 3. Multiple alignments of CsaNF-Y protein sequences. (A) Multiple alignments of CsaNF-YA protein sequences. (B) Multiple alignments of CsaNF-YB protein sequences. (C) Multiple alignments of CsaNF-YC protein sequences. The evolutionarily conserved domains including the DNA-binding domains and the NF-Y subunit interaction domains are underlined. The histone-fold motif (HFM) of the core histones (H2A and H2B) are boxed. Three histidine (H) and three arginine (R) residues in the DNA binding domain of the CsaNF-YA proteins are marked with triangles.
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Figure 4. Gene structure analysis of CsaNF-Y genes according to the phylogenetic relationship. The blue boxes and black lines indicate exons and introns, respectively, and their lengths can be estimated by the scale bar at the bottom.
Figure 4. Gene structure analysis of CsaNF-Y genes according to the phylogenetic relationship. The blue boxes and black lines indicate exons and introns, respectively, and their lengths can be estimated by the scale bar at the bottom.
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Figure 5. Expression analysis of six selected CsaNF-Y genes in response to drought stress using qRT-PCR. Vertical bars indicate the standard error of the mean, and different letters are significantly different.
Figure 5. Expression analysis of six selected CsaNF-Y genes in response to drought stress using qRT-PCR. Vertical bars indicate the standard error of the mean, and different letters are significantly different.
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Figure 6. qRT-PCR expression analysis of six selected CsaNF-Y genes in response to salt stress. Vertical bars indicate the standard error of the mean, and different letters are significantly different.
Figure 6. qRT-PCR expression analysis of six selected CsaNF-Y genes in response to salt stress. Vertical bars indicate the standard error of the mean, and different letters are significantly different.
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Table
Table 1. Identification and characterization of nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) family genes in cucumber.
Table 1. Identification and characterization of nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) family genes in cucumber.
NomenclatureLocusChromosomal PositiongDNA (bp)CDS (bp)Protein
Length (aa)MW (KDa)pIGRAVY
CsaNF-YA1Csa1G613580Chr1: 24112521–24117512319981026929.526.56−0.984
CsaNF−YA2Csa3G644810Chr3: 25263223–25264735151344414716.919.00−0.122
CsaNF-YA3Csa3G782710Chr3: 30348958–30352913339597532435.469.40−0.436
CsaNF-YA4Csa4G159320Chr4: 8340821–83461105290103534438.988.63−0.489
CsaNF-YA5Csa6G439960Chr6: 20632195–206371693212102634137.106.53−0.895
CsaNF-YA6Csa6G525440Chr6: 28505741–28509554381460920222.538.58−1.032
CsaNF-YA7Csa7G428130Chr7: 16427189–16430567232595731835.576.96−0.733
CsaNF-YB1Csa1G015800Chr1: 2159806–2163445333247115617.474.68−0.547
CsaNF-YB2Csa1G569510Chr1: 21018573–2101894437237212314.116.10−0.903
CsaNF-YB3Csa1G569530Chr1: 21023622–2102397835735711813.635.29−0.815
CsaNF-YB4Csa3G047800Chr3: 3332696–333344155555518419.545.46−0.630
CsaNF-YB5Csa3G048940Chr3: 3452386–345325587041113615.105.51−0.680
CsaNF-YB6Csa3G049440Chr3: 3458401–345912072072023926.505.29−0.495
CsaNF-YB7Csa3G055940Chr3: 3469618–347037075366622124.785.04−0.533
CsaNF-YB8Csa3G736780Chr3: 28408903–28412596324252217318.766.09−0.758
CsaNF-YB9Csa4G037610Chr4: 3160771–316156872267822524.737.76−0.638
CsaNF-YB10Csa5G175930Chr5: 7498740–7502620388152817519.175.26−0.709
CsaNF-YB11Csa6G112490Chr6: 7775649–777733792560620120.626.31−0.636
CsaNF-YB12Csa6G425700Chr6: 19919807–19922480219048316018.054.77−1.087
CsaNF-YB13Csa7G395250Chr7: 15134980–1513549952048316017.375.03−0.781
CsaNF-YC1Csa1G570150Chr1: 21086208–21089499121478025928.705.89−0.518
CsaNF-YC2Csa4G049050Chr4: 3878004–387871151336011913.097.760.035
CsaNF-YC3Csa5G583350Chr5: 20754210–20758105389685228331.665.14−0.918
CsaNF-YC4Csa6G294440Chr6: 14150180–14153107184357319021.319.53−1.115
CsaNF-YC5Csa6G365140Chr6: 16501105–1650152442042013915.729.01−0.658
CsaNF-YC6Csa6G426970Chr6: 20154306–20158203389884328031.234.90−0.816
CsaNF-YC7Csa7G051420Chr7: 3270343–3272852251080126629.965.96−0.705

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Chen, L.; Zhou, Y.; Lai, W.; Hu, L.; Jiang, L.; Liu, S. In Silico Identification and Expression Analysis of Nuclear Factor Y (Nf-Y) Transcription Factors in Cucumber. Agronomy 2020, 10, 236. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020236

AMA Style

Chen L, Zhou Y, Lai W, Hu L, Jiang L, Liu S. In Silico Identification and Expression Analysis of Nuclear Factor Y (Nf-Y) Transcription Factors in Cucumber. Agronomy. 2020; 10(2):236. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020236

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen, Lianghai, Yong Zhou, Wei Lai, Lifang Hu, Lunwei Jiang, and Shiqiang Liu. 2020. "In Silico Identification and Expression Analysis of Nuclear Factor Y (Nf-Y) Transcription Factors in Cucumber" Agronomy 10, no. 2: 236. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020236

APA Style

Chen, L., Zhou, Y., Lai, W., Hu, L., Jiang, L., & Liu, S. (2020). In Silico Identification and Expression Analysis of Nuclear Factor Y (Nf-Y) Transcription Factors in Cucumber. Agronomy, 10(2), 236. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020236

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