Next Article in Journal
Laboratory and Field Performance of Metarhizium anisopliae Isolate ICIPE 41 for Sustainable Control of the Invasive Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Next Article in Special Issue
In Vitro Potent Anticancer, Antifungal, and Antioxidant Efficacy of Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Genotypes
Previous Article in Journal
Comparative Evaluation of Mineral and Organo-Mineral Nitrogen Fertilization and the Role of Amino Acids as Plant Growth Promoters in Maize Cultivation
Previous Article in Special Issue
Understanding the Complex Functional Interplay between Glucosinolates and Cyanogenic Glycosides in Carica papaya
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Agronomy
Volume 12
Issue 11
10.3390/agronomy12112633
agronomy-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Bio-Growth Stimulants Impact Seed Yield Products and Oil Composition of Chia

by
Heba S. El-Desouky
1,
Reda M. Y. Zewail
1,*,
Dalia Abdel-Fattah H. Selim
2,
Morooj M. Baakdah
3,
Doaa Mahmoud Johari
4,
Abeer Elhakem
5,
Yasser S. Mostafa
6,
Saad Alamri
6,
Rokayya Sami
7,*,
Lamiaa A. S. El-Khayat
8,
Khandakar R. Islam
9,
Enas S. Azab
10 and
Mohamed Y. F. Yousry
8
1
Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Benha 13736, Egypt
2
Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom 32514, Egypt
3
Department of Chemistry, Preparatory Year Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
4
Department of Pharmacy, King Faisal Medical Complex, Taif City 26514, Saudi Arabia
5
Department of Biology, College of Science and humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
6
Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
7
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
8
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Benha 13736, Egypt
9
South Centers, The Ohio State University, Piketon, OH 45661, USA
10
Agriculture Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agronomy 2022, 12(11), 2633; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112633
Submission received: 6 September 2022 / Revised: 5 October 2022 / Accepted: 19 October 2022 / Published: 26 October 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal Plants—Natural Sources of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is a specialty crop capable of providing healthy food and metabolites. The goal of our study was to explore the possibility of expanding seed yield, oil production, and metabolites of chia in response to amino acid, barthenosteriode, and algae extract treatments used as bio-stimulants. The experiment was conducted in the field in a randomized complete block design with three repeats. The treatments were (1) control (spray only with water), (2) amino acids with nutrients (2 mL/L vs. 4 mL/L), (3) brassinolide (5 mL/L vs. 10 mL/L), and algae extract (2 mL/L vs. 4 mL/L). The growth and yield measurements of chia, such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, amino acids, indoles, phenols, macro- and micronutrients, carbohydrates, total oil, and fatty acids were analyzed. The chia plants sprayed with growth stimulant materials showed increases in most studied characteristics, particularly algae extract at 4 mL/L, followed by algae extract at 2 mL/L during the first and second seasons. Meanwhile, amino acids at 4 mL/L led to the third-highest increases in most cases. Conversely, all bio-stimulant treatments decreased total phenols in leaves (mg/100 g f.w.), especially seaweed at 4 mL/L, compared to high levels in the control during both seasons. Control plants showed the lowest levels of the measurements mentioned previously when scored by barthenosteriode at 5 mL/L during the first and second seasons. GLC for fixed oil in chia showed the recognition of four biocomponents. i.e., oleic, linoleic, palmitic, and α-α linolenic acids. The main biocomponent was α-α linolenic acid and reach (49.7 to 57.9%). The application of seaweed at 4 mL/L could be exploited to improve growth, seed crop, fixed oil production, chemicals and bio-constituents, especially the fixed oil composition of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plant.

1. Introduction

The chia plant Salvia hispanica L., sometimes identified as chia, is a yearly oily plant that is native to southern Mexico and northern Guatemala (family Lamiaceae) [1]. The greatest known proportion of plant oil and alpha-α linolenic acid (omega 3) is found in chia [2]. Chia is an oil seed crop that has the potential to be used as a human food. According to Zanqui et al. [3] and Coorey et al. [4], it is commonly growing in Africa and owing to be health advantages. Ayerza and Coates [5] reported that chia has parallel-assembled leaves, a tiny flower (3 to 4 mm in diameter), short corollas, and joined floral components that promote a high self-pollination rate. Chia may grow to a height of 1 m. The seed’s oval form and size varies between 1 to 2 mm, and its color ranges from black, grey, and black speckled to white. Chia seeds are rich in mucilage, protein, oil, and fiber. Omega-3 α linolenic acid (ALA) and omega-6 gamma linoleic acid (GLA) make about 60–68% and 20%, respectively, of its 25 to 40% oil contents [6,7,8,9]. Chia seeds include protein (15 to 25%), lipids (30 to 33%), carbohydrates (26 to 41%), exceptional nutritive fiber (18 to 30%), ash (4 to 5%), and minerals and vitamins. They also contain a lot of antioxidants [10].
Bio-stimulants, used as risk-free substitutes for hazardous chemical fertilizers, contain auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins [11]. Bio-stimulants reduce the demand for fertilizer by boosting the assimilation of both micro- and macronutrients [12]. To supplement and/or improve chemical fertilization, foliar applications of bio-stimulants such as amino acids, brassinosteroids, and algal extract have recently been produced. Traditionally, amino acids have been viewed as the developing blocks and constituents of proteins. Numerous amino acids serve as building blocks for other compounds containing nitrogen, such nucleic acids. Through the biosynthesis of auxin, amino acids have a crucial regulatory function in plants, affecting the production of carbohydrates, proteins, a number of enzymes, and gene expression [13,14].
Brassinosteroids (brassinolide, BRs, and steroidal chemicals) are among the naturally occurring bio-stimulants that are conjugated with sugars and fatty acids and are extremely promising and ecologically benign natural substances. Several research studies on the physiological effects of Brassinosteroids on plants have revealed a wide range of plant physiological changes [15,16,17,18,19]. Algae extract has quickly become one of the most popular bio-stimulants on the planet [11,20]. This has been already used as a foliar spray for many crops, including various herbs, vegetables, fruit trees, flowers, and medicinal and aromatic plants, improving the capacity of plants to withstand environmental stress [21,22,23,24]. Since it contains useful components with varied levels and functions in an interwoven and integrated way, seaweed extract has a positive impact on plant development [25,26]. This study sought to determine how foliar spraying with growth bio-stimulating substances (amino acids, brassinosteroids, and algal extract) affected chia growing, seed output, chemical bioconstituents, oil efficiency, and fixed oil contents.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Experimental Layout and Properties

