Next Article in Journal
Comprehensive Assessment of Dam Safety Using a Game-Theory-Based Dam Safety Performance Measure
Previous Article in Journal
Hybrid Integration of Bagging and Decision Tree Algorithms for Landslide Susceptibility Mapping
Previous Article in Special Issue
Integrating Open-Source Datasets to Analyze the Transboundary Water–Food–Energy–Climate Nexus in Central Asia
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Water
Volume 16
Issue 5
10.3390/w16050658
water-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Review

Consideration of the Environment in Water-Energy-Food Nexus Research in the Aral Sea Basin

by
Mohammad Assem Mayar
1,*,
Ahmad Hamidov
1,2,
Akmal Akramkhanov
3 and
Katharina Helming
1,4
1
Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
2
“Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers”, National Research University (“TIIAME” NRU), Kary-Niyaziy 39, Tashkent 100000, Uzbekistan
3
International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Area (ICARDA), Osiyo Street 6-107, Tashkent 100000, Uzbekistan
4
Faculty of Landscape Management and Nature Conservation, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development (HNEE), Schicklerstr. 5, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2024, 16(5), 658; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16050658
Submission received: 8 January 2024 / Revised: 6 February 2024 / Accepted: 20 February 2024 / Published: 23 February 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Management in Central Asia)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The water-energy-food (WEF) nexus is a holistic concept used to understand the synergies and trade-offs of interdependent water, energy, and food resources. Despite its widespread use, this concept often overlooks environmental concerns. In addition, the lack of a systemic approach in the Aral Sea Basin (ASB) has resulted in serious environmental degradation. For instance, the Aral Sea, situated at the terminus of the basin, is steadily shrinking, yet researchers studying the WEF nexus tend to overlook the upstream tributaries of the basin. This study aims to determine the extent to which research on the WEF nexus in the ASB in Central Asia has considered the environment through a systematic review of the literature published between 2012 and 2022. The results indicate that the number of WEF publications regarding the ASB has seen an upward trend, with a primary focus on the transboundary level and less research available on the local and national levels. This confirms the strong reliance of Central Asian states on one another for food, energy, and water resources. Furthermore, the results show that the majority of published studies either do not consider environmental concerns in their analyses at all or do so with little precision. Therefore, to achieve precise and sustainable outcomes, this study recommends the inclusion of environmental concerns along with basin-wide coverage in future WEF analyses. Finally, the WEF concept should be downscaled to the national and local levels in order to facilitate its implementation.

1. Introduction

The concept of the water-energy-food (WEF) nexus focuses on the balanced governance of these highly interconnected resources, emphasizing the link between the production and use of water, energy, and food [1]. It compels users to consider the consequences of a decision not only on one sector but also on others connected to it. Therefore, the WEF nexus has become a significant topic in both academic research and practice [2]. This concept was first introduced by the World Economic Forum in 2011 [3]. Since then, researchers and practitioners have applied the WEF nexus concept at local [4], national [5], and international or transboundary [6,7] levels in various parts of the world.
The transboundary Aral Sea Basin (ASB) is among the regions that have attracted increasing attention regarding WEF nexus research. Studies have attempted to unravel the intricate interdependencies between water, energy, and food systems, acknowledging their critical interconnections and the implications of this interconnection for sustainable development in this region [8,9,10]. These investigations have emphasized the multifaceted challenges stemming from climate change, anthropogenic activities, and the shrinking of the Aral Sea and their repercussions on water availability, agricultural productivity, and energy dynamics in the basin.
The WEF nexus, a concept dedicated to the sustainable utilization of water, energy, and food resources, inherently requires the incorporation of all three (social, economic, and environmental) dimensions of sustainability. However, some WEF studies, many of which cover the ASB, focus solely on the economic and social aspects of WEF resources (Hao et al. [11] and Karatayev et al. [12]), and do not consider environmental concerns in their analyses. Conversely, other studies focusing on Central Asia, while incorporating environmental factors in their analyses [13,14,15,16], neglect the upstream tributaries of the Aral Sea or Amu Darya river basins, which serve as the primary water source for the ASB. Additionally, future development plans for these upper tributaries significantly affect water flow toward downstream riparian zones. This scenario exacerbates the environmental crisis in the ASB, where the shrinking of the Aral Sea, located at the end of this endorheic basin, has become an environmental disaster [17]. The steadily declining water levels and rising salinity of the Aral Sea have resulted in the extinction of numerous unique aquatic species that once only existed in this ecosystem [18]. Moreover, the desiccation of the Aral Sea has caused saline soil to be transported by winds onto arable lands, undermining the agricultural system [19]. Therefore, environmental concerns are at their highest level in this region. Excluding the upstream catchments from WEF analyses not only compromises the accuracy and sustainability of the environmental analyses but also undermines the integrity of WEF analyses in this key area of interest.
Furthermore, the inclusion of certain environmental aspects, particularly those related to water flow, water quality, ecology, and ecosystems, is crucial, as they are closely tied to water resources. Ensuring the sustainability of water resources based on an integrated water resource management paradigm necessitates basin-wide consideration. Therefore, to achieve a thorough assessment of the environment within the WEF analyses, the following two indicators should be applied: (1) consideration of the environment in addition to social and economic perspectives and (2) basin-wide coverage. Local- and small-scale WEF analyses, which provide the basis for secondary WEF research, may not address the environment or only cover environmental aspects that do not require basin-wide consideration. These studies can be integrated into the subsequent level of analyses in order to support WEF decisions at the upper levels of analysis.
To gain a thorough understanding of the current status of publications on the WEF nexus and contribute to the implementation of WEF nexus research, this study aims to assess to what extent publications on the WEF nexus in the ASB address the environment using the two aforementioned indicators. Additionally, this study summarizes and synthesizes existing WEF research and identifies gaps and inconsistencies in the literature. As a result, for the first time, we are able to comprehensively assess the research on the WEF nexus in the ASB and propose directions for future WEF nexus studies in the region.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. The Aral Sea Basin

The ASB is the largest basin in Central Asia. This basin’s catchment crosses political divisions and spans the seven countries of Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and a small portion of Iran (Table 1, Figure 1). This basin is formed by the following three river basins: Syr Darya, Amu Darya, and Murghab. Amu Darya is the largest river of the ASB; it receives water from Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan and flows through Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, eventually draining into the Aral Sea. The Syr Darya River basin spans Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan. This river receives water from the Tien Shan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan and streams into the northern part of the Aral Sea, known as the small Aral Sea [20]. Murghab is the third river basin, and its water flows from the northwestern parts of Afghanistan and the eastern part of Iran to Turkmenistan. The water from this basin dries in the Karakum desert and does not drain into the Aral Sea. Therefore, some studies, i.e., [21,22,23,24,25,26] and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), do not consider it as a part of the ASB (the WMO’s river basin layer is depicted in Figure 1). However, the Karakum Canal, which annually transfers 13 billion cubic meters of water from the Amu Darya River to Turkmenistan, links this basin to the ASB. Thus, some studies, i.e., Micklin [27,28] and Burr et al. [29], have included the Murghab River basin in the catchment of the ASB. This study analyses the Murghab River basin within the ASB context. The authors remain neutral concerning the river basin division and its legality. The Iranian portion of the Murghab River basin is called the Sarakhs watershed. Some characteristics of the countries located in the ASB are mentioned in Table 1.
Water, energy, and food resources have been unevenly distributed in the ASB. The highlands of upstream countries, i.e., Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan, contribute 16.64%, 47.86%, and 23.07% of the ASB’s total water, respectively (Table 1). Meanwhile, downstream countries, i.e., Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, have significant water utilization in the form of irrigation for food production (according to Table 1, these countries account for 10.15%, 41.95%, and 18.75% of the total irrigation in the ASB, respectively). In addition, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan use river flows for hydropower production. These countries produce 68.88% and 15.84% of the total hydropower generated in the ASB, respectively (Table 1). The downstream countries of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Iran use fossil energy to meet their energy demands. Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan have maintained a barter agreement, exchanging water and energy on the Syr Darya River since 1998 [30]. Based on this agreement, Kyrgyzstan releases water during the summer to fulfill the irrigation demand of the downstream countries. In return, the downstream countries supply fossil energy to Kyrgyzstan during the winter. This agreement has been breached several times in recent years due to the growing price of energy, which has created tensions between these countries. Therefore, Uzbekistan recently announced plans to build reservoirs to take control of water for its agricultural needs. Agriculture contributes significantly to the gross domestic product (GDP) of the countries located in the ASB [31]. The share of agriculture in the GDP of Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Afghanistan is 5.0%, 10.8%, 14.7%, 24.0%, 25.0%, and 33.5%, respectively [32]. These numbers indicate the dependence of these countries on this sector. Considering the GDP per capita (Table 1), Afghanistan is the poorest nation in the ASB.
Table 1. Characteristics of the countries located in the Aral Sea Basin (ASB).
Table 1. Characteristics of the countries located in the Aral Sea Basin (ASB).
CountriesArea Share of the
Country in the Basin
(%)		Extent of Share in the Basin
(%)		Mean
Annual
Water
Resources 1
(%)		Water
Withdrawal from the
Basin 2
(%)		Irrigated Area Share
in the
Basin 3
(%)		Hydropower
Production Share in the Basin 4
(%)		Population Share in the Basin 5
(%)		GDP
per
Capita 6
(USD)
Afghanistan37.4013.7016.646.95 2a11.970.82 4a17.34368.8
Iran2.602.000.42 1a2.09 2a4.560.11 4b6.714091.2
Kazakhstan12.7019.501.921.4910.151.325.6010373.8
Kyrgyzstan59.206.7023.070.324.3915.844.881276.7
Tajikistan99.007.9847.868.888.2268.8812.92897.0
Turkmenistan94.6026.101.2216.4018.750.177.847344.6
Uzbekistan95.0024.028.8736.0341.9512.8644.711983.1
Notes: 1 [33]; 1a [34] Values presented as a percentage of the entire ASB. 2 [35]; 2a [34] Values presented as a percentage of the entire ASB. The remaining amount of water is either lost or drained into the Aral Sea. 3 [36] Global cropland database. Northeast region in 2019 with a pixel size of 0.00025 × 0.00025 degrees. Values presented as a percentage of the entire ASB. 4 [37] Values represent hydropower production as a percentage of the total hydropower generated in the ASB. 4a Sum of the electricity generated in the Afghan-India Friendship Dam, Pol-e-Khumri I, II hydropower stations, and Shorabak micro-hydropower plant in the Badakhshan province of Afghanistan. The Shorabak 7.5 megawatt micro-HPP has not been commissioned to date. 4b Iran and Turkmenistan have agreed to use water and electricity of the Iran-Turkmen Friendship Dam equally. 5 [38] The values represent the population residing in the portion of the country that is part of the ASB as a percentage of the ASB’s total population. 6 [39].
Within the former Soviet Union, the core element of the WEF nexus, water, was governed through a centralized system in Central Asia. Following the independence of the five Central Asian states, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan signed the Almaty agreement in 1992 to maintain the existing water management mechanism. The upstream state of Afghanistan was excluded from this water-sharing agreement due to the regional legal and institutional framework governing the Amu Darya River [40,41]. Furthermore, this agreement also did not include Iran because of the Sarakhs’ watershed, which drains to the Harirud River and then to Turkmenistan. However, Iran (then known as Persia) signed an agreement with the former Soviet Union (Turkmenistan) concerning the equal utilization of the Harirud River’s water in 1926. Therefore, these two countries built the Iran-Turkmenistan Friendship Dam and the Shirtapa diversion dam over the Harirud River on the Iran-Turkmenistan border [42]. The Iran-Turkmenistan Friendship Dam stores 1.25 billion cubic meters of water and is used for irrigation and domestic use in Iran and Turkmenistan. For instance, Iran transfers 50% of Mashhad’s drinking water (0.15 billion cubic meters) from this reservoir through a series of pumps [43]. However, the water-sharing agreements in Central Asia failed to generate a consensus about water utilization. Thus, disputes are still lingering among the Central Asian states [44].
Similarly, the distribution of food resources (agriculture) is diverse in the ASB. Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Iran have significantly expanded their irrigable lands over the past half-century. This expansion of arable lands has had multiple environmental consequences, including the shrinking of the Aral Sea, which is referred to as the greatest environmental disaster of the twentieth century [17]. While the irrigable land of upstream countries, particularly Afghanistan, has remained constant since the 1960s [45], its population has tripled. Therefore, Afghanistan imports both food and energy (electricity, fuel, and gas) from the Central Asian states and Iran.

2.2. Methods

In this study, scientific publications related to the WEF nexus in the ASB were collected from the “Web of Science” and “Scopus” databases and analyzed. We conducted a search of the literature for English language publications in June 2023. Due to language barriers and inaccessibility reasons, articles in their local and regional languages, as well as grey literature, were not included in the analyses. The study period covered 2012–2022. From the indexed publications, the “Note”, “Meeting Abstract”, “Book Review”, “Correction”, “Retraction”, “News Item”, and “Letter” categories were excluded in order to only consider high-quality peer-reviewed publications. To avoid repetition, the indexed abstracts of books were also obtained from the library. However, the relevant book chapters were considered in the analyses. The methodology of this study consisted of three phases, which are depicted in Figure 2.
The literature search phase was repeated four times. First, to capture all publications related to the WEF nexus in the ASB, the terms of water–energy–food, the basins’ names (Aral, Amu, Syr, Murghab/Harirud/Tejan, Sarakhs), as well as the political divisions in the study area (such, e.g., Central Asia, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan) were searched with multiple combinations in the titles, abstracts, and keywords of the publications. The search syntax’s general structure was as follows: (“water-energy-food” OR “energy-food-water” OR “food-energy-water” OR “water-food-energy” OR “food-water-energy” OR “energy-food-water” OR “water, energy, food” OR “energy, water, food” OR “food, energy, water” OR “water, food, energy” OR “food, water, energy” OR “energy, food, water” OR “water, energy, and food” OR “energy, water, and food” OR “food, energy, and water” OR “water, food, and energy” OR “food, water, and energy” OR “energy, food, and water”) AND (“Aral” OR “Amu” OR “Syr” OR “Murghab” OR “Harirud” OR “Tejen” OR “Sarakhs” OR “Central Asia” OR “Afghanistan” OR “Kyrgyzstan” OR “Kazakhstan” OR “Tajikistan” OR “Uzbekistan” OR “Turkmenistan”). The search syntax also included “Tejen”, another name for the Harirud River in Turkmenistan. Furthermore, Iran was not mentioned in the search syntax because its inclusion resulted in several publications that focused on parts of this country that are outside of the ASB. Therefore, for greater precision, the name of the Iranian watershed located in the ASB, Sarakhs, which encompasses the second largest city of the country, Mashhad, was included in the search syntax. The first section of the search syntax focused on the topic, while the second section geographically determined the study area.
Second, the geographical section of the search syntax was set for each geographical unit listed in the above-mentioned search syntax, while the first section of the search syntax remained unchanged. This was chosen in order to evaluate the spatial distribution of WEF nexus publications across relevant basins and political divisions.
Third, to find articles that investigated both the WEF nexus and its influencing parameters, such as irrigation or agriculture, climate change, land, ecology, or the environment and soil, these items were individually included in the first section of the search syntax. This is because agriculture plays a pivotal role in the WEF nexus as it has significant impacts on water and energy resources and is a major contributor to global food security [31]. Climate change poses significant threats to agriculture and, accordingly, to the WEF nexus by altering precipitation patterns, exacerbating water scarcity, and affecting the productivity and quality of crops. The competition of land use for agriculture, forests, human settlements, and infrastructure is another challenge affecting the WEF nexus [1]. Ecology supports sustainable food production by providing essential ecosystem services such as soil fertility, pollination, and pest control. In addition, soil provides a medium for plant growth, stores water and nutrients, and regulates the availability and quality of water resources. Furthermore, researchers around the world have investigated these parameters within the WEF nexus framework [1]. The second section of the search syntax, which determines the study area, remains unchanged. Subsequently, the second step in the literature search was repeated for this search category as well to identify the number of publications for the entire study area and for each geographical division.
Fourth, to compare the number of WEF publications with the published article about water resources in Central Asia, the WEF terms in the first section of the search syntax were replaced with “water resource”, and the second section of the search syntax was kept as it was.
Publications in each search category were separately exported to an EndNote library, including information about the title, authors, publication year, abstract, keywords, journals, publishers, page numbers, and institutional affiliation of the authors. Imported articles from the Web of Science and Scopus databases were merged, and duplicate articles were filtered out. Then, the collected publications were evaluated, and articles irrelevant to the study area were dropped from the library and further analyzed.
In the second phase, the spatial distribution of the remaining publications on the WEF nexus and its influencing parameters for each geographical unit were analyzed. Subsequently, the temporal trends of the publications on the WEF nexus and water resources were obtained by analyzing the number of publications per year collected for each search category in the EndNote library.
In the third phase, the identified publications on the WEF nexus in Central Asia were contextually analyzed. There were three steps to this analysis: (1) As a prerequisite, we sorted publications by research type into qualitative and quantitative categories. Articles with results based on interviews with experts and stakeholders, reviews of the literature, rational analyses, or non-quantitative discussions were classified as qualitative research papers, while publications that used models and statistical analyses were listed as quantitative. (2) The articles were sorted into three hierarchical levels based on their coverage of transboundary, national, or local areas. The transboundary level consisted of articles that covered multiple countries but might not cover an entire river basin. Articles on the national level discussed the WEF nexus within a single country. Articles at the local level encompassed the analysis of the WEF nexus on a local scale, i.e., a specific area of a country. Articles that focused on very specific cases, which might not even require the consideration of the environment in their analyses, were also listed in the local category. (3) Finally, in order to evaluate the considerations of the environment presented in the WEF analyses published on the ASB, articles in the national and transboundary categories were assessed based on the two indicators discussed in the introduction.

3. Results and Discussions

This section commences with a bibliometric analysis of existing WEF research in the ASB. Subsequently, through contextual analysis, these publications are categorized into three hierarchical levels to identify potential knowledge gaps. Finally, the publications are evaluated for their proper consideration of the environment.

3.1. The WEF Nexus Publication in the ASB

The search results for WEF nexus publications in the ASB yielded 34 articles (Figure 3). The “Total publications” in this category represents the actual number of WEF publications available for the entire study area. In addition, a number of publications overlapped across geographical divisions, including river basins, because the titles, abstracts, and keywords of some articles consisted of more than one search term. The river basin classification shows that the “Aral Sea Basin” was mentioned the most in the titles, abstracts, and keywords of the articles (15 times). Following that, the Amu Darya (six times) and Syr Darya (four times) river basins were mentioned the most frequently, while the Murghab River basin and its Iranian portion (the Sarakhs watershed) were not mentioned in the title, abstract, or keywords of any article. This means that the Murghab River basin and the Sarakhs watershed have not been individually studied. In contrast, Turkmenistan has often been covered in the analyses that focus on the entire Aral Sea and Amu Darya River basins. Despite the three river basins’ importance, articles were classified based on the countries they focused on. This division shows that most publications (23) mention Central Asia rather than individual countries. This demonstrates that the WEF nexus has been predominantly considered at the Central Asian level rather than at the national level. Among the countries in the ASB, Uzbekistan has been the most frequently mentioned (15 times) in the title, abstracts, and keywords of collected publications, while Turkmenistan is the least mentioned country (3 times).
Thematically, in addition to studying the WEF nexus in general, it has mostly been studied together with agriculture as follows: “WEF + Irrigation/Agriculture” (Figure 3). Following that, “WEF + Climate change”, “WEF + Land”, “WEF + Ecology”, and “WEF + Soil” were the most studied themes. In total, 19, 13, 11, 10, and 5 articles were collected for each of these categories, respectively (Figure 3). This means that agriculture is an important factor in WEF analyses in the ASB.
The number of WEF nexus publications within the study area showed an upward trend over time (Figure 4). A comparison of this trend with the trend of publications concerning “water resources” shows that the number of WEF nexus publications has a higher rate of increase, but its total number of publications (34) is considerably lower than the total number of publications on “water resources” (1151). Several factors contribute to this upward trend in the number of WEF publications. These encompass the interdependence of the Central Asian states on one another in the water, food, and energy sectors; escalating environmental concerns from the shrinking of the Aral Sea; the growing recognition of the significant role of the WEF nexus; the emergence of interdisciplinary research; and policy relevance. However, the high number of “water resource” publications primarily stems from their monodisciplinary nature (that is, relying on a singular specialization), their relative simplicity compared to the comprehensive analyses within the WEF nexus, the wider data availability, and their narrower scope of research.

3.2. Consideration of the Environment in the WEF Analyses in the ASB

The findings of the contextual analyses performed on the WEF nexus publications are presented in Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4. The number of publications is equivalent in the qualitative and quantitative categories for the study area (Table 2). Qualitative research papers investigated issues such as institutional and policy frameworks for water resource management; the interconnections between water, energy, and food systems [46,47]; the challenges and opportunities of managing these resources in the region [12]; and the role of science in addressing environmental misperceptions. Additionally, Martius [48] proposed science-based management strategies for water resources, while Hamidov et al. [49] explored equitable governance approaches and stakeholder-based assessments of water-related sustainable development. The quantitative research papers examined the gains and losses of new water developments; assessed water and energy use, carbon emissions, and soil salinity changes in the region [50]; and proposed integrative analytical frameworks and optimization models for planning water, food, and energy systems [16,51]. Some papers, e.g., Graham et al. [13], also explored the complex interconnections between water, food, and energy security and confronted the substantial problem of fisheries in Central Asia. Additionally, Shi et al. [14,52] employed Bayesian networks and causal structure-based frameworks for water resource analysis and management.
The spatial coverage of the published articles is classified in Table 3 according to the three hierarchical levels (transboundary, national, and local). In both quantitative and qualitative categories (Table 3), most of the papers (73.5%) focused on transboundary-level analyses of the WEF nexus. Seven articles (14.7%), two of which also covered the transboundary level, studied the WEF nexus at the national level. In the last category, five articles (11.7%), including one repeated article, focused on the local-level analyses of the WEF nexus. The main reason for this descending trend in the top-to-bottom classification of articles is the Central Asian states’ strong reliance on one another for food, energy, and water resources. This is because the upper tributaries provide water and hydropower, while the lower regions are utilized for agriculture. Furthermore, the ASB and its three river basins (Amu Darya, Syr Darya, and Murghab) cross international borders. Therefore, research focusing on any of these river basins inherently covers transboundary areas. Moreover, the regional division of the five states in Central Asia, the existence of a water utilization agreement among these states (The Almaty 1992 agreement), as well as the consideration of nationally averaged statistics in WEF analyses play a role in the transboundary consideration of this topic in Central Asia.
These findings further indicate that the WEF nexus in the ASB has been investigated less at the national and local levels (Table 3), which is contrary to a bottom-up approach. The top-down order of these analyses lacks local understanding and overlooks the diverse perspectives and experiences of stakeholders at the local level, hindering their participation in decision-making processes. This lack of detail hinders the development of effective WEF policies and practices at the national and local levels and challenges the implementation of the WEF concept at government levels.
The results for the two indicators used to evaluate the studies’ consideration of the environment in the WEF research published in Central Asia are organized in Table 4. Around 56% of the published articles met the criteria for the first indicator (the consideration of environment). The quantitative research articles that met this indicator focused on the challenges faced by Central Asia’s arid lowland ecosystems with respect to the WEF nexus and the need for the comprehensive management of this interdependent system. Meanwhile, the qualitative research articles that met this indicator emphasized the importance of sustainable development and equitable governance to promote the restoration of the ASB and the conservation of its biodiversity and ecosystem services. The majority of quantitative articles employed the term “ecology”, whereas the majority of qualitative articles referred to the more all-encompassing term “environment”. One plausible explanation for the neglect of the environment in certain publications may be attributed to the escalating complexity inherent in the analyses stemming from the multidisciplinary expansion of research. The environment, as an all-encompassing term, embodies a spectrum of facets, including ecology, biodiversity, ecosystems, soil salinity, and aquaculture. Integrating these elements with the WEF nexus, which is an already inherently interdisciplinary subject, elevates the analytical intricacy, necessitating collaborative efforts between researchers possessing diverse specializations. Hence, publications meeting the first indicator within the current analysis have predominantly concentrated on examining the interrelation between WEF analyses and a specific environmental theme. For instance, Khamidov et al. [50] investigated the impact of soil salinity, accentuated by climate change, on WEF resources. Likewise, Shi et al. [14,52] and Qin et al. [15] elucidated aspects of the WEF nexus intertwined with ecological considerations. Moreover, the limitations in data availability and its fragmented nature stand as formidable obstacles constraining the breadth of the research scope in the study area.
To evaluate the second indicator (basin-wide coverage), only articles included in the transboundary section of Table 3 were considered. This is because the river basins in the study area span multiple countries, and thus, articles in the national and local categories do not meet this indicator. Therefore, 25 articles covering the total basins were considered. Five articles (20%), all in the quantitative research category, met this indicator. Among these papers, Guillaume et al. [26] covered the entire ASB, Shi et al. [52] focused on the Syr Darya River basin, and Jalilov et al. [6,7,10] covered the Amu Darya River basin. None of the qualitative articles investigated the entire Aral Sea, Syr Darya, Amu Darya, or Murghab River basins individually.
In light of these findings, it can be stated that the majority of the WEF nexus publications in the ASB do not meet both indicators set for the correct consideration of the environment at the same time. Among these publications, only Guillaume et al. [23], Shi et al. [52], and Jalilov et al. [7], covering the Aral Sea, the Syr Darya River basin, and the Amu Darya River basin, respectively, met both indicators.
The “WEF + irrigation/agriculture”, “WEF + Climate change”, “WEF + land”, “WEF + ecology”, and “WEF + soil” categories are the main subsets of the WEF nexus publications in Central Asia. Their contextual analyses are assumed to follow the same pattern as the WEF nexus articles and are, therefore, not considered because of this assumed duplication.
In addition, although soil salinization has been a major constraint to agricultural development in the region, very few papers address soil salinity in the context of the WEF nexus.
To implement the WEF concept at various governmental levels, future WEF nexus research needs to target the local and national levels because addressing the WEF nexus at the local level supports the improvement of the WEF nexus’ management at higher levels. Furthermore, engaging local communities and stakeholders in discussions and decision-making processes regarding the WEF nexus can ensure that local concerns and priorities are considered in WEF management strategies. This approach helps to ensure that WEF policies are tailored to the specific needs of different regions. In addition, to obtain accurate and sustainable results from WEF analyses, future studies should consider the environment in their analyses, particularly in the ASB. De Keyser et al. [68] contributed to addressing this data gap through the dissemination of open-source geodata aimed at facilitating WEF research in Central Asia. Basin-wide coverage is required wherever WEF nexus studies do not focus on local-level or small-scale issues.
Finally, the analyses in the current paper only considered publications in English. For a comprehensive overview of the WEF nexus status in the ASB, the literature search should not be limited to the “Web of Science” and “Scopus” databases and should consider the science generated in local and regional languages. Producing knowledge in local languages also enhances the practicality of WEF nexus governance.

4. Conclusions

The WEF nexus is a concept that facilitates holistic and multidisciplinary analyses and the management of water, energy, and food resources. However, studies addressing the WEF nexus have not adequately considered the environmental concerns that fall short of meeting sustainability criteria. Therefore, this study analyzed the scientific publications on the WEF nexus of the Aral Sea Basin in Central Asia through a systematic literature review, focusing only on peer-reviewed articles published in English between 2012 and 2022. Due to language barriers and non-standardized archiving, articles written in the local and regional languages, as well as grey literature, were not included in this review. Given these constraints, the results show that the number of WEF nexus publications has seen an upward trend since 2012. Moreover, the analysis of the spatial coverage of these publications showed that the majority of the articles discussed the WEF nexus at a transboundary level rather than at the national and local levels, which is opposite to a bottom-up approach and hinders the practical implementation of the WEF concept across different levels of the government. The implications of these findings suggest a critical need for future WEF research in Central Asia to not only incorporate the two indicators proposed in this study, namely, the consideration of the environment and basin-wide coverage, but to also target the national and local levels. This approach can result in a more resilient environment, facilitating the implementation of the WEF nexus governance and fostering synergies with other sustainable development goals (SDGs) of the United Nations in the region. By focusing on these aspects, future research can provide valuable insights into the potential perspectives and pathways for advancing sustainable development in the Aral Sea Basin and beyond. Finally, despite soil salinization being a major threat to sustainable agriculture in the region, very few papers discuss soil issues in the context of the WEF nexus. Thus, future research should explore soil health in this region in relation to the WEF nexus.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.A.M. and A.H.; methodology, M.A.M.; formal analysis, M.A.M.; writing—original draft preparation, M.A.M.; writing—review and editing, M.A.M., A.H., A.A. and K.H.; supervision, K.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This paper was supported by various funding sources. The first author, Mohammad Assem Mayar, received funding from the Volkswagen Foundation for his work on the sustainability assessment of the water-energy-food (WEF) nexus in Uzbekistan: climate change and transboundary water management scenarios (Az.: 9B765). Ahmad Hamidov’s research for this paper benefited from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) through the SusWEF project (FKZ: 01DK22002) and from the German Research Foundation (DFG) through the RebUZ project (GZ: HA 8522/2-2). In addition, Akmal Akramkhanov’s research for this paper was funded by the CGIAR initiative on Nexus Gains, and they are grateful for the support of CGIAR Trust Fund contributors: www.cgiar.org/funders (accessed on 5 February 2024).

Data Availability Statement

No new data were created or analyzed in this study. Data sharing is not applicable to this article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

References

  1. Purwanto, A.; Sušnik, J.; Suryadi, F.X.; de Fraiture, C. Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Critical Review, Practical Applications, and Prospects for Future Research. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1919. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Biggs, E.M.; Bruce, E.; Boruff, B.; Duncan, J.M.A.; Horsley, J.; Pauli, N.; McNeill, K.; Neef, A.; Van Ogtrop, F.; Curnow, J.; et al. Sustainable development and the water–energy–food nexus: A perspective on livelihoods. Environ. Sci. Policy 2015, 54, 389–397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. WEF. Water Security: The Water-Food-Energy-Climate Nexus; Island Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2011. [Google Scholar]
  4. Terrapon-Pfaff, J.; Ortiz, W.; Dienst, C.; Grone, M.C. Energising the WEF nexus to enhance sustainable development at local level. J. Environ. Manag. 2018, 223, 409–416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Abulibdeh, A.; Zaidan, E. Managing the water-energy-food nexus on an integrated geographical scale. Environ. Dev. 2020, 33, 100498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Jalilov, S.M.; Amer, S.A.; Ward, F.A. Managing the water-energy-food nexus: Opportunities in Central Asia. J. Hydrol. 2018, 557, 407–425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Jalilov, S.M.; Keskinen, M.; Varis, O.; Amer, S.; Ward, F.A. Managing the water-energy-food nexus: Gains and losses from new water development in Amu Darya River Basin. J. Hydrol. 2016, 539, 648–661. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Saidmamatov, O.; Rudenko, I.; Pfister, S.; Koziel, J. Water–Energy–Food Nexus Framework for Promoting Regional Integration in Central Asia. Water 2020, 12, 1896. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Hamidov, A.; Daedlow, K.; Webber, H.; Hussein, H.; Abdurahmanov, I.; Dolidudko, A.; Seerat, A.Y.; Solieva, U.; Woldeyohanes, T.; Helming, K. Operationalizing water-energy-food nexus research for sustainable development in social-ecological systems: An interdisciplinary learning case in Central Asia. Ecol. Soc. 2022, 27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Jalilov, S.M.; Amer, S.A.; Ward, F.A. Water, Food, and Energy Security: An Elusive Search for Balance in Central Asia. Water Resour. Manag. 2013, 27, 3959–3979. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Hao, L.; Wang, P.; Yu, J.; Ruan, H. An integrative analytical framework of water-energy-food security for sustainable development at the country scale: A case study of five Central Asian countries. J. Hydrol. 2022, 607, 127530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Karatayev, M.; Rivotti, P.; Mourão, Z.S.; Konadu, D.D.; Shah, N.; Clarke, M. The Water-Energy-Food Nexus in Kazakhstan: Challenges and Opportunities; Elsevier Ltd.: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2017. [Google Scholar]
  13. Graham, N.A.; Pueppke, S.G.; Uderbayev, T. The current status and future of Central Asia’s fish and fisheries: Confronting a wicked problem. Water 2017, 9, 701. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Shi, H.; Luo, G.; Zheng, H.; Chen, C.; Hellwich, O.; Bai, J.; Liu, T.; Liu, S.; Xue, J.; Cai, P.; et al. A novel causal structure-based framework for comparing a basin-wide water-energy-food-ecology nexus applied to the data-limited Amu Darya and Syr Darya river basins. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 2021, 25, 901–925. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Qin, J.; Duan, W.; Chen, Y.; Dukhovny, V.A.; Sorokin, D.; Li, Y.; Wang, X. Comprehensive evaluation and sustainable development of water–energy–food–ecology systems in Central Asia. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2022, 157, 112061. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Zhang, Y.F.; Li, Y.P.; Huang, G.H.; Ma, Y. A copula-based stochastic fractional programming method for optimizing water-food-energy nexus system under uncertainty in the Aral Sea basin. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 292, 126037. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Loodin, N. Aral Sea: An environmental disaster in twentieth century in Central Asia. Model. Earth Syst. Environ. 2020, 6, 2495–2503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Aladin, N.V.; Plotnikov, I.S.; Micklin, P.; Ballatore, T. Aral Sea: Water level, salinity and long-term changes in biological communities of an endangered ecosystem-past, present and future. Nat. Resour. Environ. Issues 2009, 15, 177–183. [Google Scholar]
  19. Abuduwaili, J.; Liu, D.; Wu, G. Saline dust storms and their ecological impacts in arid regions: Saline dust storms and their ecological impacts in arid regions. J. Arid. Land 2010, 2, 144–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Massakbayeva, A.; Abuduwaili, J.; Bissenbayeva, S.; Issina, B.; Smanov, Z. Water balance of the Small Aral Sea. Environ. Earth Sci. 2020, 79, 75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Shibuo, Y.; Jarsjoe, J.; Destouni, G. Hydrological responses to climate change and irrigation in the Aral Sea drainage basin. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, 34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Shibuo, Y. Modelling Water and Solute flows at Land-Sea and Land-Atmosphere Interfaces under Data Limitations, in Dissertations from the Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology. Ph.D. Thesis, Institutionen för Naturgeografi och Kvartärgeologi, Stockholm, Sweden, 2007; p. 130. [Google Scholar]
  23. Xenarios, S.; Schmidt-Vogt, D.; Qadir, M.; Janusz-Pawletta, B.; Abdullaev, I. The Aral Sea Basin: Water for Sustainable Development in Central Asia; Routledge: Oxfordshire, UK, 2019; p. 253. [Google Scholar]
  24. Pohl, B.; Kramer, A.; Hull, W.; Blumstein, S.; Abdullaev, I.; Kazbekov, J.; Reznikova, T.; Strikeleva, E.; Interwies, E.; Görlitz, S. Rethinking Water in Central Asia; adelphi and CAREC: Berlin, Germany, 2017; p. 131. Available online: https://adelphi.de/en/publications/rethinking-water-in-central-asia (accessed on 5 February 2024).
  25. Assubayeva, A.; Xenarios, S.; Li, A.; Fazli, S. Assessing water security in Central Asia through a Delphi method and a clustering analysis. Front. Environ. Sci. 2022, 10, 970633. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Guillaume, J.H.A.; Kummu, M.; Eisner, S.; Varis, O. Transferable principles for managing the nexus: Lessons from historical global water modelling of central Asia. Water 2015, 7, 4200–4231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Micklin, P. Introduction to the Aral Sea and Its Region. In The Aral Sea: The Devastation and Partial Rehabilitation of a Great Lake; Micklin, P., Aladin, N.V., Plotnikov, I., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2014; pp. 15–40. [Google Scholar]
  28. Micklin, P. The Aral Sea Disaster. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2007, 35, 47–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Burr, G.; Kuzmin, Y.; Krivonogov, S.; Gusskov, S.; Cruz, R. A history of the modern Aral Sea (Central Asia) since the Late Pleistocene. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2019, 206, 141–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Pradhan, R. Natural Resources and Violent Conflicts: Water and Energy in Kyrgyzstan. J. Asian Afr. Stud. 2022, 57, 650–666. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Hamidov, A.; Helming, K.; Balla, D. Impact of agricultural land use in Central Asia: A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 2016, 36, 6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Bank, W. Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing, Value Added (% of GDP). Available online: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS (accessed on 14 March 2023).
  33. Narbayep, M.; Pavlova, V. The Aral Sea, Central Asian Countries and Climate Change in the 21st Century; United Nations ESCAP, IDD: Bangkok, Thailand, 2022; Available online: https://www.unescap.org/kp/2022/aral-sea-central-asian-countries-and-climate-change-21st-century (accessed on 21 February 2024).
  34. Nations, U. Second Assesment of Transboundary Rivers, Lakes and Groundwaters, 1st ed.; Economic commission for Europe: Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes; United Nations Publications: New York, NY, USA; Geneva, Switzerland, 2011. [Google Scholar]
  35. Wang, X.; Chen, Y.; Li, Z.; Fang, G.; Wang, F.; Liu, H. The impact of climate change and human activities on the Aral Sea Basin over the past 50 years. Atmos. Res. 2020, 245, 105125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Potapov, P.; Turubanova, S.; Hansen, M.C.; Tyukavina, A.; Zalles, V.; Khan, A.; Song, X.-P.; Pickens, A.; Shen, Q.; Cortez, J. Global maps of cropland extent and change show accelerated cropland expansion in the twenty-first century. Nat. Food 2022, 3, 19–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  37. CAwaterinfo. Water Resources of the Aral Sea Basin: Groundwater, Waste and Drainage Water, Dams and Hydropower. Available online: http://www.cawater-info.net/index_e.htm (accessed on 21 February 2024).
  38. Rose, A.; McKee, J.; Sims, K.; Bright, E.; Reith, A.; Urban, M. LandScan Global 2020; Oak Ridge National Laboratory: Oak Ridge, TN, USA, 2021.
  39. Bank, W. GDP per Capita. World Development Indicators. Available online: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD (accessed on 13 February 2023).
  40. Kamil, I. Afghanistan, the Amu Darya Basin and Regional Treaties. Chin. J. Environ. Law 2021, 5, 37–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Horsman, S. Afghanistan and transboundary water management on the Amu Darya: A political history. Cent. Asian Waters-Part 2008, 2, 63–74. [Google Scholar]
  42. Shroder, J.F.; Ahmadzai, S.J. Transboundary Water Resources in Afghanistan: Climate Change and Land-Use Implications; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2016; p. 546. [Google Scholar]
  43. Loodin, N.; Warner, J. A Review of Hydro-Hegemonic Dynamics on the Transboundary Harirud River Basin: 2001–Present. Water 2022, 14, 3442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Mohapatra, N.K. Geopolitics of water securitisation in Central Asia. GeoJournal 2022, 88, 897–916. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. der Beek, T.A.; Voß, F.; Flörke, M. Modelling the impact of Global Change on the hydrological system of the Aral Sea basin. Phys. Chem. Earth Parts A/B/C 2011, 36, 684–695. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Soliev, I.; Wegerich, K.; Kazbekov, J. The costs of benefit sharing: Historical and institutional analysis of shared water development in the Ferghana Valley, the Syr Darya Basin. Water 2015, 7, 2728–2752. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Koulouri, A.; Mouraviev, N. Governance of the water-energy-food nexus: A relational equity approach. In Policy and Governance in the Water-Energy-Food Nexus: A Relational Equity Approach; Taylor and Francis: Abingdon, UK, 2019; pp. 11–30. [Google Scholar]
  48. Martius, C. Let there be science separating environmental misperceptions from reality in the aral sea basin. In Environmental Crises in Central Asia: From Steppes to Seas, from Deserts to Glaciers; Taylor and Francis: Abingdon, UK, 2016; pp. 67–77. [Google Scholar]
  49. Hamidov, A.; Kasymov, U.; Djumaboev, K.; Paul, C. Rebound Effects in Irrigated Agriculture in Uzbekistan: A Stakeholder-Based Assessment. Sustainability 2022, 14, 8375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Khamidov, M.; Ishchanov, J.; Hamidov, A.; Donmez, C.; Djumaboev, K. Assessment of Soil Salinity Changes under the Climate Change in the Khorezm Region, Uzbekistan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8794. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Ma, Y.; Li, Y.P.; Huang, G.H. An Integrated Bi-Level Optimization Model for Planning Water-Food-Energy Nexus System under Uncertainty; Ujikawa, K., Ishiwatari, M., Hullebusch, E.V., Eds.; Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2022; pp. 304–314. [Google Scholar]
  52. Shi, h.; Luo, G.; Zheng, H.; Chen, C.; Bai, J.; Liu, T.; Ochege, F.U.; De Maeyer, P. Coupling the water-energy-food-ecology nexus into a Bayesian network for water resources analysis and management in the Syr Darya River basin. J. Hydrol. 2020, 581, 124387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Granit, j.; Jägerskog, A.; Lindström, A.; Björklund, G.; Bullock, A.; Löfgren, R.; de Gooijer, G.; Pettigrew, S. Regional options for addressing the water, energy and food nexus in Central Asia and the Aral Sea Basin. Int. J. Water Resour. Dev. 2012, 28, 419–432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Keskinen, M.; Guillaume, J.H.A.; Kattelus, M.; Porkka, M.; Räsänen, T.A.; Varis, O. The water-energy-food nexus and the transboundary context: Insights from large Asian rivers. Water 2016, 8, 193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Karthe, D.; Abdullaev, I.; Boldgiv, B.; Borchardt, D.; Chalov, S.; Jarsjö, J.; Li, L.; Nittrouer, J.A. Water in Central Asia: An integrated assessment for science-based management. Environ. Earth Sci. 2017, 76, 690. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Yapiyev, V.; Sagintayev, Z.; Inglezakis, V.J.; Samarkhanov, K.; Verhoef, A. Essentials of endorheic basins and lakes: A review in the context of current and futurewater resource management and mitigation activities in Central Asia. Water 2017, 9, 798. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Rakhmatullaev, S.; Abdullaev, I.; Kazbekov, J. Water-energy-food-environmental nexus in Central Asia: From transition to transformation. Handb. Environ. Chem. 2018, 85, 103–120. [Google Scholar]
  58. Cassara, M.; Beekma, J.; de Strasser, L.; Anarbekov, O.; Murzaeva, M.; Giska, S.; Dörre, A. Local and national institutions and policies governing water resources management. In The Aral Sea Basin: Water for Sustainable Development in Central Asia; Taylor and Francis: Abingdon, UK, 2019; pp. 136–154. [Google Scholar]
  59. Tankibayeva, A.; Adibayeva, A. Relational equity management in water-energy-food nexus governance the case of the aral sea basin restoration programmes. In Policy and Governance in the Water-Energy-Food Nexus: A Relational Equity Approach; Taylor and Francis: Abingdon, UK, 2019; pp. 95–119. [Google Scholar]
  60. Murzakulova, A.; Schmidt-Vogt, D.; Balla, D.; Darr, D.; Hamidov, A.; Kasymov, U.; Mendelevitch, R.; Orazgaliyev, S. Water for agriculture and other economic sectors. In The Aral Sea Basin: Water for Sustainable Development in Central Asia; Taylor and Francis: Abingdon, UK, 2019; pp. 86–99. [Google Scholar]
  61. Baubekova, A.; Kvasha, A. Implementing water-related sustainable development goals. In The Aral Sea Basin: Water for Sustainable Development in Central Asia; Taylor and Francis: Abingdon, UK, 2019; pp. 197–221. [Google Scholar]
  62. Pueppke, S.G.; Nurtazin, S.; Ou, W. Water and land as shared resources for agriculture and aquaculture: Insights from asia. Water 2020, 12, 2787. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  63. Shams, A.K.; Muhammad, N.S. Toward sustainable water resources management: Critical assessment on the implementation of integrated water resources management and water-energy-food nexus in Afghanistan. Water Policy 2022, 24, 1–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  64. Bekchanov, M.; Lamers, J.P.A. The effect of energy constraints on water allocation decisions: The elaboration and application of a system-wide economic-water-energy model (SEWEM). Water 2016, 8, 253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  65. Djumaboev, K.; Yuldashev, T.; Holmatov, B.; Gafurov, Z.; Use, A.W. Energy Use and Carbon Emissions in Lift-Irrigated Areas: A Case Study From Karshi Steppe In Uzbekistan. Irrig. Drain. 2019, 68, 409–419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  66. Ibragimov, N.; Djumaniyazova, Y.; Khaitbaeva, J.; Babadjanova, S.; Ruzimov, J.; Akramkhanov, A.; Lamers, J. Simulating Crop Productivity in a Triple Rotation in the Semi-arid Area of the Aral Sea Basin. Int. J. Plant Prod. 2020, 14, 273–285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  67. Zhang, Y.F.; Li, Y.P.; Huang, G.H. Planning Water-Food-Energy Nexus System towards Sustainable Development under Uncertainty; Ujikawa, K., Ishiwatari, M., Hullebusch, E.V., Eds.; Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2022; pp. 328–338. [Google Scholar]
  68. Keyser, D.; Hayes, D.S.; Marti, B.; Siegfried, T.; Seliger, C.; Schwedhelm, H.; Anarbekov, O.; Gafurov, Z.; Fernández, R.M.L.; Diez, I.R.; et al. Integrating Open-Source Datasets to Analyze the Transboundary Water–Food–Energy–Climate Nexus in Central Asia. Water 2023, 15, 3482. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Water 16 00658 g001
Figure 1. Map of the Aral Sea Basin depicting the highlands that feed the rivers, the distribution of irrigated land, and the drying of the Aral Sea.
Figure 1. Map of the Aral Sea Basin depicting the highlands that feed the rivers, the distribution of irrigated land, and the drying of the Aral Sea.
Water 16 00658 g001
Water 16 00658 g002
Figure 2. Flowchart for the methodology of this study.
Figure 2. Flowchart for the methodology of this study.
Water 16 00658 g002
Water 16 00658 g003
Figure 3. The total number of scientific publications on the WEF nexus, their related parameters, and their distribution in the Aral Sea Basin.
Figure 3. The total number of scientific publications on the WEF nexus, their related parameters, and their distribution in the Aral Sea Basin.
Water 16 00658 g003
Water 16 00658 g004
Figure 4. Temporal trends and a comparison of the total number of scientific publications on “WEF” and “water resources” in the Aral Sea Basin and Central Asia region.
Figure 4. Temporal trends and a comparison of the total number of scientific publications on “WEF” and “water resources” in the Aral Sea Basin and Central Asia region.
Water 16 00658 g004
Table 2. Qualitative and quantitative classification of scientific publications on the WEF nexus in the Aral Sea Basin.
Table 2. Qualitative and quantitative classification of scientific publications on the WEF nexus in the Aral Sea Basin.
Type of AnalysisTotal Number of ArticlesReferences
Qualitative18Karatayev et al. [12], Soliev et al. [46], Koulouri and Mouraviev [47], Martius [48], Hamidov et al. [49], Granit et al. [53], Keskinen et al. [54], Karthe et al. [55], Yapiyev et al. [56], Rakhmatullaev et al. [57], Cassara et al. [58], Tankibayeva and Adibayeva [59], Murzakulova et al. [60], Baubekova and Kvasha [61], Pueppke et al. [62], Saidmamatov et al. [8], Shams and Muhammad [63], Hamidov et al. [9]
Quantitative16Hao et al. [11], Graham et al. [13], Shi et al. [14], Zhang et al. [16], Qin et al. [15], Guillaume et al. [26], Khamidov et al. [50], Ma et al. [51], Shi et al. [52], Jalilov et al. [10], Bekchanov and Lamers [64], Jalilov et al. [7], Jalilov et al. [6], Djumaboev et al. [65], Ibragimov et al. [66], Zhang et al. [67]
Total34
Table 3. Classification of publications on the WEF nexus into three hierarchical categories. R (#) represents the number of repeated articles.
Table 3. Classification of publications on the WEF nexus into three hierarchical categories. R (#) represents the number of repeated articles.
CoverageTotal Number of ArticlesQuantitativeQualitative
Transboundary level25Hao et al. [11], Graham et al. [13],
Shi et al. [14], Zhang et al. [16], Qin et al. [15], Guillaume et al. [26], Ma et al. [51], Shi et al. [52], Jalilov et al. [10],
Bekchanov and Lamers [64],
Jalilov et al. [7], Jalilov et al. [6]		Martius [48], Granit et al. [53], Keskinen et al. [54], Karthe et al. [55], Yapiyev et al. [56], Rakhmatullaev et al. [57], Cassara et al. [58], Tankibayeva and Adibayeva [59], Murzakulova et al. [60], Baubekova and Kvasha [61], Pueppke et al. [62], Saidmamatov et al. [8], Hamidov et al. [9]
Sub-total 1213
National level5Zhang et al. [67]Karatayev et al. [12], Koulouri and Mouraviev [47], Hamidov et al. [49], Rakhmatullaev et al. [57], Cassara et al. [58], Shams and Muhammad [63]
Sub-total 14 + R (2)
Local level and specific cases4Khamidov et al. [50], Djumaboev et al. [65], Ibragimov et al. [66]Soliev et al. [46], Hamidov et al. [9]
Sub-total 31 + R (1)
Total341618
Table 4. Consideration of the environment in publications on the WEF nexus in the Aral Sea Basin.
Table 4. Consideration of the environment in publications on the WEF nexus in the Aral Sea Basin.
IndicatorTotal
Number of Articles		QuantitativeQualitative
Do not Meet
Indicators		Meet
Indicators		Do not Meet
Indicators		Meet
Indicators
Consideration
of environment		30Hao et al. [11],
Ma et al. [51], Jalilov et al. [10], Bekchanov and Lamers [64],
Jalilov et al. [6], Zhang et al. [67]		Graham et al. [13],
Shi et al. [14],
Zhang et al. [16],
Qin et al. [15],
Guillaume et al. [26], Shi et al. [52],
Jalilov et al. [7]		Karatayev et al. [12],
Koulouri and Mouraviev
[47], Granit et al. [53],
Yapiyev et al. [56],
Cassara et al. [58],
Murzakulova et al. [60], Baubekova and Kvasha [61]		Martius [48], Hamidov et al. [49], Keskinen et al. [54], Karthe et al. [55], Rakhmatullaev et al. [57], Tankibayeva and Adibayeva [59], Pueppke et al. [62], Saidmamatov et al. [8], Shams and
Muhammad [63],
Hamidov et al. [9]
Sub-total 67710
Basin-wide
coverage		25Hao et al. [11],
Graham et al. [13],
Shi et al. [14],
Zhang et al. [16], Qin et al. [15],
Ma et al. [51],
Bekchanov and Lamers [64],		Aral Sea Basin
Guillaume et al. [26]
 
Syr River Basin
Shi et al. [52]
 
Amu River Basin
Jalilov et al. [10],
Jalilov et al. [7],
Jalilov et al. [6]		Martius [48], Keskinen et al. [54], Karthe et al. [55], Yapiyev et al. [56], Rakhmatullaev et al. [57], Cassara et al. [58], Tankibayeva and Adibayeva [59], Murzakulova et al. [60], Pueppke et al. [62],
Hamidov et al. [9] Aral Sea Basin
(excluding Sarakhs watershed)
Granit et al. [53],
Baubekova and Kvasha [61],
Saidmamatov et al. [8]
Sub-total 7513
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Mayar, M.A.; Hamidov, A.; Akramkhanov, A.; Helming, K. Consideration of the Environment in Water-Energy-Food Nexus Research in the Aral Sea Basin. Water 2024, 16, 658. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16050658

AMA Style

Mayar MA, Hamidov A, Akramkhanov A, Helming K. Consideration of the Environment in Water-Energy-Food Nexus Research in the Aral Sea Basin. Water. 2024; 16(5):658. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16050658

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mayar, Mohammad Assem, Ahmad Hamidov, Akmal Akramkhanov, and Katharina Helming. 2024. "Consideration of the Environment in Water-Energy-Food Nexus Research in the Aral Sea Basin" Water 16, no. 5: 658. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16050658

APA Style

Mayar, M. A., Hamidov, A., Akramkhanov, A., & Helming, K. (2024). Consideration of the Environment in Water-Energy-Food Nexus Research in the Aral Sea Basin. Water, 16(5), 658. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16050658

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop