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Article

Multi-Parental Advances Generation Inter-Cross Population, to Develop Organic Tomato Genotypes by Participatory Plant Breeding

by
Gabriele Campanelli
1,*,
Sara Sestili
1,
Nazzareno Acciarri
1,
Francesco Montemurro
1,
Daniela Palma
1,
Fabrizio Leteo
1 and
Massimiliano Beretta
2
1
Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (CREA), Via Salaria 1, 63077 Monsampolo del Tronto (AP), Italy
2
ISI Sementi SpA, 43036 Fidenza (PR), Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agronomy 2019, 9(3), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9030119
Submission received: 6 February 2019 / Revised: 25 February 2019 / Accepted: 26 February 2019 / Published: 2 March 2019
(This article belongs to the Section Horticultural and Floricultural Crops)
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Abstract

:
A Multi-parent Advanced Generation Intercross (MAGIC) tomato population was developed by crossing eight founder lines chosen to include a wide range of variability. The lines were previously genotyped by a genotyping by sequencing approach. The MAGIC population was used to develop genotypes with important agronomic traits and to perform the Participatory Plant Breeding (PPB). Among the 400 plants of generation 4 (G4) of the MAGIC population cultivated in an organic field experiment, 22 individuals were phenotypically selected and a molecular analysis was done for both presence of resistance genes and fruit shape (marker assisted selection) on G5 seedlings. Three selected plants showed both the pyramiding gene of resistance to the main diseases and the ovate gene for pear shape typology. The 400 G10 stable lines that obtained from single seed descent will represent an important genetic resource for the tomato scientific community. The MAGIC population G4 was also cultivated in three organic farms located in North, Central and South Italy to carry out the PPB. The plants showed significant phenotypic differences in development, productivity and fruit color. This variability was used to select families of tomato adapted to low input crop management, different environments, agricultural practices and market conditions.

1. Introduction

In the last years, the application both of intensive agronomical practices and cropping systems contributed to the progressive worsening of environmental conditions, induced by large application of deep soil tillage, inappropriate utilization of inorganic fertilizers and single-crop farming, especially of horticultural plants. Consequently, phenomena of soil fertility deterioration, nitrate losses, water pollution and soil compaction have often been observed. On this matter, there are many studies assessing the environmental sustainability of different cropping systems [1,2,3]. To overcome these problems a combination of good agricultural practices (GAP) and innovative plant breeding is needed. Particularly, the organic agriculture production, which is increasing both in term of cultivation area and economic importance, is an example of GAP. It is based on conservative techniques that increase the soil organic matter and environmental sustainability and reduces the ecological risks, due to a lower use of synthetic products [2]. On the other hand, the plant breeding, that essentially relies on the utilization of genetic variation within the breeding material, is also a crucial tool to manage environmental impacts on cultivation systems by providing improved varieties. Different Authors [4,5] highlighted that organic production, especially in horticultural agriculture, reached less yield compared to the conventional one, even if this statement should be not generalized. This outcome could be mainly due to the genotypes cultivated in organic farming. There is a lack of varieties specifically adapted to organic agriculture since most of the available varieties have been obtained under high input conditions. As a consequence, there is an increasing need to improve performances and competitiveness of organic seeds and breeding program useful to develop varieties adapted to organic systems, that is a key point for realizing the full potential of organic agriculture [5]. This issue is important for all vegetable crops and particularly for species, like the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) one, that in the past was subjected to high genetic improvement for conventional farming. Tomato crop, both for processing and fresh market, is one of the most important vegetables in Italy and worldwide and, therefore, it is cultivated in different environmental conditions as well as both in open field and greenhouses. As a consequence, in the last decades, a large number of hybrids were developed by seed companies. This selection process reduces the number of traditional local varieties, which are appreciated by consumers, and usually adapted to low agronomical inputs.
The tomato breeding programs developed within organic agronomic systems in combination with wild germplasms and the advanced breeding populations can represent an important resource to map agronomical high-value quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and to produce suitable germoplasm for sustainable tomato cultivation. In this framework, new crossing schemes have been suggested to create powerful breeding materials as the multi-parent advanced generation intercross (MAGIC) populations. They are developed by intercrossing multiple parental lines and self-crossing the progeny, for several generations, to generate recombinant inbreed lines (RILs) [6]. The combination of different genomes from more founders increases the allelic diversity (including rare alleles) allowing to overcome the main constraints of classical bi-parental crosses, where only two alleles can be investigated. In this way, it is possible to develop new phenotypes that represent highly valuable pre-breeding resource [7]. The MAGIC populations have been developed in tomato [8], cowpea [9], chickpea [10], rice [11], barley [12], and wheat [13]. These highly variable populations could represent an important genetic material for the participatory plant breeding (PPB) approach, which is focused to develop new cultivars adapted to local and organic production systems. The PPB originated in developing countries for marginal lands, has been proposed as a breeding methodology to increase and optimize the development and the adoption of several new varieties adapted to specific microclimates [5]. Even if tomato PPB has been carried out in different countries and environment [14], there is a lack of knowledge about how to joint PPB and innovation in plant breeding (MAGIC) in order to develop new cultivars adapted to organic cropping systems.
In light of these considerations, the objectives of this research were: (i) to develop a tomato MAGIC population; (ii) to perform an organic PPB program, in order to obtain new varieties adapted to low agronomical inputs, appreciated by farmers and consumers and resilient at both environmental conditions and organic agronomical procedures; (iii) to evaluate the selected seedling by the Marker Assisted Selection (MAS), for the pyramiding of interesting genes that are present in the eight founders; (iv) to obtain the RILs through SSD that will be genotyped to find QTLs and develop new molecular markers associated with important agronomic traits.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. The MAGIC Population Construction

Eight tomato lines were selected on the basis on their breeding relevance to develop the MAGIC population: seven Solanum lycopersicum lines obtained by the breeding program of ISI Sementi SpA and one wild accession of Solanum cheesmaniae that belongs to the TGRC (http://tgrc.ucdavis.edu) coded as LA1407 (Table 1). The Solanum lycopersicum lines were selected for the resistance to fungi, bacteria and viruses. Other important phenotypic traits related to plant resilience and fruits segregated in the collection. The Solanum cheesmaniae is a wild relative accession and it was selected for a very large dataset of traits as biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, yield and resiliency [15].
The eight stable founder lines were chosen to maximize the phenotypic diversity and were genotyped using the genotyping by sequencing (GBS) approach, following the RAD technology. The genotyping was performed by the external service provider PTP–Parco Tecnologico Padano. The SNPs dataset was filtered for MAF < 0.05 using the R software version 3.4.4. The four initial crosses were performed using the cross plan proposed by Pasqual et al. [8]. Each G1 (Generation one) was then crossed in pair to obtain two different sets of double cross G1 hybrid (G2). The two offspring obtained from each set were sowed and intercrossed producing 100 plants, each containing parts of the eight founder genomes. Some plants from these eight-way families were selfed through single seed descent (SSD) to monitor phenotypic variation and to increase seed availability for the next SSD steps. The presence of alleles for tomato spotted wilt virus resistance, Beta (B) locus for beta-carotene and self-pruning trait (sp locus) were tested on the segregant population genotypes to demonstrate the successful crossing.

2.2. Cultivation and Selection of MAGIC Population

A core population of 400 plants (four plants for each cross—G3) of the developed tomato MAGIC population, were cultivated at the Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (CREA) on the Monsampolo organic vegetable long-term field experiment—MOVE LTE (AP, 42°53′ N, 13°48′ E) [16]. The MOVE LTE reproduces a typical cropping system of an organic vegetable farm (four-year crop rotation with four cash crops and three different agro-ecological service crops), including the most important crops in the area. Agronomic management follows an agro-ecological approach based on both conservation tillage and crop diversification strategies. In the spring–summer 2017 growing season, a first evaluation made by researchers of the MAGIC population and the selection of the best 30 G3 plants was carried out by detecting several traits. In particular, this evaluation took into account plant habitus, time of flowering, ripening time, leaf and fruit shape, firmness, shelf-life, color, °Brix and pH. In the spring–summer 2018 following year, the 400 G4 plants of the MAGIC were cultivated and a further phenotypical selection was carried out by researchers selecting the best 22 G4 plants. In each generation cycle, tomato seeds were collected from all 400 cultivated plants to continue the Single Seed Descent (SSD).

2.3. Participatory Plant Breeding Approach and Description

The 400 G4 tomato plants obtained in summer 2017 on a field trial conducted in the MOVE LTE at CREA represented a living gene bank and it was used in participatory breeding programs (PBB). This activity was carried out during the spring–summer 2018 growing season on three Italian organic farms: North (Po valley, Padua province, Italy), Central (hills near the Adriatic coast, Fermo province, Italy) and South (along the Jonian coast, Matera province, Italy). The farmers, in collaboration with the scientists, selected the most desirable plants of the core collection in their own fields. In particular, to conduct participatory selection in each location it was adopted a partially replicated (p-rep) experimental design [17]. It was used the optimized randomization [18] to allocate the following 480 plants: 370 G4 MAGIC tomato single plant obtained by the 2017 field experiment on MOVE LTE; the best 30 G4 MAGIC selected plants at MOVE LTE in 2017; 25 tomato local varieties coming from Italy and Spain. These latter selected and local varieties plants were replicated twice.
The field experiments carried out in three farms were conducted by applying the local technique for tomato organic production, following the agronomic practices indicated in the European legislation on organic farming [19]. In each trial, the single plant evaluation was visually performed by farmers, researchers and technicians, who individually indicated a score ranging from 1 (= bad value) to 4 (= very good value). On the basis of this score, the fruits were collected from the selected plants and were evaluated for the quality parameters. The farmers cultivated the G4 as unexpected and potential genetic materials in terms of adaptation to environmental conditions and specific agricultural management techniques (e.g., sustainable soil management, organic agriculture, etc.).

2.4. Molecular Analysis of the Selected G4 Plants

The seedlings of the eight founders and the 22 plants (G5) selected during the 2018 summer season at CREA (total of 30 plants) were grown in a greenhouse at 25 ± 2 °C with 80–90% of relative humidity in plastic pots filled with sterilized soil. Total DNA was extracted from young leaves using a slightly modified version of the CTAB method [20]. DNA was quantified with a NanoDrop 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) spectrophotometer and diluted in sterile water to a final concentration of 20 ng µL−1. The quality of DNA was checked by electrophoresis on 0.8% agarose gel. The amplification was performed in a PTC-100 MJ thermal cycler (Bio-Rad Inc., Hercules, CA, USA) in a total volume of 20 µL containing 40 ng of genomic DNA, 1× PCR buffer, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM dNTP, 0.8 mM primer and 0.8 U Taq (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). The amplified products were separated on 1.2% agarose gel for 2 h at 80 volts and stained with 0.5 g mL−1 of ethidium bromide. Gels were visualized using Kodak 1D 3.6 software. A 1 Kb ladder (SIGMA) was used. The PCR cycling profiles followed those reported in the literature [21,22,23,24,25,26] for each gene detected. The molecular markers used were related to resistance genes and fruit shape characters (Table 2).

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. MAGIC Development and Tomato Selection of G3 Population

In the MAGIC population development, the multiple parents were intercrossed to form a broad genetic base following a prescribed order for each line. In this way, we obtained a set of lines in which the genomes included the contributions from each of the founders. According to Huong et al. [27], the design and selection scheme used in the cross will impact on the eventual genetic makeup of the population. The founder lines selection is extremely important to develop a new population since there is a need to achieve an optimal level of genetic diversity [7]. The founders must be chosen based on genetic and/or phenotypic diversity, either in a constrained set of materials (e.g., elite cultivars, geographical adaptation) or using genotypes of different origins (worldwide germplasm collections, distant relatives) [27]. An average amount of 500,000 raw data points (DP) were identified by the GBS analysis. A total of 7567 new useful SNPs was identified, and SNPs were located in the tomato genome (v 2.50) as reported in Table 3. The distribution of SNPs varied among the chromosomes and, in particular, chromosome 6 showed the highest density of SNPs (1509) while chromosome 7 the lowest (157) (Table 3).
These data, along with those obtained from the genotyping of the stable lines produced at the end of the selection cycles, will be used to estimate the proportion of founder alleles segregating within the RILs and to follow the allelic frequencies evolution in the different environmental conditions. The cluster analysis of the founders has grouped the genotypes in two main groups, which did not seem to fit with any traits related to the plant structure nor fruit related traits (Figure 1). The dendrogram is the results of the genotyping of the founders and it presents the genetic similarity among the founders used to develop the MAGIC population. In particular, the line ISI 4 was obtained from the segregated population of ISI 7 crossed with an elongated parental line not included in this study. The ISI 7 and ISI 6 were obtained from a segregating population including old fresh market indeterminate lines and selecting for the self-pruning trait. The ISI 1, ISI 2 and ISI 3 are determinate parental lines obtained by the selection of processing segregating varieties. The ISI 8 is a determinate line with the genetic background of Ailsa Craig (indeterminate), containing spontaneous mutations involved during the flowering stage. The LA1407 (Solanum cheesmaniae) is an indeterminate wild relative with semi-prostrate habits, which was expected to belong to the cluster of the lines having indeterminate pedigree. This different clustering, nearest to the processing determinate lines, suggested that intercross among Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum cheesmaniae and indeterminate tomato lines has occurred in recent times to introduce valuable agronomic traits.
The large number of new molecular markers obtained by the GBS of the founders and associated to important traits will be used in all lines developed from the MAGIC populations, allowing us to follow the allelic frequencies evolution in different environmental conditions.
The stable lines that will be obtained at the end of this work will represent a new and permanent resource for the tomato scientific community and farmers, allowing the constitution of varieties adapted to different environments, agricultural practices and market conditions. The potential of MAGIC populations to include a wide range of variation highlighted in a publication of the tomato genome [28] opened new avenues for the exploitation of this variation [8]. The crop domestication leads to a lack of genetic variation in the cultivated species and, in particular, for both the fruit aspect and adaptation to a wide range of environmental conditions. This lack of variation induced a strong reduction of molecular diversity, that limited the exploitation of intraspecific variation [29,30,31]. Currently, most of the scientific papers on tomato [27,29] are based on genetic material developed during the 90s. As a consequence, scouting for new agronomical interesting traits, as well as new gene and alleles, are needed for academic research, breeding and markets.
Figure 2 presents the MAGIC population scheme. The first stage of our innovative breeding program was carried out during the autumn 2015–winter 2016 season and the eight founder lines (G0) were pairwise crossed. The lines were separated in two sets: one containing four determinate Solanum lycopersicum parental lines, and one containing three determinate Solanum lycopersicum and the wild indeterminate Solanum cheesmaniae accession. In Figure 2 the flow chart of the research is reported, according to the suggestion of Bandillo et al. [11]. The four resulting G1s were pairwise crossed (4-way crosses performed in spring–summer 2016). The seeds (G2) of each offspring were sowed and the plants were used to perform 100 single crosses to obtain the G3 segregating population (autumn–winter 2016). The flowers obtained by the pedigree containing the Solanum cheesmaniae accession were used as pollen donor in order to avoid fertility problems due to the wild incompatibility. All obtained descendants segregating crosses were sowed during spring–summer 2017. The wide phenotypical segregation obtained confirmed the success of crosses.

3.2. Evaluation and Selection within the MAGIC Population

Figure 2 also shows the evaluation of the MAGIC population. In particular, the 400 G3 plants (4 plants for 100 crosses) of the MAGIC population were cultivated in spring–summer 2017 on MOVE LTE at CREA Monsampolo del Tronto and 30 G3 plants, coming from different crosses, were selected. In the following growing season (spring–summer 2018), among the 400 G4 plants of the MAGIC population, 22 plants were selected and only five individuals were the ones derived from the 30 G3 plants previously selected. The plants resulting from the advanced intercrossing stage will be progressed to create homozygous individuals in the next growing seasons (Figure 2). Even if the RILs in plants can be created in different ways [32,33], in our study we adopted the SSD approach with the aim to introduce additional recombination, albeit less than during the MAGIC development. The final collection of tomato pure lines (G10) will be phenotyped with classical tomato breeding tools through the field book app and the tomato analyzer software. They will be also genotyped by GBS approach, in order to develop association studies and speed up the selection of new breeding varieties. The GBS is a widely used range of methods for detecting SNPs using high-throughput sequencing technology and combined with phenotypic data. It provides a powerful basis for rapid mapping and identification of genes underlying agronomic traits which can then be introduced into germplasm [34]. The collection could represent a milestone in tomato genomics, since it will be a resource for both scientific and farmers community, in order to face the new challenges of worldwide sustainable tomato cultivation in the near future.

3.3. Molecular Characterization of the G4 Selected Plants

A total of 30 seedlings (G5) were molecularly characterized and they were represented by the 22 selected G4 tomato plants from the MAGIC population plus the eight founders. The molecular characterization was aimed at detecting genes toward the main tomato biotic stress and fruit shape. The resistance, susceptible and heterozygous genotypes were detected for all genes amplified (Figure 3 and Figure 4). In Figure 3, the presence of the Pto resistance gene is showed in two parental lines (single band of 552 bp) and one of four selected lines, the line numbered eight showed the three bands indicating the heterozygosity. In Figure 4 two parental lines and 12 selected lines showed the presence of FOL race 2 (two bands of 390 and 410 bp). Among these 12 selected lines, three were heterozygotes.
In Table 4 is reported the molecular characterization of both 22 selected lines and eight parents. All the results obtained were in accordance with cited literature [21,22,23,24,25,26]. The wild type S. chesmaniae resulted susceptible to all diseases except for Meloidogyne, P. syringae and TSWV. In five plants, among the 22 selected, the markers amplified all genes for biotic stress, suggesting the positive pyramiding of the resistance. The ovate gene was present in 13 of the 22 selected plants that showed the “pear shape” character [26].
The phenotypic performed selection in 2017 identified 30 G3 plants among the 400 original MAGIC population. The next 2018 selection identified further new 22 G4 plants. Among these 22 G4 plants only five derived from the 30 G3 plants previously selected in 2017. The MAS performed in 2018 on the 22 G5 seedlings (derived from G4) identified three genotypes that showed both all resistance genes and the ovate gene for the pear shape (Table 4). The molecular analysis, therefore, confirmed the visual selection carried out during the two years of phenotypic selection. The molecular analyses are still undergoing for fruit color, habitus and consistency characters, in order to identify the best genotypes. This activity will be important to develop stable tomato varieties. The molecular characterization will also proceed on the seedlings obtained by seeds collected from the G4 plants selected in each organic farm to provide only the more genetic and agronomic interesting plants. Furthermore, the selected tomato plants will be analyzed with new functional molecular markers developed from the 20,000 new SNPs obtained by the genotyping of the eight founders. The GBS approach has been successfully used to implement both genome-wide association (GWAS) and genomic diversity study, genetic linkage analysis, molecular marker discovery and genomic selection under a large scale of plant breeding programs [35].

3.4. Tomato Genotype Selection by Participatory Plant Breeding Program

The selection of offspring is an important step in this innovative breeding program, since it may not be practical to phenotype the whole population. In fact, it is difficult and expensive to measure the most important agronomical traits, particularly the ones related to the adaptation of environmental and agricultural systems. Furthermore, we have to take into account the high variability of the segregant population, which induces to select the plants for their adaptability to specific environmental cultivation. To accomplish this aim, in each location a team of farmers and researchers/technicians performed a visual selection of the best tomato plants, following a scheme arranged in a rows-columns (40 rows and 12 columns) pattern (Table 5).
During the visual selection on each individual plant: the mean score and its standard deviation were ranked to identify the plants with the highest mean score and the lowest standard deviation as an estimate of unanimous opinion of the team. The evaluation of tomato plants produced a selection of 30 plants in each organic field trial, which were considered desirable to select for the following cycles of selection. Finally, the fruits of these plants were collected, and the selection by the researchers testing other measuring parameters followed in the laboratory. The total number of parameters evaluated during the selection is reported in Table 6.
In our study, the selection conducted in the three organic farms located throughout Italy, produced different genotypes particularly characterized by plant develop and fruit color (Table 7), confirming the findings of a previous study [4]. The parameters with a higher variability among the three locations were plant vigor, health and production rate. In particular, the plants selected in the North showed a higher vigor, healthy and production rate, while the ones selected in South Italy showed a higher solid soluble (°Brix) of fruits. Furthermore, the plant selected in the three Italian regions showed a significant difference both on fruit shape and fruit color. In particular, in the north, the plants had higher plant vigor, fruiting abundance and the majority of red fruits, with respect to the ones cultivated in the Center and South Italy. Even if the first selection years are not enough to draw a general conclusion on the production of adapted tomato materials, the findings of this research pointed out that the Participatory Plant Breeding program, assisted by the molecular analysis, is not only economically and agronomically feasible, but it also ensures beneficial environmental effects. Therefore, this study, together with other researches on organic tomato agronomic sustainability [36,37] can be considered a key tool to produce plants adapted to low input crop managements especially in organic production.

4. Conclusions

The MAGIC population developed in tomato, that is one of the most important vegetables consumed worldwide, together with the whole genome sequences of the founder lines and the collection obtained from the PPB are extremely important to develop genotypes adapted to organic production and low input crop management. The results of this research highlighted the importance of this breeding program to select families of tomato under organic management techniques. The production of these materials could represent a stable, long-lasting collection and an important genetic resource both for scientists and farmers communities in order to face the new challenges of worldwide sustainable tomato cultivation in the near future. Even if we have already carried out the MAGIC population and the first adapted genotypes, the PPB research activity will proceed in the following years in each organic farm. In particular, this innovative breeding program is scheduled to cultivate the families of the selected plants (20 plants for each typology selected) and the varieties that will be obtained could be used both for fresh market and transformation process. The findings of our research also highlighted that the molecular characterization of the selected plants could be helpful for marker-assisted selection of the MAGIC population. Finally, the genotyping of the founders and the stable lines developed from the MAGIC populations will allow to identify the proportion of polymorphic alleles segregating within the MAGIC lines and to identify new molecular markers associated to important agronomic traits. This research will further allow us to follow the allelic frequencies evolution in the different environmental conditions.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, G.C., S.S., N.A., F.M., D.P., F.L., M.B.; Methodology, G.C., S.S., N.A., F.M., D.P., F.L., M.B.; Writing-Original Draft Preparation, G.C., S.S. and F.M.; Project Administration, G.C.

Funding

This research was funded by LIVESEED Project Horizon 2020.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Dendrogram of the founders obtained by Genotyping By Sequencing approach.
Figure 1. Dendrogram of the founders obtained by Genotyping By Sequencing approach.
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Figure 2. Multi-parent Advanced Generation Intercross population development scheme and the flow chart of the research; plants 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 = ISI lines; 5 = LA1407 (S. cheesmaniae).
Figure 2. Multi-parent Advanced Generation Intercross population development scheme and the flow chart of the research; plants 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 = ISI lines; 5 = LA1407 (S. cheesmaniae).
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Agronomy 09 00119 g003 550
Figure 3. PCR amplification of the selected plants and parent lines with Pto marker for resistance towards Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato. Lanes 1–22: selected plants; lanes 23–30: parental lines; 1 Kb ladder.
Figure 3. PCR amplification of the selected plants and parent lines with Pto marker for resistance towards Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato. Lanes 1–22: selected plants; lanes 23–30: parental lines; 1 Kb ladder.
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Figure 4. PCR amplification of the selected plants and parent lines with TAO marker for resistance towards Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. Lycopersici, race 2 (FOL). Lanes 1–22: selected plants; lanes 23–30: parental lines; 100 bp ladder.
Figure 4. PCR amplification of the selected plants and parent lines with TAO marker for resistance towards Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. Lycopersici, race 2 (FOL). Lanes 1–22: selected plants; lanes 23–30: parental lines; 100 bp ladder.
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Table
Table 1. Summary of the main plant and fruit phenotypic traits present in the eight founders.
Table 1. Summary of the main plant and fruit phenotypic traits present in the eight founders.
FoundersShapeWeightDTF 1Sp 2H3 3Fruit ColorPeduncleGreen ShoulderHypocotilOBV 4
ISI 1Blocky7050sp/spPresentRedJointlessAbsentLight greenNot transparent
ISI 2Round16050sp/spAbsentRedJointedAbsentVioletNot transparent
ISI 3Oval9047sp/spAbsentRedJointedAbsentVioletNot transparent
ISI 4Blocky8043sp/spAbsentRedJointlessAbsentVioletTransparent
LA1407Round573SP/SPAbsentOrangeJointedPresentGreenNot transparent
ISI 6Blocky8036sp/spAbsentRedJointlessAbsentVioletTransparent
ISI 7Elongated7546sp/spAbsentRedJointlessAbsentVioletNot transparent
ISI 8Round5055sp/spAbsentRedJointlessPresentVioletNot transparent
1 Days to flowering; 2 sp = self-pruning gene; 3 H3 = high holding-ability hybrid; 4 OBV = obscura venosa.
Table
Table 2. List of characters analyzed and primes used.
Table 2. List of characters analyzed and primes used.
GeneMarkerSequences Primer (5′–3′)References
Forward “F”Reverse “R”
Resistance
I-2 (FOL)TAO1GGGCTCCTAATCCGTGCTTCAGGTGGAGGATCGGGTTTGTTTC[21]
Frl (FORL)T1212AAGTGCTCTAGACAAAAAGACTCCCCAATGTACAATGGAACTCGTTGATG[22]
Mi-1 (M)Mi23TGGAAAAATGTTGAATTTCTTTTGGCATACTATATGGCTTGTTTACCC[23]
Sw-5 (TSWV)Sw5CGGAACCTGTAACTTGACTGGAGCTCTCATCCATTTTCCG[24]
PtoPtoATCTACCCACAATGACCATGAGCTGGTGCATACTCCAGTTTCCAC[25]
Fruit Shape
Ovate (Pear shape)OvaNestAATGCCAACACCAAGAGGAGTCTCCCAAATGTCTGAGAACG[26]
FOL = Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. Lycopersici (race 2); FORL = Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici; Mi = Meloidogyne spp.; TSWV = Tomato spotted wilt virus; Pto = Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato.
Table
Table 3. Chromosome-wide distribution of polymorphic founder alleles.
Table 3. Chromosome-wide distribution of polymorphic founder alleles.
ChromosomeNumber of Founder Alleles
Chr 1 224
Chr 2 340
Chr 3 475
Chr 4 1221
Chr 5 1309
Chr 6 1509
Chr 7 157
Chr 8 249
Chr 9 325
Chr 10 205
Chr 111161
Chr 12392
Total7567
Table
Table 4. Molecular markers of the selected and parental plants.
Table 4. Molecular markers of the selected and parental plants.
PlantResistanceFruit Shape
Selected1Meloidogyne; FORL; TSWV
2Meloidogyne; TSWV
3Meloidogyne; FORL; TSWV
4Meloidogyne; P. syringae; TSWV
5Meloidogyne; FOL; FORL; TSWVPear shape
6Meloidogyne; FOL; FORL; TSWVPear shape
7Meloidogyne; FOL; FORL; TSWVPear shape
8Meloidogyne; FORL; P. syringae; TSWVPear shape
9Meloidogyne; FOL; P. syringae; TSWV
10Meloidogyne; FOL; FORL; TSWVPear shape
11Meloidogyne; P. syringae; TSWVPear shape
12Meloidogyne; FOL; FORL; P. syringae; TSWV
13Meloidogyne; FOL; FORL; P. syringae; TSWVPear shape
14Meloidogyne; FOL; TSWVPear shape
15Meloidogyne; FOL; FORL; P. syringae; TSWVPear shape
16Meloidogyne; FOL; FORL; P. syringae; TSWVPear shape
17Meloidogyne; P. syringae; TSWVPear shape
18Meloidogyne; TSWV
19Meloidogyne; TSWV
20Meloidogyne; FOL; FORL; TSWVPear shape
21Meloidogyne; FOL; FORL; P. syringae; TSWV
22Meloidogyne; FOL; FORL; TSWVPear shape
Parents23Meloidogyne; FOL; FORL; P. syringae; TSWV
24Meloidogyne; FORL; TSWV
25TSWVPear shape
26Meloidogyne; TSWV
27Meloidogyne; FOL; FORL; TSWV
28Meloidogyne; FOL; FORL; P. syringae; TSWVPear shape
29Meloidogyne; TSWVPear shape
30Meloidogyne; FORL; TSWVPear shape
Table
Table 5. Evaluation of a single plant (three to five researchers and/or technicians and three to five farmers).
Table 5. Evaluation of a single plant (three to five researchers and/or technicians and three to five farmers).
PlantColumnRowResearcher and/or Technicians EvaluationFarmer Evaluation
1111 to 4 11 to 4 1
to 480to 12to 401 to 4 11 to 4 1
1 1 = minimum value; 4 = maximum value.
Table
Table 6. Parameters choose to evaluate the single selected genotype.
Table 6. Parameters choose to evaluate the single selected genotype.
Plant DevelopPlant VigorPlant HealthProduction RateFruit ShapeFruit SizeFruit ColorHomogeneity Ripe FruitFruit SolidityInternal Fruit SolidityFruit Taste°Brix
VIS 1VISVISVISVISVISVISVISMEAVISTASMEA
1 VIS = visual assignment (1 = min; 5 = max); MEA = measured parameter; TAS = tested parameter.
Table
Table 7. Mean values (range from one to four except for fruit firmness, which was expressed as kg cm−2 and solid soluble as °Brix) of plant parameters (mean ± standard deviation).
Table 7. Mean values (range from one to four except for fruit firmness, which was expressed as kg cm−2 and solid soluble as °Brix) of plant parameters (mean ± standard deviation).
Organic FarmPlant VigorPlant HealthAbundance FruitingFruit SizeHomogeneity Fruit RipeFruit FirmnessPuffinessSolid Soluble
North4.13 ± 0.573.53 ± 0.684.20 ± 0.852.97 ± 0.813.37 ± 0.896.20 ± 0.932.83 ± 0.755.22 ± 0.75
Center3.10 ± 0.712.80 ± 0.853.50 ± 0.632.80 ± 0.613.20 ± 0.856.17 ± 1.612.97 ± 0.895.47 ± 0.99
South3.03 ± 0.852.83 ± 0.793.30 ± 0.753.10 ± 0.853.73 ± 0.746.04 ± 1.773.23 ± 0.775.71 ± 0.86

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Campanelli, G.; Sestili, S.; Acciarri, N.; Montemurro, F.; Palma, D.; Leteo, F.; Beretta, M. Multi-Parental Advances Generation Inter-Cross Population, to Develop Organic Tomato Genotypes by Participatory Plant Breeding. Agronomy 2019, 9, 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9030119

AMA Style

Campanelli G, Sestili S, Acciarri N, Montemurro F, Palma D, Leteo F, Beretta M. Multi-Parental Advances Generation Inter-Cross Population, to Develop Organic Tomato Genotypes by Participatory Plant Breeding. Agronomy. 2019; 9(3):119. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9030119

Chicago/Turabian Style

Campanelli, Gabriele, Sara Sestili, Nazzareno Acciarri, Francesco Montemurro, Daniela Palma, Fabrizio Leteo, and Massimiliano Beretta. 2019. "Multi-Parental Advances Generation Inter-Cross Population, to Develop Organic Tomato Genotypes by Participatory Plant Breeding" Agronomy 9, no. 3: 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9030119

APA Style

Campanelli, G., Sestili, S., Acciarri, N., Montemurro, F., Palma, D., Leteo, F., & Beretta, M. (2019). Multi-Parental Advances Generation Inter-Cross Population, to Develop Organic Tomato Genotypes by Participatory Plant Breeding. Agronomy, 9(3), 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9030119

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