During the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 seasons, this study was performed on the investigational field and in the labs of the botany and horticulture departments of the Agriculture faculty at Moshtohor, Benha University. The investigational region was situated at an altitude of 45 m above sea height (30.45° N latitude and 31.10° E longitude), and its purpose was to investigate the effects of growth stimulant treatments (such as amino acids, brassinosteroids, and algae extract) on vegetative growth, essential oil contents and oil fractionation of chia seeds.
The chia seeds were obtained from the floriculture farm of the horticulture department of Benha University’s Agriculture faculty. On 20 October, in both seasons, chia seeds were planted in plots (1 × 1 m) with two rows of clay loam soil (50 cm. in between). Six weeks later, the plants were clipped to leave only two seedlings per hill in each of the two hills (50 cm apart) that were present in each row.
The methods of Jackson et al. [27] and Black et al. [28] were used to determine the physical and chemical contents of the investigational soil. Table 1 shows the findings of soil analyses including mechanical properties (coarse sand %, fine sand %, silt %, clay %), and textural class during both experiment seasons. In addition, chemical analysis including organic matter %, calcium carbonate %, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, pH, and electrical conductivity, was performed on the experimental soil before the experiment was started in each of the two seasons.
The experiment used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with one component and three replicates. The treatments included seven growth stimulant treatments with three duplicate replicates, each with 20 plants, for a total of 60 plants for each treatment.

2.2. Experimental Protocol

2.2.1. Biosafety Growth Bio-Stimulants Treatments

  • The untreated group (control spray with tap water).
  • Amino acids (2 mL/L and 4 mL/L) as a foliar fertigation; this was a commercial product from the Union for Agriculture Development (UAD) containing 20% free L amino acids, 40% total amino acids, 3% vitamin mix, 3.5% potassium citrate, and some micronutrients such as 1500 ppm Fe, 500 ppm Zn, and 500 ppm Mn.
  • Brassinolide at 5 mL/L and 10 mL/L for each as foliar spray were obtained from the Union for Agriculture Development Co., UAP, and Egypt. It structure was (1R,3aS,3bS,6aS,8S,9R,10aR,10bS,12aS)-1-[(1S,2R,3R,4S)-2,3-Dihydroxy-1,4,5-trimethyl hexyl] hexadecahydro-8,9-dihydroxy-10a,12a-dimethyl-6H-benz[c]indeno[5,4-e] oxepin-6-one, (2a,3a,5a,22R,23R,24S)-2,3,22,23-Tetrahydroxy-B-homo-7-oxaergostan-6-one.
  • Seaweed extract (created by Orbital Company, 24 Obour Bldgs, Salah Salem, Egypt, Cairo) was used at 2 mL/L and 4 mL/L as a foliar spray. The extract used includes vitamins, enzymes, amino acids, carbohydrates, and plant hormones and some minerals including Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Mo. (i.e., auxins, cytokinins and gibberellins).
The growth stimulants amino acids, brassinolide, and algae extract were administered to plant leaves four times as a foliar spray; the first application was one month after replanting, and the others at 21 day (21 d) periods thereafter. All assessed solutions, including the control, were sprayed over the plant leaves, taking care to uniformly wet the entire leaf surface. Common agricultural procedures (such irrigation, fertilizer, and hand weeding) were performed as required.

2.2.2. Harvesting

The experimental plants were collected on March 15, 120 d after planting in both the first and second seasons when the plants reached maturity, clusters, and seeds.

2.2.3. Experimental Measurements

2.3. Collecting Data and Measurements

The following vegetative and yield measurements were measured at harvest time on 15 March 2020 and 2021: The vegetative stage was cut a centimeter above the soil’s surface. Measurements of the characteristics described in the following paragraphs were taken.

2.3.1. Vegetative Parameters at the Start of Flowering

Plant height (cm) was measured as the main stem’s height from the soil’s exterior to the plant’s apex, fresh biomass g/plant, dry biomass g/plant, leaf area per square centimeter, and the number of stems for each plant.

2.3.2. Seeds Yield Parameters

Plants were removed after harvesting for sampling and other measures. Inflorescences (cluster) weights (g/plant), weight per thousand seeds by (g), and seed yield (g/plant) were measured.

2.3.3. Chemical Constituents

Using the method outlined by Inskeep and Bloom [29] to determine chlorophyl (Chll.), a, b, and carotenoids in chia leaf were measured using a spectrophotometer and calculated as mg/g fresh weight. Fresh leaves were taken to determine the total free amino acids, according to [30]. A.O.A.C. [30] was used to calculate the overall indoles and overall phenols in new leaves. Dried chia leaves were analyzed for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and total carbohydrates using the assays described by [31,32,33], and Chaplin and Kennedy [34]. Micronutrients (Fe, Mn, and B) were also assessed in the dried leaves, according to the method of Houk et al. [35].

Fixed Oil Productivity

The fixed oil percentage was determined as a weight/weight ratio using the equation:
The   fixed   oil   % = Extracted   fixed   oil   weight Seeds   sample   weight × 100

Fatty Acids Measurement

The methylated fatty acid residues were determined using a G.L.C. technique, as previously described by Stahls [36].

Statistical Analysis

Analyses of variance were performed on the means of all data from the dependent variable (chia plants) in response to the predictor factors in a randomized full block design (ANOVA). Using the statistical software program MSTAT-C® (Version 6.1), Tukey’s multiple range test (DMRT) was employed to find out if there were any significant variations among the mean values of the treatments.

3. Results

3.1. Vegetative Growing Parameters

The data presented in Table 2 and Table 3 show that all treatment groups, especially seaweeds at 4 mL/L over the course of two seasons, had an impact on all vegetative growth measurements of the chia plant, including plant height, leaf fresh and dry weights/plant, leaf area (cm2), and number of branches/plants. In addition, seaweeds at 2 mL/L resulted in the second-highest values of the previously indicated criteria. The third-highest value was an amino acid spray at 4 mL/L. When compared to untreated control plants in the first and second seasons, the barthenosteriode treatment at 10 mL/L significantly boosted vegetative growth metrics.

3.2. Seed Yield Parameters

Data in Table 4 illustrate that spraying chia plants with seaweeds at 4 mL/L proved to be the most effective treatment for increasing inflorescence weights (g), seeds weights (g/plant), and weight per 1000 seeds (g), when compared to untreated plants in both seasons. Additionally, seaweed at 2 mL/L and amino acid at 4 mL/L led to high increments of the parameters mentioned previously in the two seasons. Meanwhile, the control treatment (untreated group) had the minimum levels of the measurements mentioned in Table 4. Additionally, barthenosteriode at 5 mL/L resulted in an increase in most cases but this did not reach the highest levels.

3.3. Chemical Composition Determinations

In comparison to the control during the two seasons, data from Table 5 and Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7, Figure 8, Figure 9 and Figure 10 show that bio-stimulant treatments statistically increased the leaf Chll. a, b, carotenoids (mg/100 g fresh weight), nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, total free amino acids (mg/100 g F.W.), total indoles (mg/100 g F.W.), total carbohydrate contents Fe ppm, Mn ppm, and B. Therefore, in the two growth seasons, seaweed at 4 mL/L and amino acid at 4 mL/L provided the greatest results in this regard, respectively. The minimum levels of the parameters mentioned above were recorded in the control. On the other hand, all bio-stimulant treatments decreased leaf total phenols (mg/100 g F.W.), especially seaweed at 4 mL/L, compared to the high values in the control in both growing seasons.

3.4. Fixed Oil

According to the data in Figure 11, utilizing all bio-stimulant treatments had a greater impact on the fixed oil percentage of chia seeds than the control in both seasons During the first and second seasons, the seaweed gave the highest fixed oil percentage at 4 mL/L, followed (in descending order) by seaweed at 2 mL/L. Furthermore, amino acid at 4 mL/L yielded the third-highest results in this regard. On the other hand, the control yielded the lowest levels of this factor during both seasons.

3.5. Oil Fractionation

Data described in Table 6 and Figure 12, Figure 13, Figure 14, Figure 15, Figure 16, Figure 17 and Figure 18 show the effects of bio-stimulant treatments on chemical properties of the fixed oil contents of chia seeds. The fixed oil contents of chia seed contain four major fatty acids. The main biocomponent was α-α linolenic acid (49.72 to 57.89%) and other major components included linoleic acid (20.93 to 23.32%), oleic acid (12.09 to 16.32%) and palmitic acid (8.99 to 10.95%). Algae extract at 4 mL/L registered the greatest levels of α-α linolenic acid at 57.89%, followed (in descending order) by algae extract at 2 mL/L (56.46%) and amino acid 4 mL/L (55.18%), when compared to the minimum values of barthenosteriode at 5 mL/L as (49.72%). Meanwhile, barthenosteriode at 5 mL/L gave the greatest values of linoleic acid (23.32%). Furthermore, all treatments mentioned previously registered decreases in the percentage of oleic acid, from 14.70% for the control to 12.09% for algae extract at 4 mL/L, with the exception of barthenosteriode at 5 mL/L at 16.32%. From the above-mentioned results and the data indicated in the tables and figures, it can be concluded that α linolenic acid is the major content of different treatments and, in addition, algae extract was a superior treatment for linolic acid during the second experimental season.

4. Discussions

Bio growth stimulants materials were successful in accelerating plant growth relative to the control because they enhanced chia plant growing, seed yield, chemical composition, oil output, and fixed oil components relative to untreated plants in all growth-stimulant treatments.
For all bio-stimulant treated groups, especially seaweeds at 4 mL/L over the course of two seasons, there was an impact on all vegetative growth measurements of the chia plant, including plant height, leaf fresh and dry weights/plant, leaf area (cm2) and number of branches/plants.
One of the most well known bio-stimulants on the globe is algae extract [11,20]. Algae extract has been used as a foliar spray for many crops, including different herbs, vegetables, fruit trees, flowers, medicinal and aromatic plants, and more. It includes key and mineral elements, amino acids, vitamins, cytokinins, auxins, and also abscisic acid as growth promoters [20,21], and increases plant tolerance to environmental stress [22,23,24]. The mechanism of algal extract’s favorable influence on plant development occurs because it includes various helpful components in varying amounts and operates in an interlocking and integrated manner [25,26].
Proteins, amines, purines, pyrimidines, alkaloids, vitamins, enzymes, terpenoids, and other organic compounds are all synthesized from amino acids. Additionally, amino acids help plants deal with any immediate or incidental biotic or abiotic harm by acting as originators for minor components and hormones [37].
The effect of brassinolide on growth may be the metabolism of nucleic acids and proteins, as well as improvement of cell growth, differentiation, amplification, division, and change of membrane potential [38,39,40,41].
Applying seaweeds at 4 mL/L to chia plants proved to be the most effective treatment for increasing inflorescence weights (g), seeds weights (g/plant), and weight per 1000 seeds (g), when compared to untreated plants in both seasons. Also, bio-stimulant treatments statistically increased the leaf Chll. a, b, carotenoids (mg/100 g fresh weight), nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, total free amino acids (mg/100 g F.W.), total indoles (mg/100 g F.W.), total carbohydrate contents Fe ppm, Mn ppm, and B. Therefore, in the two growth seasons, seaweed at 4 mL/L and amino acid at 4 mL/L provided the greatest results in this regard, respectively.
Several of the previously mentioned studies on growth stimulants materials, including Mohamed et al., [42] working on basil (Ocimum basilicum, L.) and Mohamed and Ghatas [43] on Dutch fennel plant (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. spp. vulgare), examined the effects of several growth bio-stimulants (amino acids, brassinolide, and seaweed extract), as well as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. They reported that adding arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) to seaweed extract at a dose of 2 mL/L improved the growth characteristics on Artemisia annua L. Ghatas et al. [44] showed that the use of seaweed extract significantly improved all growing parameters and artemisinin content. The primary contents of chia oil have been determined by several research studies, including those by Ayerza and Coates [45], who claimed that palmitic, stearic, -α linolenic, linoleic, and oleic acids were the essential constituents. Segura-Campos et al. [46] and Silva et al. [47], measured the fatty acids of chia seeds prepared with different types of solvents and found that -α linolenic was combined with linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Other researchers have found that chia oil includes α linolenic, linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids [45]. According to Moghith et al. [48]. The primary components were α linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid. Mohamed [49] reported that -α linolenic acid was the primary component of chia (37.28 to 39.72 percent). A linolenic, linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids were the main components. Also, Plant height, number of branches, fresh and dry weights, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids), macronutrients (N, P, K), and total carbohydrates were significantly increased by using seaweed extract at a rate of 2 mL/L or amino acids at a rate of 1 g/L at the two cuts in both seasons during which these results were recorded by [49,50].
Among the commercial bio-stimulants, most species of seaweed extract contain a range of biologically active chemicals, including growth regulators, vitamins, and minerals. Seaweed is rich in phytohormones such as auxins and cytokinins, as well as alginates, amino acids, and trace levels of macro and microelements [51]. The formulation of bio-stimulants derived from natural seaweed extract is distinguished by a high concentration of free amino acids (aliphatic, aromatic, acidic, and basic amino acids) produced by enzymatic hydrolysis [40]. Seaweed also includes organic nitrogen, boron, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, molybdenum, and many micro elements in, addition to the after mentioned compounds [50].
All bio-stimulant treatments had a greater impact on the fixed oil percentage of chia seeds than the control in both seasons; during the first and second seasons, the seaweed gave the highest fixed oil percentage at 4 mL/L, followed (in descending order) by seaweed at 2 mL/L. The fixed oil contents of chia seed contained four major fatty acids. The main biocomponent was α-α linolenic acid (49.72 to 57.89%) and other major components included linoleic acid (20.93 to 23.32%), oleic acid (12.09 to 16.32%), and palmitic acid (8.99 to 10.95%).

5. Conclusions

According to our findings, algal extract at a concentration of 4 mL/L may be utilized to improve the chia plant’s growth, seed yield, chemical composition, fixed oil output, and fixed oil bio-constituents. Additionally, it improved the contents using key oil constituents and increased GLC for fixed oil in chia showed the recognition of four bio-components, i.e., oleic, linoleic, palmitic, and α-α linolenic acids. The main bio-component was α-α linolenic acid. In addition, the application of seaweed extract increased oil contents, which could increase the medicinal revenue of the plants. The application of seaweed at 4 mL/L can be exploited for refining growth, seed crop, fixed oil production, chemicals and bio-constituents, especially fixed oil composition of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plant.

Author Contributions

H.S.E.-D., R.M.Y.Z., Y.S.M., L.A.S.E.-K., D.A.-F.H.S., K.R.I. and M.Y.F.Y. generated the idea and designed experiments. K.R.I., Y.S.M. and R.M.Y.Z., R.S. performed statistical analysis and designed tables. H.S.E.-D., D.A.-F.H.S., M.M.B., D.M.J., A.E., Y.S.M., K.R.I., E.S.A. and R.M.Y.Z. conducted the field experiments. H.S.E.-D., R.M.Y.Z., L.A.S.E.-K., E.S.A. and Y.S.M. collected the data. Y.S.M., E.S.A., K.R.I. and R.M.Y.Z. analyzed the data and wrote the first draft of manuscript. K.R.I., H.S.E.-D., S.A., Y.S.M., R.S., K.R.I., E.S.A. and R.M.Y.Z. reviewed and prepared the final draft of manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

Acknowledgments

The authors appreciate and would like to thank the Botany and Horticulture Departments of the Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Egypt, for their help during the completion of this work. The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research, King Khalid University, for funding this work through the research groups program under grant number R.G.P. 1/97/43.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Ayerza, R.; Coates, W. Some Quality Components of Four Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) Genotypes Grown under Tropical Coastal Desert Ecosystem Conditions. Asian J. Plant Sci. 2009, 8, 301–307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  2. Ayerza, R. Seed composition of two chia (Salvia hispanica L.) genotypes which differ in seed color. Emir. J. Food Agric. 2013, 25, 495–500. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  3. Zanqui, A.B.; Morais, D.R.; Silva, C.M.; Santos, J.M.; Chiavelli, L.U.R.; Bittencourt, P.R.S.; Eberlin, M.N.; Visentainer, J.V.; Cardozo-Filho, L.; Matsushita, M. Subcritical extraction of Salvia hispanica L. oil with n-propane: Composition, purity and oxidation stability as compared to the oils obtained by conventional solvent extraction methods. J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 2015, 26, 282–289. [Google Scholar]
  4. Coorey, R.; Grant, A.; Jayasena, V. Effect of Chia flour incorporation on the nutritive quality and consumer acceptance of chips. J. Food Res. 2012, 1, 85–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  5. Ayerza, R.; Coates, W. Dietary levels of chia influence on yolk cholesterol, lipid content and fatty acid composition, for two strains of hens. Poult. Sci. 2000, 78, 724–739. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Cahill, J.P.; Provance, M.C. Genetics of qualitative traits in domesticated chia (Salvia hispanica L.). J. Hered. 2002, 93, 52–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Peiretti, P.G.; Meineri, G. Effects on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and the fat and meat fatty acid profile of rabbits fed diets with chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seed supplements. Meat Sci. 2008, 80, 1116–1121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. Reyes-Caudillo, E.; Tecante, A.; Valdivia-Lopez, M.A. Dietary fiber content and antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds present in Mexican chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds. Food Chem. 2008, 107, 656–663. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Bresson, J.L.; Flynn, A.; Heinonen, M.; Hulshof, K.; Korhonen, H.; Lagiou, P.; Løvik, M.; Marchelli, R.; Martin, A.; Moseley, B. Opinion on the safety of Chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) and ground whole chia seeds as a food ingredient. Eur. Food Saf. Auth. J. 2009, 7, 1–26. [Google Scholar]
  10. Ixtaina, V.Y.; Nolasco, S.M.; Tomas, M.C. Physical properties of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds. Ind. Crops Prod. 2008, 28, 286–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Du Jardin, P. Plant biostimulants: Definition, concept, main categories, and regulation. Sci. Hort. 2015, 196, 3–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  12. Ertani, A.; Nardi, S.; Altissimo, A. Long-term research activity on the biostimulant properties of natural origin compounds. Acta Hort. 2012, 1009, 181–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Rai, V.K. Role of amino acids in plant responses to stresses. Biol. Plant. 2002, 45, 481–487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Taiz, L.; Zeiger, E. Plant Physiology. Sunderland: Sinauer, Sunderland: Sinauer, 3rd ed.; Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers: Sunderland, MA, USA, 2002; p. 690. [Google Scholar]
  15. Sakurai, A.; Fujioka, S. The status of physiology and biochemistry of Brassinosteroids: A critical review. Plant Growth Reg. 1993, 13, 147–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Choe, S. Brassinosteroids: Biosynthesis and metabolism of Brassinosteroids. Nat. Prod. Rep. 1997, 14, 1–10. Available online: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-2686-7_8 (accessed on 18 October 2022).
  17. Krishna, P. Brassinosteroids-mediated stress responses. J. Plant Growth Regul. 2003, 22, 289–297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Bhardwaj, R.; Arora, H.K.; Nagar, P.K.; Thukral, A.K. Brassinosteroids-A novel group of plant hormones. In Plant Molecular Physiology-Current Scenario and Future Projections; Trivedi, P.C., Ed.; Aaviskar Publisher: Jaipur, India, 2006; pp. 58–84. [Google Scholar]
  19. Kang, Y.Y.; Guo, S.R. Brassinosteroids: A Class of Plant Hormone, Role of Brassinosteroids on horticultural crops; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2010; pp. 269–288. [Google Scholar]
  20. Crouch, I.J.; VanStaden, J. Commercial seaweed products as biostimulants in horticulture. J. Home Consum. Hortic. 1994, 1, 19–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Mooney, P.A.; Van Staden, J. Algae and cytokinins. J. Plant Physiol. 1986, 123, 1–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Zhang, X.; Schmidt, R. Hormone-containing products’ impact on antioxidant status of tall fescue and creeping bentgrass subjected to drought. Crop Sci. 2000, 40, 1344–1349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Zhang, X.; Ervin, E.; Schmidt, E. Plant growth regulators can enhance the recovery of Kentucky bluegrass sod from heat injury. Crop Sci. 2003, 43, 952–956. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Verkleij, F. Seaweed extracts in agriculture and horticulture: A review. Biol. Agri. Hort. 1992, 8, 309–324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Fornes, F.; Sanchez-Perales, M.; Guadiola, J. Effect of a seaweed extract on the productivity of ‘de Nules Clementine mandarin and navelina orange. Bot. Mar. 2002, 45, 486–489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Petropoulos, S.A.; Sami, R.; Benajiba, N.; Zewail, R.M.Y.; Mohamed, M.H.M. The Response of Globe Artichoke Plants to Potassium Fertilization Combined with the Foliar Spraying of Seaweed Extract. Agronomy 2022, 12, 490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Jackson, M.L. Soil Chemical Analysis; Prentice-Hall of Indian Private: New Delhi, India, 1973; Volume 47, p. 8. [Google Scholar]
  28. Black, C.A.; Evans, D.O.; Ensminger, L.E.; White, J.L.; Clark, F.E.; Dinauer, R.C. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. In Chemical and Microbiological Properties, 2nd ed.; Soil Science Society of America: Madison, WI, USA, 1982. [Google Scholar]
  29. Inskeep, W.P.; Bloom, P.R. Extinction coefficients of chlorophyll a & b in NN-dimethyl formade and 80% acetone. Plant Physiol. 1985, 77, 483–485. [Google Scholar]
  30. AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis of Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 15th ed.; AOAC: Rockville, MD, USA, 1990; pp. 62–63, 236 and 877–878. [Google Scholar]
  31. Horneck, D.A.; Miller, R.O. Determination of Total Nitrogen in Plant Tissue. In Handbook of Reference Methods for Plant Analysis, Soil and Plant Analysis Council, Inc.; Kalra, Y.P., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1998; pp. 75–83. [Google Scholar]
  32. Hucker, T.; Catroux, G. Phosphorus in sewage ridge and animal’s wastes slurries. In Proceedings of the EEC Seminar, Haren (Gr), Gromingen, The Netherlands, 12–13 June 1980; pp. 12–13. [Google Scholar]
  33. Horneck, D.A.; Hanson, D. Determination of potassium and sodium by flame Emission spectrophotometry. In Handbook of Reference Methods for Plant Analysis; Kolra, Y.P., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1998; pp. 153–155. [Google Scholar]
  34. Chaplin, M.F.; Kennedy, J.F. Carbohydrate Analysis, 2nd ed.; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 1994; p. 344. [Google Scholar]
  35. Houk, R.S.; Fassel, V.A.; Flesch, G.D.; Svec, H.J.; Gray, A.L.; Taylor, C.E. Inductively coupled argon plasma as an ion source for mass spectrometric determination of trace elements. Anal. Chem. 1980, 52, 2283–2289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  36. Stahl, E.E. Thin Layer Chromatography, a Laboratory Handbook; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 1967; pp. 14–37. [Google Scholar]
  37. Behzad, S. Effects of amino acids and irrigation interrupted on some characteristics in flixweed (Descurainia sophia L.). In Proceedings of the International Conference on Biology, Environmental and Chemistry IPCBEE, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 28–30 December 2011; IACSIT Press: Singapore, 2011; 1, pp. 375–377. [Google Scholar]
  38. Clouse, S.D.; Sasse, J.M. Brassinosteroids: Essential regulators of plant growth anddevelopment. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 1998, 491, 427–451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  39. Khripach, V.; Zhabinskii, V.; Groot, A. Twenty years of Brassinosteroids: Steroidal plant hormones warrant better crops for the XXI century. Ann. Bot. 2002, 86, 441–447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  40. Müssig, C. Brassinosteroid-promoted growth. Plant Biol. 2005, 7, 110–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  41. Prins, C.; Vieira, J.C.; Freitas, S.P. Growth regulators and essential oil production. Braz. J. Plant Physiol. 2010, 22, 91–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  42. Mohamed, Y.F.Y.; Zewail, R.M.Y.; Ghatas, Y.A.A. The role of boron and some growth substances on growth, oil productivity and chemical characterization of volatile oils in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Cv. Genovese. J. Hortic. Sci. Ornam. Plants 2016, 8, 108–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Mohamed, Y.F.Y.; Ghatas, Y.A.A. Effect of some safety growth stimulants and zinc treatments on growth, seeds yield, chemical constituents, oil productivity and fixed oil constituents of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plant. Sci. J. Flowers Ornam. Plants 2020, 7, 163–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Ghatas, Y.A.; El-Sayed, M.A.; Elsadek, M.; Mohamed, Y.F.Y. Enhancing growth, productivity, and artemisinin content of Artemisia annua L. Plant using seaweed extract and micronutrients. Ind. Crops Prod. 2021, 161, 113202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Ayerza, R.; Coates, W. Composition of chia (Salvia hispanica) grown in six tropical and subtropical ecosystems of South America. Trop. Sci. 2004, 44, 131–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Segura-Campos, M.R.; Ciau-Solís, N.; Rosado-Rubio, G.; Chel-Guerrero, L.; Betancur-Ancona, D. Physicochemical characterization of chia (Salviahispanica) seed oil from Yucatán. México Agric. Sci. 2014, 5, 220–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Silva, C.; Garcia, V.A.S.; Zanette, C.M. Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) oil extraction using different organic solvents: Oil yield, fatty acids profile and technological analysis of defatted meal. Int. Food Res. J. 2016, 23, 998–1004. [Google Scholar]
  48. Moghith, W.M.A.; Youssef, A.S.M.; Abd El-Wahab, M.A.; Mohamed, Y.F.Y.; Abou El- Ghait, E.M. Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Some Phosphorus Sources on Growth, Seeds Yield, Chemical Compositions, Oil Productivity and Fixed Oil Constituents of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) Plant. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Biotechnology Applications in Agriculture (ICBAA), Benha, Egypt, 8 April 2021; pp. 541–562. [Google Scholar]
  49. Mohamed, Y.F.Y. Impact of some growth stimulants in cooperation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth, productivity, and chemical constituents of dutch fennel plant. Sci. J. Flowers Ornam. Plants 2020, 7, 303–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Zewail, R.M.Y.; El-Gmal, I.S.; Khaitov, B.; El-Desouky, H.S. El-Desouky Micronutrients through foliar application enhance growth, yield and quality of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). J. Plant Nutr. 2020, 43, 2275–2285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Zewail, R.M.Y. Effect Of Seaweed Amino Acids On Growth And Productivity Of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L). Mansura. J. Agric. Sci. 2014, 50, 212–225. [Google Scholar]
Agronomy 12 02633 g001 550
Figure 1. Effect of various bio-stimulant materials on nitrogen (%) of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plants during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 seasons. For the same column, means followed by the same letter are not statistically different, according to the Tukey multiple range test (TMRT) at p ≤ 0.05.
Figure 1. Effect of various bio-stimulant materials on nitrogen (%) of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plants during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 seasons. For the same column, means followed by the same letter are not statistically different, according to the Tukey multiple range test (TMRT) at p ≤ 0.05.
Agronomy 12 02633 g001
Agronomy 12 02633 g002 550
Figure 2. Effect of various bio-stimulant treatments on phosphorus (%) of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plants during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 seasons. For the same column, means followed by the same letter are not statistically different, according to the Tukey multiple range test (TMRT) at p ≤ 0.05.
Figure 2. Effect of various bio-stimulant treatments on phosphorus (%) of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plants during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 seasons. For the same column, means followed by the same letter are not statistically different, according to the Tukey multiple range test (TMRT) at p ≤ 0.05.
Agronomy 12 02633 g002
Agronomy 12 02633 g003 550
Figure 3. Effect of various bio-stimulant treatments on potassium (%) of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plants during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 seasons. For the same column, means followed by the same letter are not statistically different, according to the Tukey multiple range test.
Figure 3. Effect of various bio-stimulant treatments on potassium (%) of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plants during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 seasons. For the same column, means followed by the same letter are not statistically different, according to the Tukey multiple range test.
Agronomy 12 02633 g003
Agronomy 12 02633 g004 550
Figure 4. Effect of various bio-stimulant treatments on chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plant total free amino acids (mg/100 g F.W.) during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 seasons. For the same column, means followed by the same letter are not statistically different, according to the Tukey multiple range test.
Figure 4. Effect of various bio-stimulant treatments on chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plant total free amino acids (mg/100 g F.W.) during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 seasons. For the same column, means followed by the same letter are not statistically different, according to the Tukey multiple range test.
Agronomy 12 02633 g004
Agronomy 12 02633 g005 550
Figure 5. Effect of various bio-stimulant treatments on chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plant total phenols (mg/100 g F.W.) during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 seasons. For the same column, means followed by the same letter are not statistically different, according to the Tukey multiple range test.
Figure 5. Effect of various bio-stimulant treatments on chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plant total phenols (mg/100 g F.W.) during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 seasons. For the same column, means followed by the same letter are not statistically different, according to the Tukey multiple range test.
Agronomy 12 02633 g005
Agronomy 12 02633 g006 550
Figure 6. Effect of various bio-stimulant treatments on chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plant total indoles (mg/100 g F.W.) during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 seasons. For the same column, means followed by the same letter are not statistically different, according to the Tukey multiple range test.
Figure 6. Effect of various bio-stimulant treatments on chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plant total indoles (mg/100 g F.W.) during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 seasons. For the same column, means followed by the same letter are not statistically different, according to the Tukey multiple range test.
Agronomy 12 02633 g006
Agronomy 12 02633 g007 550
Figure 7. Effect of various bio-stimulants treatment on total carbohydrates (%) of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plants during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 seasons. For the same column, means followed by the same letter are not statistically different, according to the Tukey multiple range test.
Figure 7. Effect of various bio-stimulants treatment on total carbohydrates (%) of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plants during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 seasons. For the same column, means followed by the same letter are not statistically different, according to the Tukey multiple range test.
Agronomy 12 02633 g007
Agronomy 12 02633 g008 550
Figure 8. Effect of various bio-stimulant treatments on Fe (ppm) of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plants during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 seasons. For the same column, means followed by the same letter are not statistically different, according to the Tukey multiple range test.
Figure 8. Effect of various bio-stimulant treatments on Fe (ppm) of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plants during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 seasons. For the same column, means followed by the same letter are not statistically different, according to the Tukey multiple range test.
Agronomy 12 02633 g008
Agronomy 12 02633 g009 550
Figure 9. Effect of various bio-stimulants treatments on boron (ppm) of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plants during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 seasons. For the same column, means followed by the same letter are not statistically different, according to the Tukey multiple range test.
Figure 9. Effect of various bio-stimulants treatments on boron (ppm) of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plants during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 seasons. For the same column, means followed by the same letter are not statistically different, according to the Tukey multiple range test.
Agronomy 12 02633 g009
Agronomy 12 02633 g010 550
Figure 10. Effect of various bios-timulant treatments on Mn (ppm) of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plant during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 seasons. For the same column, means followed by the same letter are not statistically different, according to the Tukey multiple range test.
Figure 10. Effect of various bios-timulant treatments on Mn (ppm) of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plant during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 seasons. For the same column, means followed by the same letter are not statistically different, according to the Tukey multiple range test.
Agronomy 12 02633 g010
Agronomy 12 02633 g011 550
Figure 11. Effect of various bio-stimulants treatments on fixed oil (%) of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plant during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 seasons. For the same column, means followed by the same letter are not statistically different, according to the Tukey multiple range test.
Figure 11. Effect of various bio-stimulants treatments on fixed oil (%) of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plant during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 seasons. For the same column, means followed by the same letter are not statistically different, according to the Tukey multiple range test.
Agronomy 12 02633 g011
Agronomy 12 02633 g012 550
Figure 12. Untreated (control) GLC. (* is the solvent, 1 is the palmitic acid, 2 is oleic acid, 3 is a Linoleic acid and 4 is the α-α linolenic acid) of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) fixed oil content as impacted by various bio-stimulating materials.
Figure 12. Untreated (control) GLC. (* is the solvent, 1 is the palmitic acid, 2 is oleic acid, 3 is a Linoleic acid and 4 is the α-α linolenic acid) of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) fixed oil content as impacted by various bio-stimulating materials.
Agronomy 12 02633 g012
Agronomy 12 02633 g013 550
Figure 13. Amino acid at 2 mL/L GLC. (* is the solvent, 1 is the palmitic acid, 2 is oleic acid, 3 is a Linoleic acid and 4 is the α-α linolenic acid) of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) fixed oil content as impacted by various bio-stimulating materials.
Figure 13. Amino acid at 2 mL/L GLC. (* is the solvent, 1 is the palmitic acid, 2 is oleic acid, 3 is a Linoleic acid and 4 is the α-α linolenic acid) of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) fixed oil content as impacted by various bio-stimulating materials.
Agronomy 12 02633 g013
Agronomy 12 02633 g014 550
Figure 14. Amino acid at 4 mL/L GLC. (* is the solvent, 1 is the palmitic acid, 2 is oleic acid, 3 is a Linoleic acid and 4 is the α-α linolenic acid) of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) fixed oil content as impacted by various bio-stimulating materials.
Figure 14. Amino acid at 4 mL/L GLC. (* is the solvent, 1 is the palmitic acid, 2 is oleic acid, 3 is a Linoleic acid and 4 is the α-α linolenic acid) of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) fixed oil content as impacted by various bio-stimulating materials.
Agronomy 12 02633 g014
Agronomy 12 02633 g015 550
Figure 15. Barthenosteriode at 5 mL/L GLC. (* is the solvent, 1 is the palmitic acid, 2 is oleic acid, 3 is a Linoleic acid and 4 is the α-α linolenic acid) of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) fixed oil content as impacted by various bio-stimulating materials.
Figure 15. Barthenosteriode at 5 mL/L GLC. (* is the solvent, 1 is the palmitic acid, 2 is oleic acid, 3 is a Linoleic acid and 4 is the α-α linolenic acid) of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) fixed oil content as impacted by various bio-stimulating materials.
Agronomy 12 02633 g015
Agronomy 12 02633 g016 550
Figure 16. Barthenosteriode at 10 mL/L GLC. (* is the solvent, 1 is the palmitic acid, 2 is oleic acid, 3 is a Linoleic acid and 4 is the α-α linolenic acid) of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) fixed oil content as impacted by various bio-stimulating materials.
Figure 16. Barthenosteriode at 10 mL/L GLC. (* is the solvent, 1 is the palmitic acid, 2 is oleic acid, 3 is a Linoleic acid and 4 is the α-α linolenic acid) of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) fixed oil content as impacted by various bio-stimulating materials.
Agronomy 12 02633 g016
Agronomy 12 02633 g017 550
Figure 17. Algae at 2 mL/L GLC (* is the solvent, 1 is the palmitic acid, 2 is oleic acid, 3 is a Linoleic acid and 4 is the α-α linolenic acid) of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) fixed oil content as impacted by various bio-stimulating materials.
Figure 17. Algae at 2 mL/L GLC (* is the solvent, 1 is the palmitic acid, 2 is oleic acid, 3 is a Linoleic acid and 4 is the α-α linolenic acid) of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) fixed oil content as impacted by various bio-stimulating materials.
Agronomy 12 02633 g017
Agronomy 12 02633 g018 550
Figure 18. Algae at 4 mL/L G.L.C. (* is the solvent, 1 is the palmitic acid, 2 is oleic acid, 3 is a Linoleic acid and 4 is the α-α linolenic acid) of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) fixed oil content as impacted by various treatments.
Figure 18. Algae at 4 mL/L G.L.C. (* is the solvent, 1 is the palmitic acid, 2 is oleic acid, 3 is a Linoleic acid and 4 is the α-α linolenic acid) of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) fixed oil content as impacted by various treatments.
Agronomy 12 02633 g018
Table
Table 1. Mechanical and chemical analysis of the experimental soil.
Table 1. Mechanical and chemical analysis of the experimental soil.
ParametersValuesParametersValues
Mechanical PropertiesChemical Analysis
(2019–2020)(2020–2021) (2019–2020)(2020–2021)
Coarse sand (%)9.05.8Organic matter (%) 1.771.81
Fine sand (%)13.712.0Calcium carbonate (%)0.850.99
Silt (%)22.223.2Available nitrogen (mg Kg−1)0.68 0.74
Clay (%)55.159.1Available phosphorus (mg kg−1)0.42 0.38
Textural classClay loamClay loamAvailable potassium (mg kg−1)199210
pH water (1:1)7.667.59
Electrical conductivity (dS/m)0.950.77
Table
Table 2. Effect of bio-stimulant treatments on chia plant height (cm), fresh weight (g)/plant, and dry weight (g)/plant during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 seasons.
Table 2. Effect of bio-stimulant treatments on chia plant height (cm), fresh weight (g)/plant, and dry weight (g)/plant during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 seasons.
ParametersPlant Height (cm)Fresh Weight g/PlantDry Weight g/Plant
Treatments 1st Season2nd Season1st Season1st Season2nd Season1st Season
Control (tap water)70.33 ± 0.67 g76.43 ± 0.96 f78.93 ± 1.58 f81.00 ± 0.73 g9.07 ± 0.23 d11.10 ± 1.68 e
Amino acid at 2 mL/L81.77 ± 1.36 f85.33 ± 0.74 e99.70 ± 0.46 d105.50 ± 1.06 d12.03 ± 1.69 c15.33 ± 0.81 d
Amino acid at 4 mL/L84.93 ± 0.67 e89.77 ± 1.02 d103.90 ± 1.70 c110.20 ± 0.95 c14.83 ± 0.40 b17.93 ± 0.55 c
Barthenosteriode at 5 mL/L89.03 ± 1.12 d91.13 ± 1.29 d89.80 ± 1.06 e93.97 ± 1.19 f10.00 ± 0.35 cd14.03 ± 0.23 d
Barthenosteriode at 10 mL/L93.57 ± 0.95 c95.97 ± 0.47 c92.70 ± 0.53 e99.63 ± 0.51 e10.60 ± 0.52 cd14.67 ± 0.50 d
Algae extract at 2 mL/L100.70 ± 0.50 b110.4 ± 1.1 b115.40 ± 1.15 b116.90 ± 1.3 b16.95 ± 0.83 b23.37 ± 0.68 b
Algae extract at 4 mL/L107.60 ± 0.96 a113.0 ± 1.12 a128.80 ± 1.36 a135.2 ± 0.51 a21.43 ± 0.83 a25.70 ± 0.85 a
The data represent the means ± standard deviation (SD) of three replications. In the same column, means followed by the same letter are not statistically different, according to the Tukey multiple range test (TMRT) at p ≤ 0.05.
Table
Table 3. Effect of bio-stimulant treatments on chia leaf area/(cm2) and number of branches/plant during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 seasons.
Table 3. Effect of bio-stimulant treatments on chia leaf area/(cm2) and number of branches/plant during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 seasons.
ParametersLeaf Area (cm2)Number of Branches/Plant
Treatments 1st Season2nd Season1st Season2nd Season
Control (tap water)628.3 ± 2.68 c636.6 ± 16.55 c13.33 ± 1.58 d12.67 ± 1.15 e
Amino acid at 2 mL/L909.6 ± 14.50 ab908.6 ± 16.62 ab17.67 ± 0.58 bc19.67 ± 0.58 d
Amino acid at 4 mL/L934.1 ± 18.85 ab950.8 ± 14.98 ab19.00 ± 1.0 b23.33 ± 1.15 c
Barthenosteriode at 5 mL/L869.0 ± 14.56 ab897.9 ± 13.63 ab15.67 ± 0.58 cd18.33 ± 0.58 d
Barthenosteriode at 10 mL/L834.9 ± 18.56 b856.6 ± 14.53 b16.33 ± 0.58 bc19.67 ± 0.58 d
Algae extract at 2 mL/L944.7 ± 13.11 ab947.2 ± 13.07 ab25.00 ± 1.0 a26.67 ± 1.15 b
Algae extract at 4 mL/L959.4 ± 10.11 a972.2 ± 17.23 a27.67 ± 0.58 a29.67 ± 0.58 a
The data represent the means ± standard deviation (SD) of three replications. In the same column, means followed by the same letter are not statistically different, according to the Tukey multiple range test (TMRT) at p ≤ 0.05.
Table
Table 4. Effect of bio-stimulant treatments on chia inflorescences weights, seed weights and weights per 1000 seeds during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 seasons.
Table 4. Effect of bio-stimulant treatments on chia inflorescences weights, seed weights and weights per 1000 seeds during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 seasons.
ParametersInflorescences Weights (g)/PlantSeeds Weights (g)/PlantWeight of 1000 Seeds/(g)
Treatments 1st Season2nd Season1st Season2nd Season1st Season2nd Season
Control (tap water)9.33 ± 0.39 e9.97 ± 0.54 c3.63 ± 0.15 e3.50 ± 0.1 e1.06 ± 6.5 c1.10 ± 0.11 c
Amino acid at 2 mL/L10.87 ± 0.58 de10.87 ± 0.57 c5.37 ± 0.32 c6.43 ± 0.21 c1.12 ± 0.1 bc1.15 ± 0.11 bc
Amino acid at 4 mL/L12.03 ± 0.74 cd12.83 ± 0.40 b5.87 ± 0.06 c7.03 ± 0.29 bc1.20 ± 0.1 bc1.19 ± 0.01 bc
Barthenosteriode at 5 mL/L10.67 ± 0.50 de11.57 ± 1.0 bc4.20 ± 0.30 de5.30 ± 0.20 d1.15 ± 0.1 bc1.15 ± 0.01 bc
Barthenosteriode at 10 mL/L12.93 ± 0.55 c12.80 ± 0.44 b4.53 ± 0.35 d5.43 ± 0.21 d1.24 ± 0.2 b1.21 ± 0.02 b
Algae extract at 2 mL/L15.10 ± 0.56 b18.90 ± 0.61 a7.20 ± 0.30 b7.43 ± 0.32 b1.40 ± 0.3 a1.46 ± 0.02 a
Algae extract at 4 mL/L17.34 ± 0.82 a20.00 ± 0.34 a8.57 ± 0.06 a8.53 ± 0.35 a1.46 ± 0.3 a1.50 ± 0.02 a
The data represent the means ± standard deviation (SD) of three replications. In the same column, means followed by the same letter are not statistically different, according to the Tukey multiple range test (TMRT) at p ≤ 0.05.
Table
Table 5. Effect of bio-stimulant treatments on chia chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 seasons.
Table 5. Effect of bio-stimulant treatments on chia chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 seasons.
ParametersChlorophyll a (mg/g Fresh Weight)Chlorophyll b (mg/g Fresh Weight)Carotenoids (mg/100 g Fresh Weight)
Treatments 1st Season2nd Season1st Season2nd Season1st Season2nd Season
Control (tap water)0.540 ± 0.02 d0.546 ± 0.04 c0.260 ± 0.09 e0.263 ± 0.02 d0.350 ± 0.01 b0.346 ± 0.01 b
Amino acid at 2 mL/L0.653 ± 0.01 c0.667 ± 0.01 b0.327 ± 0.02 d0.337 ± 0.02 c0.447 ± 0.01 a0.443 ± 0.01 a
Amino acid at 4 mL/L0.673 ± 0.01 bc0.670 ± 0.01 b0.333 ± 0.02 cd0.333 ± 0.01 c0.423 ± 0.03 ab0.427 ± 0.01 ab
Barthenosteriode at 5 mL/L0.677 ± 0.01 b0.677 ± 002 b0.333 ± 0.02 cd0.340 ± 0.01 c0.437 ± 0.01 ab0.443 ± 0.01 a
Barthenosteriode at 10 mL/L0.690 ± 0.01 b0.690 ± 0.01 b0.347 ± 0.05 c0.353 ± 0.04 bc0.430 ± 0.01 ab0.430 ± 0.03 ab
Algae extract at 2 mL/L0.783 ± 0.02 a0.780 ± 0.02 a0.370 ± 0.03 b0.370 ± 0.01 b0.440 ± 0.02 ab0.433 ± 0.01 ab
Algae extract at 4 mL/L0.793 ± 0.02 a0.797 ± 0.01 a0.407 ± 0.02 a0.400 ± 0.02 a0.487 ± 0.02 a0.500 ± 0.02 a
The data represent the means ± standard deviation (SD) of three replications. In the same column, means followed by the same letter are not statistically different, according to the Tukey multiple range test (TMRT) at p ≤ 0.05.
Table
Table 6. Effect of different treatments on the fractions of fixed oil contents of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plants during the second season (2020–2021).
Table 6. Effect of different treatments on the fractions of fixed oil contents of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plants during the second season (2020–2021).
Peak
No.		Component
Name		Area%
Control
(Tap
Water)		Amino
Acid
at 2 mL/L		Amino
Acid
4 mL/L		Barthenosteriode
at 5 mL/L		Barthenosteriode
at 10 mL/L		Algae
at 2 mL/L		Algae
at 4 mL/L
1Palmitic acid9.5210.6510.4110.6310.358.999.10
2Oleic acid14.7013.4913.1516.3213.4712.8412.09
3Linoleic acid23.1221.8121.2523.3221.3021.7220.93
4α-α linolenic acid52.6554.0555.1849.7254.8856.4657.89
Solvent----- -
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

El-Desouky, H.S.; Zewail, R.M.Y.; Selim, D.A.-F.H.; Baakdah, M.M.; Johari, D.M.; Elhakem, A.; Mostafa, Y.S.; Alamri, S.; Sami, R.; El-Khayat, L.A.S.; et al. Bio-Growth Stimulants Impact Seed Yield Products and Oil Composition of Chia. Agronomy 2022, 12, 2633. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112633

AMA Style

El-Desouky HS, Zewail RMY, Selim DA-FH, Baakdah MM, Johari DM, Elhakem A, Mostafa YS, Alamri S, Sami R, El-Khayat LAS, et al. Bio-Growth Stimulants Impact Seed Yield Products and Oil Composition of Chia. Agronomy. 2022; 12(11):2633. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112633

Chicago/Turabian Style

El-Desouky, Heba S., Reda M. Y. Zewail, Dalia Abdel-Fattah H. Selim, Morooj M. Baakdah, Doaa Mahmoud Johari, Abeer Elhakem, Yasser S. Mostafa, Saad Alamri, Rokayya Sami, Lamiaa A. S. El-Khayat, and et al. 2022. "Bio-Growth Stimulants Impact Seed Yield Products and Oil Composition of Chia" Agronomy 12, no. 11: 2633. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112633

APA Style

El-Desouky, H. S., Zewail, R. M. Y., Selim, D. A. -F. H., Baakdah, M. M., Johari, D. M., Elhakem, A., Mostafa, Y. S., Alamri, S., Sami, R., El-Khayat, L. A. S., Islam, K. R., Azab, E. S., & Yousry, M. Y. F. (2022). Bio-Growth Stimulants Impact Seed Yield Products and Oil Composition of Chia. Agronomy, 12(11), 2633. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112633

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop